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tLit?{- e- 17 D
7
J
I
*
THE GENERAL
«
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY :
CONTAINING
AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICA]^ ACCOUNT
OF THB
LIVES AND WRITINGS
K OF TH
MOST EMINENT PERSONS
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULAIILT THE BRITISH AMD nUSHi
FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.
A NEW EDITION,
i
' REVISED AND ENLARGED BY
: ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F.S. A.
VOL. XV.
LONDONt
; FEOITBD FOR 1. MICHOLS AMD BOM ; F. C. AND J. MTINOTON ; «T. PAYNE |
» OtSlDGB AND SON j O. AND W. NICOL ; WILKIB AND S0B1N80N } J. WALXBR |
\ m. L£A; W. LOWNDBSj WHITB, COCHBANBy AND CO.; T. EGBBTON |
I. LACBINGTONy ALLBN» AND CO. ; . J. QABPBNTBB; LONOHAN^ HITItST, BBRS, {
[ OBMB, AND BBOWN j CADBLL AND DAVIBS ; C. LAW { J. BOOKBR ; J. CUTHBLL ; j
CLABKE AND SONS ; J. AMD A. ABCH } J. HABRI8 | BLACB» PARRY, AND CO. ; 1
J. BOOTH; J. MAWMAN; OALX, CUBTIS» AND FBNNBB; B. H. BYANS ; J
J. HATCHABD; B. BALDWIN; CRADOCB AND JOY ; B. BBNTLBY ; J. FAULDBR ;
OOLE AND CO. ; J. DBIGHTON AND SON, CAMBBIDOB) CONSTABLE AND CO.
BDINBUBGH; AMD WILSON AMD 80M> YOBK. {
1
I 1814.
1 I •
• t
t
A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
FoUGEROUX DE BONDAROY (Augustus Dennis);
a learned Frenchman^- and member of the academy of
sciences, was born at Paris Oct. 10, 1732. He was th^
nephew of the celebrated Duhamel, and acquired a skniiai^
taste for those studies that end iij^^jeqts of real utility. He
travelled over Anjou and Britt^^^^rtrivj^tigate the nature
of the slate-quarries, and then \ve.i1 1 to tuples to make ob»
servations on the alum mines and other paturai productions;
On his return he had the n^^fortuiie to 4^e his tutor and
«ncle Duhamely to. whose es^;|^'4s<e succeeded^ and on
which he carried on very extensW agricultural improve*
fnents and experiments, and acquired by his amiable pri*
•vate character the esteem of every one who knew him.
He died Dec. 28, 1789, leaving the following valuable
j>i»blicattons : 1. <* Memoires sur la formation des Os,*^'
1760, 8vo, in which, with some discoveries of his own,
he ably defends his uticle^s theory on that part of physio-
Jogy. a. " Uart de PArdoisier," 1762. 2. « L'art de
travailler les cuirs dor^s." 4. " L'art de Tonnelier,"
1752. 5, " L'art de. Coutelier,'* / All these form part of
the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. 6. '* Rechercfaes
aur les mines d' Herculeuieum, et sur les lumieres qm
peuvent en resulter ; av^c un trait6 sur la fabrication des
mosaiques,'' 1769, 8vo: 7. " Observations faites. snr les
^otes de Normandie," 1773, 4to. He was the author also
of a great number of miscellaneous papers in the Memoirs
-of the Academy.^ /,
1 Elogcs del Aeademici«S8, vol. V.— Diet Hist.
Vol. XV. B
i fOUlLLOU.
FOUILLOU (James), a celebrated licentiate of the
Sorbonne, was born in 1670 at Rochelle, where he studied
ethics in the Jesuits* college. . He went afterwards to
Paris, and continued his studiesjip, the community of M.
Giliot, at the coUeg^e of St Barbe^ including the time of
his being licentiate, and was immediately nominated theo-
logal of Rocbelle ; this office, however, he declined, nor
had he ever any benefice, but the commendatory priory
of Stp Martin de Pronieres, in th^ diocese of Mende. M.
Foaillon having engaged in the aflair of the '* Case of Coo-
science," was obliged to conc6ai himself in 1703, and to
retire into Holland about 1705 ; but the air of that country
not agreeing with him, he was seized with an asthma, which
proved incurable^ He returned to Paris about 1720, and
died there September 21, 1736, aged sixty-six, leaving
several thedogicat works, all anooyoious, and all discoH
Tering great opposttiod to the b^U Unigeniius. Thm
principal are, 1. ^* Considerations aur la Censure (of the
Cas de Conscience) de M. Tfiveque d'Apt,'' 2. << Defense
des Theologtens centre M. de Cbartres,'' 12mo. 3* << Traitt
aur le Silence respectueux," 3 vol&. 12mo. ^ ** ha Chi»>
mere du Jansenisme, et le Renversepoent de la Doctrine
de St. Augustin, par rOrdonnance de Lu^on, et de la
Rocbelle," 12mo. $. '< Traite de TEquilibre," a smati
piece containing observations on the 101 propositions .cen*
sured by the bull Unigeniius, FouiUou bad also a great
ahare in the first edition of ^^ L'Aotioa de Dieu sur lea
Creatures,*' 4to, or 6 vols. I2mQ; ^^ GemissemenssurPer^
Bo'iaV 12mo; ** Grands Hexaples," 1721, 7 vx>ls. 4tG^
and << THistoire du Cas de Comcience," 1705, a voliu
I2mo.^
FOULIS (Robert and Andssw), two learned oriiiten
^t Sc6dand, were, it is supposed, natives of Glasgow^
and passed their early days in obscurity* Ingenuity and
perseverance, however, enabled tbeaa to establish a. press
from which have issued some of the finest specimMa of
correct and elegant printing which the eighteenth cen*
tury has produced. Even Bodoni of Parma, or Barbou of
Paris, have not gone beyond some of the productions from
the press of Robert and Andrew Foulis. It would ba
highly agreeable to trace the progress of these ingenious
men, but their history has been neglected by their coiiti*'
) ]«orerL->L'Avocal't DUt Hfst^
* 0 tJ L I ^. . ^
tfymen, and at thh distai^ce little cati Ibe recovered. Ro-
bert Foiilis began printing about 1 740, iarrd one of hlS first
e^sayft iiras a good edition of Detnetriiis Pbalereus, in 4to.
In 1^44 be brought out bis celebrated immaculate edition
6f Horace, 12mo, and soon aft<ir#ard« was In partnership
with his brother Andrew. ' Of this edition of Horace, the
sheets, as they were printed, were hung up in the dolleg^
of Glasgow, and a reward Ifas offered to those who should
discover an inaccuracy. It has been several times re-
printed at Glasgow, but not probably with the same fidelity.
The two brothers then proceeded ki producing, for thir^
y^rs, a series of correct and well printed books, particu-
larly classics, which, either id Greek or Latin, are as re-
markable for their beauty and exactness as any in the
Aldine series. Among those classics we may enumerate
1. " Homer," 4 vols. fol. Gr. 2. " Herodotus," 9 vols.
12mo. 3. *• Thucydides," 8 vols. 12mo. 4. " Xeno-
pbon," 8 vols;. 12mo. 5. " Epictetus," 12mo. 6. ** Lon-
ginns," i2mo. 7. " Ciceronis Opera,'* 20 vols. 12mo.
«.*< Horace,** I2mo and 4to. 9. "Virgil," i2mo. 10.
** TibuUus and Propertius," 12mo. li. "Cornelius Ne-
pos," 3 vols. 12mo. 12. ** Tacitus," 4 vols. 12mo. 13;
'* Juvenal and Persius," 12mo. 14. "Lucretius,'* 12mo.
To these may be added a beautiful edition of the Greek
Testament, small 4to ; Gray*s Poems ; Pope's Works ;
Hales of Eton, &c: &c. &c.
' It is a melancholy reflection that the taste of these
Worthy men for the fine arts at last brought about their
ruin ; for having engaged in the establishment of an aca-
demy for the instruction of youth in painting and sculpture
in Scotland, llie enormous expence of sending pupils to
Italy, to study and copy the ancients, gradually brought
on their decline in the printing business j and they found
the city of Glasgow no fit soil to transplant the imitative
arts^into, although the literary genius of Greece and Rome
had already produced them ample fortunes. Unsuccessful
as they were, however, in this prcgect, it ought not to be
forgot that Robert Foulis, with whom it originated,, was
the iirst who endeavoured to establish a school *of the li-
bera) arts in Great Britain. Andrew Foulis died in 1774 ;
and Robert in 1776 exhibited and sold at Christie's iri
Pall Mall, the remainder of his paintings.' The catalogue
forms 3 vols. ; and tbe result of the sale was, that after ail
the concomitant ezpences were defrayed^ the balance ia
B 2
F O U LiJL
1% tB
Be<£sctf taeiaae jcav *<* *^ recam to
FOL'LON or FOLLLOX Joax Eu&s ,
tfce cr^er of :::e JcM».aL Hb taany obscrn
pm '■■^ny a.a>ptcd to ts^ csr^es cf »
; took care to iasCrBct feiai in t^ reqKisiss for
m^denjk^^ rue^ iyikce, aad he hrriir celedcaicd km his
e tiuji c&iTtT jean^ as ve^ aa ior
!edge, wbicb es^JMacea eroy bcxacb of
He ms tocccwTcij appoiBted lector of tue ool*
leges at H:nr ar«d Tootb^, aod iLed of a podlental dis-
orier vb ti:«e i^ttgy citT, ia l6od. He b koOTii as aa aurhnc
hf watnr tjaec4ogkal pieces pankra^^r.j ^ CoauBentara
liMoncA et Morales ad libcos L et IL Macmtiwrocmm,
ac^iius l/rxxioru^os Excoisibvu,'* io 2 Tois. foiio; ai^d b j
Ills '^ UHtoria Lecdicfli^tSy per Epbcopormn et Piiocipma
Serieai «i«zc9ta ab otigioe popoli oKjue ad Feidinaodi Ba-
tari temport,^ &c in 3 toU. fcH. Tkb wock, tiioogh
not verf aSlj executed, is nid to tbrov nmcfa light oo the
hiitofy *A tbe Lotr Coantiie».*
tOiSUyS ^WiLLL&3f), a Doteh Latin po^ stvled by
himself^ in aL jsion a> hb teal name, Gulieimus GnaphKos,
was bom in 1 495, at the Hagoe, aod became master of a
school in that place. He wrote several comedies io Latin,
which sometimes have been souobt br foreign collector^
Other as rare than for their inuindc merit; jet the " Aco-
lastos*^ is comrooo and cheap in thb coouixy. We know
pf three of these comedies: 1. ^ Martvriom Johaimis
Pistorijy** Lejden. 2. *' Uypocrisis," a tragi>comedy,
1554. 3. '^ Acohstnsy de filio prodigo,'' a comedy: ail
in Hro. He died at Horden in Friezeiandy where he had
arri?ed to the rank of a burgomaster, in 1 5 58. Many criti<:$
woold say that nothing rery lively conld be expected ia
the comcxlies of a Dutch buigomaster. His <^ Acolastus'*
was reprinted at Pans, in 1554, with elaborate notes by
Gabriel Prateolns ; aod is said, in the title, to be form^
•o diligently of sentences from Plautus and Terence, that
to interpret it might serve as an extensive comment oa
both those authors.^
> !f icbo!«*f Bowyer.— Lemoine'i Hist, of Primtii^.
* yiunru^l'oppm Bibt Udg . > Ibid.
F O U N T A I N E. S
FOOIJTAINE (Slit Andrew), knt. whose ancestors
wer4^ ^ated at Narford^ in Norfolk/ so early as the reign
of Henry II L was c^jfcated as a commoner of Christ-
churchy Oxford, under the care of that eminent encou-
rager of literature, Dr. Aldrich. He at the same time
studied under Dr. Hickes the Anglo-Saxon language, and
its antiquities ; of which he published a specimen in
Hickes's *' Thesaurus,** under the title of *^ Numismata
Anglo-*Sa;xonica et Anglo^Danica, breviter illustrataab An*
dreiPountaine, eq. aur. & aedis Christi Oxon. ahimno. Oxon;
170V' in which year Mr. Heame dedicated to him his
edition cK Justin the historian. He received the honour of
knighthood from king WiHiam ; and .travelled over most
parts pf Europe, where he made a large and valuable coU
lection of pictures, ancient statues, medals, and inscrip-
tions; and, while in Italy, acquired such a knowledge of
virtitf that the dealers in antiquities were not able to im-
pose oa him. In 1709 bis judgment and iabcy were ex-
erted jn embellishing the <' Tale of a Tub** with designs
almost equal to the excellent satire they illustrate. At
this period he enjoyed the friendship of the most distini
goished wits, and of Swift in particular, who repeatedly
mentions him in the Journal fa Stella in terms of high re-
gard. In December, 1710, when sir Andrew was given^
over by bis physicians, 'Swift Tisited him, foretold his re-
covery, and ^rejoiced at it ; though he humourously says^'
" I have lost a legacy by bis living ; for he told ine he had'
left me a picture and some books,** &c. Sir Andrew was^
vice*chadiberlatn to queen Caroline while princess of
Wales, and after she was queen. ^ He was also tutor to^
prince William, for whom he was' installed' (as proxy)',
knight of the Bath, and had on that occasion a patent •
granted ^him, dated Jan. 14, 1725, for lidding supporters'
to his arms. Elisabeth his sister, married colonel Clent-
of Knightwick, in Worcestershire. Of bis skill and judg-
ment in medals ancient and modern, he made no trifling'
profit, by furnishing the most considerable cabinets of this'
kingdom; but if, as Dr. Warton tells us, Annius in the
^< Donciad*'' was meant for him, bis traffic was not always'
of the most honourable kind.' In 1727 be was appointed'
wardea of tbe^ttiint, an office which he held tillnis death,'
which happened Sept. 4, 1753. He was buried at Nar-
ford, in Norfolk, wnere he had erected an elegant s^fity.
and formed a fine collection of old china ware, a yaluable
^ FOUNTAIN B.
^brary, an excellent collection of pictareB, t<At%f ind
maoy curious pieces of antiquity. Sir Andrew lost many
miniatures by a fire |it White's original chocolate^house^
in St* James's-street, where he had hired two rooms for bis
jcoUections. A portrait of him, by Mr. Hoare of Badi, is
fxi the collection at Wilton house ; and two medals of him
fire engraved in Snelling's " English Medals/' 1776. Mont*
/^ucoui in the preface to ^^ L'Aptiquit^ Expliqu^e/' calls
§ir Andrew Fountaine an able antiquary, and says that,
during bis stay at Paris, that gentleman furnished him with
every piece of antiquity that he bad collected, which conid
t>e of use to his work ; several were accordingly engraved
^id described, as appears by sir Andrew's name on the
plates* *
FQUQUIERES (James), a Flemish painter of the 17th
century, born at Antwerp in 1 5S6^ was one of the most
learned and jcelebrated of landscape painters. Some have
pJlaced him so near Titian, as to make the difielrence of
their p^ctjures consist^ rather in the countries ifepresented^
tbaii in the goodness of the pieces. The principles tbcy
went upon are the same> and their colouring alike goad
and regular* He painted for Rubens, of whom he learned
the esstentials. of his art The elector palatine employed
him at Heidelberg, and frpqi thence he went to Paris, where^
t})QugU he worked a long time, and was well paid, yet be
i;rew pQor for want of conduct, and died :1Q^9, m the
iQUse,.of an ordinary painter called Silvain, who lived in
\e, suburbs of St. Jaques.'
FOURCllOY (Anthony Francis), an eminent French
c^'bemist, was born at Paris June 15, 1755, where bis fa«
tber was an apothecary, of the same family with the sub-
ject of the succeeding article. In bis ninth year he was
sent tol the coljlege of Hai^court, and at fourteen he com-
pleted the studies which were at that time thought neces-*
spgry. fl^yipg an early attachment to music and lively
poetry,; he attempted to write for the theatre^ and had no
hi^er ambitiop tbap to becon>e a player, bnt the bad
success of one of his Mends who had encoUitaged t;his taste,
cured him of it, and for two years he directed his atten-
tion to commerce At the end of this time an intimate
friend of bis fatheir persuaded him to study medicine, and
1 KiehoVf Bowyer^r-Sowles's edit of Pope,. vol. V. p. 302.'«*Swift>« Wotrki; '
tMtaO^x. s D'ArgeoYille.— PilkiQgtoD, and StrutU
POURCROY* 7
AlseorSiogly fae deTioted bia talents to aDatokny^ bolatij%.
ctettii^ry^ and nataral history. About two years after, in
1776y. ha pQUifihed a ticai|3lation of Ramazzini, ^^ on tke
diaewes of artisans/' whidi \^e enriched with notes and
iUustratiotis derived from chemiQal theories which were
then ^ quite new^ In 17B0» be .received the degree of
IM. D. and regent of that fiaouky, in. spite of a very oon»
sideiable oppoeition from bis brethren, and. from this time
bis cfaeoilcai opinions aild dtsooveries, i^endered him uni**
vaersally known mad .respeeted. The fertility of his in>agi«
nation, joined to a style* dcpiaiiy easy and elegant,, witk
gsefllt precisioil, attraeibd the attention of a numerous
8elU>ol. In 17^4, on* ^be death of Macquer, he obtained
the profcBsorsbip of chttmistry in the Royal Gardens, and
the y^eav following be was admitted intO' the aoadtoiyof
aeieaeds, of the section of anatomy, but was afterwarda
admired to that of chemdstryy -for which he was more emt*
nently .tpialified. In 1787, he in conjunction with his
aMtatrynsen De Morv^eau, Lawadsier, and Bertbollet, pro-
posed the Qdw chemical nomenclature, which after somw
oppoaition^. eSeoted> a revolation in chemical 'Studies.^
(See LAVOiainRi) AUtbough ooostahtly .oocapied in . seien^
tific cxpferimciits, and in publishing various works, on snb-«(
jeotB of vlediciae, cbemistiiy^ rand natural history^ be felt
into the popular delasionaboot thi^ tiaie of the revolutsooy^
and in 1792 waaiappoiated elisctor oi the tity' of Paris, and
s^erwards provisionsi iiepnty to. ithe (national convention^
whieh, however, he did not enter until after the death of
tiie ksB^
' lo Sqst 1793, lie dbtaioad the adciptian 'Of a project hi
the regulatimi of weights and aseaaums^ was chosen .se**
M0tary in Octob^r^ and in. Deiceaiber- following pnssideni
of the Jabobins^^ who. denounced biai for his silence in the
ooovention. This be answered by. pleading; his avdcationk
and chemical labours, .by whicb, he wh6 had been bom w^th-*
out any fonaiae, had been aUe, to maiatain his father and
sistets. In Sept» 17:04, lie bsniame a mariiber ^ the com^
jnittee, of ^public :safialiyy aiyl was againv exacted to dt in
Be\^, ll96*. Besides proposing «o&ie ,iaiproveiients.in thd
Suipment. of the arnifies, jv^ick )were Jtben ooi|l?endiog
tball the powers of I^urape, he^ waa partioularly engaged
i»sohoote and.asiabiisfametUa'fOr'edutation, to wbich^^tieti^
RiiaeB^ as polytecfeaki nMnal^ £ccl; wer^ gt^eii^ tbait ibey
arif^aons^' to oblivaoul^ aaiBnudb as^jpfbsAbk tte anewii
9 F O U R C R O Y.
iostitdtions of France: The re^'election of two thirds o^i
the convention removed him to the council of elders^ »
one> of Che fantastical modes of gov^roment estabUshad ini
179^5, where, in November, be had to refute several'^
charges levelled against him respecting the murder of La-i
voisier. He was afterwards nx)miniated professor o£ che*;
mistry, and a member of the 'institute; and in:May 1791^
left the council. During the time he could spare from: his.^
public employments, he continued ito cultivate his more.
boooAirable studies, and had attained the highest rank/
aibong, the men of science whom the revolutionary tri-:
btmals had spared, when Jie died Dec. 16, .1809, At.tbisi
period be was a counsellor of state for. life^ a: count of theK
empire, a commander of .the ilegion of honour, divectorr?
general, of public instructionVs^ member of the. nationalr
institute, professor of chemistry in the medial ^nd poly->
techtitc schools, and in the museuni of natuia]t h-istbry, and>
a niember of most of the learned societies of Eiicope. . .i
■ Fourcroy's works rank among the most: cousideraUe*
which France has. produced iu.chemistry,. Bod .must be,al«;
lowed in a great measure to: confirm tbe:higb e;iieoimtt9i8>
which his countrymen have bestowed on him, not only as*
a. profound, but a pleasing and elegant writer. He puh<t
lished, 1.^^ The translation jo£.Bama2zini,'' be£ore-men>
tiozfecd. 2« ^^ Lemons elementaires d'histoire naturella et
decbimie,^ 17S2, 12. vols. 8v6, of which there have; been^
many editions, the <last in 1794,. 5 vols. Evo.- 3.: ^^ Me^;
bioires.et observations pour servir doisuite aux elemens dar
chimie,^' 1784, Svo. 4. *^ Principes de chimie a Tun^e :der
yecoleVeterinaire," 2 vols. Ifimol ; '5i ". L!^tvde connoitre
€t d'employer les medicameas: dans les maladies qui ati«:
taquent le corps humain,'* 1785,. 2 vols. 8vo. 6. ^< EntOH*
mologia ParisiensisV by Geoffrey,, an. improved edition^'
1785, 2 vols. 12mo; 7. ^' Methodede nbikienclature.ebi«>
mique proposer par M0rvea%:&c;?' witha.new system .'o£;
chemical characters, 1787, 8Vo. 8. ^^ Essai'surle phlo««
gistique, et sur la constitution des acides,V from the £ngl«
}ish of Kir wan, • with notes by Morveau,- Lavoisier, Bec^.
thole€,.and Fourcroy, 1788, 8 vo; 9. ^< Analyse chimiqud
de I'eau sulpbureuse d'Engbein, pour 'servir' a Phistoim
de» eaux sulpbureuse en * geaeral,^^ by Fourcroy &^ Lm
Porte, 1788, 'Svo. 10. f^Ajoaales de Chimie," by Four-»
cv^ and aji 4he French chemiats^ published pariocticallg^
frAm i789j to 1794, jlfi vol^, Svo; U* **I-a Medicine
F O U R C RO Y- »
ecXditie par- Ics - sciences pWysiques," 1 79 1 ," i 792, 1 2 vbli.
m^ ^''Philosophie cbimique^'* 1792. Fourcroy wrote also
]R tbe *^ Magastn encyclope'clique/' ai)d the ** Journal de
T-^cole polytechnique," and drew up several r^orts for
the national convention, whioh were published in the Mo-
tiiteur, &c/ His last publications were, I ^. '^ Tableaux pour
servir de resume aux lemons de- cbimie faites a Tecole de
medicine de Paris pendant 1799 et 1800. 14. <' Systeme
des'connoissan^es cbimiques, 'et de leiirs applications aux
f^l^omenes deia nature et de I'art," 1800^ 10 vols. Svo,
and 5 vtris. 4to. To these exMdstve labours may be added
the 'cbemichU articles dn the Eneydoptedia. Fourcroy left
aPH^E^^aluilblelibraiy; wbith was sold by auction at Paris,
in 1810, and -of which Messrs, Tilliard, the booksdilersy-^
j^iiMisHed a welUatrttiged catalogue; - Several of his wo^ks
ha^e been ti^^tated into English.* ^
-^POURClROY (Charles Ren^* de), mavechal.de cansp,^
j^alkl drbto^of 'the order of St. Louis, director of the royal;
cjcnrps 6f*enginfeersv member of the eoaticil at war and of
thev^sikiL -council, and free associaite of 'the academy of'
0^i6n^s; was' bbtn at Paris Jan. 19, 1715. ^ He was the^
son of Cbitfle^'de Fourcroy, an emrnenC deun^ilor at lawy
0nA Elizabeth L^Heritier* Destined to the bar as- an he-
reditary profession, bis incUilaf ion impelled him into the*
' pittbs of science, and accident led -> him into t)ie corps of
engineers. An officer of • tha&corps wa» involved in an
important law-suit, which he chose M*.de Fourcroy to
ccnn^aet M. de Fourcroy directed his son to converse
witb^^be officer for the purpose of procuring every infor«
mation ile^esdary to' the success of Uscaude; but the youth, *
whose thirst of- science was already conspicuous^ shewed
less attention^ to the particulars of tiieiawsuit, than desire
eo'be acqiiaitited with* what concerned '''tbe service of an'
engineer; and being informed of the preliniinary studies
i^quisite to an admission into that body, he was soon ena*
bled to offer himself for examination.
^ >in'1736 he was admitted into the corps, ^nd was era-*
ployed ^n(ier marshal^ d'Asi^d. > His activity, 2eal, and
kiM^e^e 'above bis years,.'pcocnred -him the confidence
^^bis comm^hder ; but, remairking an error in a project
which the niarshal communicated to Hmy he informed him
.1 1 . J •
1 1
* ^ Jiki^&aL'rT'I^f^;»Mo^^riK^*'''^9''^Mtvi^ prefixed .to Uie.ci||ftlofq« qf-
k|sLH>?ary. •
10 FOURCROY.
qC it For this sit first' be received tbooks ; but' uoloeUljr
be was iinprudeiit enough to entrust this little secr^of bii^
iwiity to his mother, and her maternal tendemesa wsm
equaUy indiscreet. The marshal had not greatoesli of
mind enough to be indulgent^ or ability enough not to be
afraid of avowing that be w^ liable to. mistime ; and it ivm.
long evident that be had not forgiven M. de Fouroroy^
bolb (roai the commissions which he gave . bim» and bia
gcffiieral regulations, which always tended to prevent bia
promotion. From this treatment .M. de Fourcroy learnt* at;
at^ early period to expect aotbing but from bis aeri^icQs ;
amd he was destined to prove by bis exampie, th?t virtue
19 one of the roads to fortunei and perhaps not the least
apcure.
£i%aged in every campaign of the war of IHO^ be Waa
charged, though young, with some importafit commisMOM ;.
1^ fais application during the peace ^prpcored hitia eii*
ployment m the . sacceeding war^ He mad^ three can*
paigna in Germany, and in 1761 was commander of the.
eaigineer^ on the coast of Brittany^ when the Siiglisb took
BeUeisle. In 1 762 be made a campaign in Portu|^^ where
hfi. was present at the siege of Aimeyda. Every day ML
de Fourcroy worked fourteen hours in bia closet, when the
duties of the service did not compel him to quit it. Ao
itresistible propensity to the study of natural pbilosophir;
would have led biai far, bad be not been incessantly called,
from it to the duties of his stajtioa. From these be some*
times stole time for making observations ; but, guarding,
against the illusions of self-love, he communicated xoosi
qf bia researches to meo of learning, who have iniierted
them in their works. The microscopical obsarvatioua ia
the ^ Tfeatiseoo the Heart,' ' which, does so much honour
tp Mn Seoac, are almost all by M. de Fouicroy. Many
(rf bis remarks and observationa make a part of M. I>u-^
hamel'S ^< Treatise .on flsbing," in which we find tbe Ant
traces of Spallanzani's experiments on hybridous ftsb*-
M. de FAUrcroy bad seen these experiments in a fisb^-pond
in Germany, and gave an .account of them to Mr. Dubam
9ael« To bim M. Dubamel was indebted alfio for . aoma
wperimenta with which he baa enriched bis ^^ Treatise om
Foresia/' M. de Ja Laode, too, baa acknowledged that h%
owes bim many facts and reflections, of which he baa
#MM Ittroself in bis wdrk on Tides. Amongst the ewaya
that M. de Fourcroy published separately^ is one in wtdch
F O U R C R O Y. II
lie examines how we may judge of the hei^t to #hich
certain birds of passage raise themselves, by knowing that
of the point at which they cease to be visible. He pub<«
lished the '* Arc of Brick-making,'* which forms a part of
ibe collection of the academy, to. which he also sent se**
veral essays that were approved and inserted in their works.
The margin of his Collection of the Academy relative to
the Arts he has filled with notes> as it was his practice
when he read it to examine the calculations, and correct
them if they were not accurate.
M* de Fourcroy was employed successively in yarioos
parts of the kingdom ; prinoipallyy indeed, at Calais^ at
]^usillon^ and in Corsiica. Everywhere he served with
diligence, and everywhere he acquired esteem and venera^
tion. Of this conduct be received the reward in the most
flattering manner. M^ de St Germain being appointed
minister at war, wished to avail himself in his oflSce of the-
abilities of some superior officer in the corps of engineers*
On thi» he consulted the directors of that corps, then as-
sembled at Versailles. All with an'unanimous voice pointed
out M. de Fourciroy, as the most c^>able of fulfilling the
intentions of the minister. M. de St. Getmain, who was
scarcely acquainted with M* de Fourcroy, wrote to him
to come to Perpignan, where he resided. When the
mi||ltter told this gentleman that be had sent for brim
wi^ut knowing him, to fill a post near himself, and that
he was recommended by the officers of his corps, his as*"
tooishment inay easily be conceived. Of the opiliion
given of him he shewed himself worthy ; and his conduct'
both public and private, made him honoured and respected.
A life thus busy was rendered more happy by a senti*
ment, which, born at 'an early period, expired but with
his life. The daughter of M. Le Maistre, the neighbour
and friend of his father, and like bimi famous at the bar,
wa& the companion of his youthful qM>rta, and ibsensiblj
chosen by him as the partner of his future days. Whilst
M. de Fourcroy was studying under able masters to render
himself useful to bis country by bis talents and acquire-
ments, miss Le Maistre learned fifom a pious and charitable
mother to succour and console the suffeilings of her fellow*
creatures. The vacations of each year l^rought together
the two yojung friends, whose minds were so attuned to
each other, as if they had never been separated. At that
s^e, wimthe hdart experiences the want of a nolore Uvely
12 F O U R C R O Y.
aerithneAt, the tender friendship ^hich umted them left
thela at liberty for no other choice. Both without fortune;
they; contented themselves with loving each other always;
and seeing each other sometimes, till prudence shotild per-
mit them a closer union. - Both sure of themselves, as of
the objects of their affedtion, fourteen years passed with-
oat any inquietude but what absence occasioned. After
marriage, enjoyment weakened not their passion, as the
sacrifice tb'^y. had made of it to reason had not disturbed
their tranquillity. Similar in opinion, their thoughts arid
their sentiments were common. Separated from the world
equally by the simplicity of their tastes, and the pUrity of
their principles, they reciprocally found in the esteeni of
each other the sole support, thie sole reward, of which
their virtue* bdd need. Every day they tasted the pleasure
of that intimate union of souls, which every day saw re-»
newed. The difference of their characters, which offered
the. striking contrast of gentleness and inflexibility, served-
only 'to show them the power of the sympathy of theiic^
hearts.. Different from most both in their love and in their"
rirtues, time, which almost always seemis ib approach vts*
to happiness only to carry us the'farther froni it afterwards,-
seemed to have fixed it with then^. Perhaps we have not
another instance of a passion continuing seventy years, al*'
wayis tender,": always the chief (nay the sole, rin'ce Aat
they bore for an only daughter constituted a part of it),'
which! la^sted uniformly from itifaitcy to old age^ flot weak^-
ened, i^ibtonce obscured by the leswt cloud, not dnce dis**
turbed by the, slightest coldness or negligence.' '
. Employed to his la&t moment irt * his country^s service, *
M. de. Fourcroy died January 12, 1791, regretted by his
family; his friends, and his country.^ • ^*'
FOURMONT (Stephen), professor of the Arabic arid
Qhiriese languages at vParis, was the son of a surgeon, and*
born at Herbelki, near Paris, iii 1683.- He learned the
elements of Latin from the curate of the' place ; but losing *
his father when very young, he came under the cafe 6i
an uncle, who removed him. to his bouse at Paris, and su- ^
p>erintended his studies. He went -through the corirses of
logic, rhetoric, and philosophy, in different colleges; and-
happening.to meet with -the abb6 Sevin, i«*o loved study *
^ well 'as himself, tliey formed a scheme of reading ^
> f £>o^ des Acadenucieni, v(d« V,«-fDiot. I^t.^^'Evropean M«rt
f p V R M Q N T. 03
Jthe Greek axtd Latin poets together. But astb^ ezerdi^eft
.of the society employed most of tbeir hours by day^ they
found means to continue this task ^ secretly by nightj and
this being considered as a breach of discipline, the supe-
.rior thought fit to ex(;lude them fro oi the comununity.
Fourmon^ retired to the college of Montaigq, and ha.d the
.very chambers which formerly belonged to Erasmus ; and
here the abb^ Sevin continued to yisit him, wb^n they wqut
on with their work without interruption. Fourinont joined
to this pursuit the study of the oriental languages^ in
.which he made a very uncommon progress. ^
He afterwards was employed in reading lectures : he
explained the Greek fathers to some, and the Hebrew and
Syiiac languages to others. After that^ he undertook .the
education of the sons of the duke d'An^in, who w^re com-
^naitted to his care, and studied in the college of Harcou((.
He was at the same time received an advocate ; but the
law not being suited to his taste, he returned to his former
studies. He then contracted an acquaintance with the
ixbhi Bignon, at whose instigation he applied himself ,to
jthe Chinese tongue, and succeeded beyond his.expepta-
tions, for he had a prodigious n^em(^ry, and a particular
turn for languages. He now became very famous. He
held conferences at his own house, once or twice a w«ek,
upon subjects of literature ; at which foreigners, a^ i^ell
^svVench, were admitted and assisted. Hence he becai^^
known to the count de Toledo, who was infinitely pleas^ed
with his cpnversation^ and made him great offers, if be
would go ir^to Spain; but Fourmont refused. In 1715 h^
succeeded M. Galland to the Arabic chair in the royal coU
lege. The same year be was admitted a member of the
aca;demy of inscriptions ; of the royal society at Lon*
idon in,17S8 ; and of that of Berlin in 174],. He was often s
Consulted by the duke of Orleans, who had a particabf
(esteem for him, and made him one of his secretaries. He
died at Paris in 1743. •
His mo^t considerable works are, I. " The Roots of tji^^
Latin tongue in. metre.*' 2. ^^ Critical Reflections upon
- Ancient History, ,tp the time of Cyrus," 2 vols. .4tp.
3. " Meditationes Sinicae," fol. 4. ** A Cliine^e Graip-
mar, in Latin," fol. 5. "Several Dissenations, primed
iri the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscription*,'^ &c.
He left several works in manuscript. In 1 731 he published
in 12mo, a catalogue of all his works^ printed and mauu*
14 t OV KMOift.
script^ with ndtes, some particulars of bis fife, and unM
lettern pretended to be addressed to him requesting hith
to publbb such a work, and others which were so in re-
-ality* Fourmont appears to have been a scholar of vast
industry and merits but perfectly conscious of the rank he
held. H^ had a younger brother, Michael Fourmont,
who was an ecclesiastic, a professor of the Syriac tongpu^
in the royal college, and a meniber also of the acadasiy of
inscriptions, who died in 1746.' '
FOURNIER (Peter Simon), a French engraver anA
letter-founder, was born at Paris in 1712, and excelled ih
his profession. His letters not onIy«embelli8faed the ty-*
pographical art, but his genius illostrated and enlarged it.
He published in 1737 a table of proportions to be observed
between letters, in order to determine their height and
relations to each other. This ingenious artist ascended to
the yery origin of printing, for the sake of knowing it
thoroughly* He produced at different times several his*
torical and critical dissertations upon the rise and progress
of the typographical art, which have since been collected
and published in i vol. 8vo, divided into three parts ; the
last including a curious history of the engravers in wood.
Bat the most important work of Fournier, is his *^ Manuel
Typographique, utile aux gens de Lettres, et a ceux qui
•zercent les differents parties de PArt de PImprimerie,**
in 2 vols. 8vo. The author meant to have siidded two
Miore, but was prevented by his death, which happened
in 1768. In this ** Manuel*^ are specimens of all the dif-
ferent characters he invented. He was of the most pleasmg
manners, and a man of virtue and piety.*
FOWLER (Christopher), a clergyman originally of
the church of England, was the son of John Fowler of
Mariborough, in Wiltshire, where- he was born in 1610 ot
1611, In 1627 he was admitted a servitor at Magdalen^*
eirflege, Oxford, and continued there until be took hi^
hachelor^s degree; and then went to Edonind-hall, and
look that of master. Having entered into holy orders, he
preached, some time in and near Oxford ; and afterward$
St West-Woodhay, iiear Donnington casthe, in Berkshire.-
In 1641 he took 'the covenant, and joined the 'presbyte-
rians ; being then, as Wood imagines, miotster of Mar**
. 1 Moreri, from ht« Life pttbTii^ed in 1747.
' Diet. Hi«t.«— Dibdin's Biblieoaaiuii.
F O W L E H. 14
:gBtet?iB^ Lolfat»iu7» bftt bis name does not ocetfr in the
registers until 1652. In 1641 he became vicar of St.
Mary^s, Readings, and an assislianc to the comniisiiouerB
of Berkshire, for the ejection of sueh as were then styled
^* scandalous, ignorant, and insufficient ministers and
schoolmasters.'^ He was at length, a fellow of Eton isA^
'cfge^ though he had refused the engagement, as it was
caUed. After the restoration, he lost his fellowship of
Eton, and, being deprived of the vicarage of St. Mary^i
for non-conformity, be retired to London, and afterwards
to Kennington, in Surrey, where he continued to preach,
although privately. JFor some time before his d^ath, he
was much disordered in his understanding, and died lit
Sottthwark, Jan. 15, 1676, and was buried' within thepre^
eincts of SL John Baptist's church, near Dowgate. He it
said by Wood to have used odd gesture^ and antic be«
haviour in the pulpit, unbecoming the serious gravity of
the place, but which made him popular in those times;
His character by Mr. Cooper, who preached his funeral
lermon, is more favourable, being celebrated ** as an able,*
holyi faithful, indefatigable servant of Christ. He wai
^uick in apprehension, solid in his notions, clear in his
conceptions, sound in the faith, strong and demonstrative
in arguing, mighty in convincing, and zealous for the
truth against all errors." We are told, likewise, that *^ he
had a singular gift in chronology, not for curious specula-*
tion or ostentation, but as a key and measure to know the
signs of the times," &c.
His works are, 1. ^' Daemonium meridianum, or Satan at
noon ; being a sincere and impartial relation of the pro*
eeedings of the eommissioners of the countj of Berks, au«
ihorized by the ordinance for ejection, against John Por*
di|ge, late minister of ^radfield, in the name county,**
Lend. 1655, 4to. This Pordage appeared to these com^*
missioners to be unsound in the doctrine of the IVtnity^
JK* *^ DsBmonium meridianum, the second part, disco-*
f:ering the slandersi and calumnies cast upon some corpo-
iwtions^ with forged and false articles upon the author, in .
H jpampblet entitled ^ The case of Reading rightly stated,^
by the adherenta and abettort of the said J. Pordage,'*"
Lpiidi l*56>.4tOi To this is subjomed " A Word to In-
fetnt Baptism," fco, Fowler likewise pubftshed a few oc^^^
casional Sermoni^; and ** A sober answer to an angry
^istle directed to all public teachers in this nation," pre^
16 FOWLER.
fixed ta a book- called *^ Christ's innoc^ncy pleaded agaioft^
the cry of the Chief Priests," by Thomas Speed, quakeVg
^c. Lond. 1656. In tt^ he was assisted by Simon Ford^
vicar of St. Lauren ce, Reading, and it, was apimadvertod
on by George Fox, J in one of his pubUcations.V
FOWLER (Edwahi?), a le?irned English prelate, was
born in 1632, at Westerleigh, in Gloucestershire; of
mrhich place his father was minister, but ejected for non-
conformity after the restoration* He was sent to tbe^
College-school in Gloucester, where be was educated
tinder William Russel, who had married bis sister. In tbe
beginning of 1650 he became clerk of Carpus Christie cpl-
\^S^> Oxford, and being looked upon, says Wood, ^f bs
a young man well endowed with the spirit, ,and gifted with
extemporary prayer, he was admitted one of the chaplains
thereof in 1653, and the same year took a bachelor of art$
degree,'* Afterwards removing to Can^ridge, he took
his master^s degree as a member of Trinity college, and
returning to Oxford, was incorporated in the same degree
July 5, 1656. About the same time he became cbaplaiii
to Arabella, countess dowager of Kent, who presented him
to the rectory of Northill, in Bedfordshire. Having been,
educated a presbyterian, he scrupled about conformity at
the restoration, but conformed afterwards, and became^a
great ornament to the church. His excellent moral writings
gendered him so considerable, that archbishop Sheldon,^
in order to introduce him into the metropolis, poUated him
in August 1673, ,to the rectory of All-hallows, Bread**
street. In February 1675-6, he was -made prebendary of
Gloucester; and in March 1681, vicar of St. Giles's, Crip*;?
plegate, on which he resigned the living of Allhallows*
The same year, he accumulated the degrees of bachelor
and doctor of divinity. During the struggle between pro-
testantism and popery in this kingdom, he appeared to
ereat advantage in defence of the former ; but this ren-
dered him obnoxious to the court, and in all probabilitjr
yfSLS the secret cause of a prosecution against hiin, in 1685,
by some of his parishioners, who alledged that he was
guilty of Whiggism, that he admitted to the commuoioa.
excommunicated persons before they were absolved, &p.
We are told this matter was carried so far, that, after- a
Ijial at Doctors'-commons, he was suspended, under tha
... . . • ' . • •
, . > Ath. Ox. vol. II.-r~CalaBay.<— Coatefi's m$L of Reading.
.# S) W/L I B. 5iI7
-|irbtdicfe ofqbftMn^aetfeiKL''iB ie^emloivtpessts pditiUy no
the cabons tifi lbe)c[hUlrcbi This.aflVobt^JgKHine«er^ ilid- noftdb-
tiitiitlaie hiiiiifrQiodohig|wbaitiMil1ioaghtln$:duty * forhewM
iiae s^ocmd^fwlfoiU 16A8^.'|i^ed. theiresoluijhpn of tbe L<ni-
4oji ^iergjy irait to ,i<eaiA>kiag-..Jafne9?9 n«tw declarauon for
liberty (^f cooftoiax^t v He.wlis revvArdbd for this and otif^c
;aervic^ at .^tte: .rtvoJtii^o i for in IB^hi be ,wa» preferxed
'^o theseie of 'GiQiii^es^r^ . and contiotied; tbere) till bis
'-deatb^iwfaioh happened at Chelsea, A^g. Sfiiiill] 4, iii his
etgbtyt;f«f;ond[year. • Hi$^,widow surrviyed.biiiijSottiejyears,
dyilig. A|Hril^^» 1732» She was bis second- wife» tbe 'widow
ohi^ibir^Y't JDFw.£aek!iel iBurton, and .dai%b2^ of i^Ralph
Trt^of^ oi London, .iiiie^c)»&nt* His firjt -wtCe^ by whom
he.hMialkrge familyi; w$» daughter of Arth«iW'Barnardi»-
^n, oo^o^f^e- notasteciniix chapcej:y. She died. De6. I9,
1^9^,' and.was boriediraft well as the bishop, in Hendon
d^i^h-j^jftrd, :Middl6seai^i ii>.the{ chaiicel of whioh cfauroh is
r« »^»W«i^to his oiemcpry.jj? .' ^ ' '
.r fi^e^wiai^hf^iatitbQr of n]iany)e^QiJl0ntworks^ as,' 1. "The
-P|^j{<i»ipJ€^:;^ild( Practices i^) a/^irjtain moderate, divines ctf
the Cburtcrh. ^ ^England,. aj><i9ive)y called. Latitudinarians,
greatly .Qii3updersitood> truly fepresented ^ai^d defe«ded>!^
r6^70^:3¥o. jtThis is.wriiitieR:,in- the way of : dialog^e^ [ 2.
ff^The D«sigi^fof iChrUtiani^^y^f^or, a pl^n; defnonsitratioli
.and impiVivitintnt.of this proposition, .vi^;:.^|^, the enduing
Hieu wit)h,ij|Wfiir4,iseal rigbt^pflsfi^sd.a.Qd ttrii e* holiness,^ hi«^
the^^^^lioii^tViend of Our Savi^or^s cpniing anto the'worli^
and iis,(EhQrg^at* ii^t^ndtni^t of his blessoU Gospel,-' 167i,
'Syo. t.^J[<4|n.Bniiyan, the author of the Pilgrim's P/qgress,
,ba¥i{)gj'>$t%ck«d. this l^ok, the author vindicated it in.^
j>e^mpj^'|twHb. a yeiy c.oarse title ; 3. ^', Dirt wiped out<;
(O;?) at rrlt^ai^ifi^il^ disQOvejry of the :gro6s ignorance, erro-
^eou^iess;' Ar^ most unchristian and wicked spirit of one
John B^fiyan} Lay-pi!eacher in Bedford, &q." 1672, 4to, 4.
;^' ^b)^ta3 £vfM;»gelica; or,:a Discourse of Christian Liibertjjf.
3oing ^ fjiirther pursuauc^ of The Design of Christianity^
JL680) 8vo. ^4 Some piec^ against |>opery ; as, " The Re^-
•i^pl|it^0n4»f thisc^kseof conscience, whether the Church of
^England's sypiboji^ingy so far as it doth with the Church
9f Rome, makes' it lawful to hold communion with the
Church of Rome ?" 1683, 4to, " A Defence of the Re^
solution, &c." 1684, 4to. " Examination of Cardinal ^
Bellar miners fburth note of the Church, viz. Amplitude^
or Multitude and Varleiy of Believers.'* " The texta
Vol. XV. C,
V18 .^.OW/LdA.
j«rbidi' Baapi^KitMiotit of the iBibte,^ fpr ictei ptoof ^ 4«ir
dbetritie c0iii(reniiii^ the obsbiiKtyitof dbe^fibly Soriflumi,
^examhii^d,'' l«8i7<, (4ito; TMirmibatftore printed 911^ ^^^Tbe
'Frdserviitire 4i^aioit I^e»3^^'' foltki:. : Hie -pttblUlMsdv aiMy
i6; T)fM!pieoes^ovi i^e>dootni»e'olf the'Tri;ifuyi ^{iertttin
JRfbpostcidbt^ by kvhieh iJie* dectiiikie of «be Holy iTniMty is
'w> expttfiMd/^«cQdidi»g to the ani^ieint'fetber^^ «s«(» ftpisik
'it not cdtitvidicvory to niatural rMionv Togeeber with- %
^^feticse <or ttie;^;^c/? l^S^^ 4lo. << A S<^ond<D«feOlie
.of the f^ropcuitioDH, &e." 169^5, 4to. ''- 7. EighttM' Oeita*
siitodfl 'J3€^raiofi«r ; one <if which Was on << The greiM^wixtheA*
'tiet^iaWd '4Sii<9chi€ftou^ effctets of Skftd^riiig, prauibcid in
^thepattisU^btrrcli of St. Gito»'«) Nov. 13, 16£5» oft^Ptiilm
-cL 5^ witte i* Jut^e pi^face of %he a\sitbor^ «Bd coikdu^ieii
in b}& Wn^rtdioatioth*' 1686/ 4to.' S. ^^Ati >Atfl^er lb
the Papey* dcftivered by Mr. Afl(h«dti€tth»ex»c«tiotH''*t^i90,
^to. ^. ^< A Discourse cmr^hegr^tdisiingenMiy^ainfd' wry-
reasonableness of repining at 'dieting PMvMMim^ ttUd
«f the ihguence wbit^k'ith^J^ (^u^bt to baireupM m6; ipub-
itsbed'ttpon odoa^on of- ib& dt^th of queen M(ai<y ^ with k
<preftioe c6iitiuning dome dbt^efvations toucMng her «xee)*
lent ^ntl^meiffts and 'excmpUry life," 16^5^, ^'Svo.
InJ^be'rtgisitcfs of 48t. ©ilea's, Ortpj^egate,- whioh Mr.
M^)<^Mai app«iii% to bave>ek^i>i%ed with t'Hre, tre find no
|paefli%i(>n'tli(id^'0faf)ylitigi6iM& proceedings l^e pariri»-
««l4eris'aga¥iMt Dr. f'-Owle)*;! b«it on the <son4ir»ry,^4}here sxte
4be fblk>Wit)g elitries, \tbieh 'ufaow how mueh -he wtts'v^
^pectecl by them aPberthe'^teit^tetion : *^ FA. '7, 1700.
Ordered, that -ill considertftidn the bishop 4f -Gloucester
iiAls a Idng time, at his ^^v/rt charge^ provided |[f>l^ttir^r iti
khh ^thky und been otherwise kind af)d>bo«irttiAlt^k> >tfafe
-tMime, thiat th^ chancel of thii p^tish ^bui^dh be Ibrftwkk
put m good repair at the charge «f -the ^parieh.'? 4ti'rrot
ie represented to the ve?s«ty that he wai 'g|ioL#tt<^-80ex«-
^emely i'nfinjn and old, he co«ld no longer pifeaiStr'iii a
mbrniiig ; and havings targe family, with botsoiaH^ofils
ftoiri the vicarage, jfcogether wkh having pr&viderf d Ipe^
<:cirer for twenty^fifveyerirs past at his own cibarge,'*he'fiO#
4e*it*reated them to 'ctect Ofte themselves, whitsh- ibl^y iKd,
^ith many acknowledgments for his lordsbip^^fatheriy colsv
^et towards them. V .' . « ..> i. .
Vimea.^BircK*5 Life f/ Tillotson.— Atb. Ox, toI. II,-Ht3ent Mae. ▼<>)• ^t W^9
€^«<curi^ anecdote iffott blslM]^, n/lko i^fts ft Miev^r M gItMitli,
F O W L S S. I>
mited CrikMT of New coUeg?, in 0](fpnl» in i ssSj afMr
iir0 j€9m of probtti^n, wb«r^ also be took bU mai^^
id#gfM» PiH leftimg fo e^qnply witb ^ tains of pipr
-tavuint «Miforiii«iy ift qpeao £1^^ beicsigned
M» iMomAip, nfto' bol^ing^ il abom four yei^^ and»
laa^g Engiandt took «poa bim tba trade if priatiog^
iabicb be eaenriaod fviXy U Antveip,- and partly at Lou-
ma; and tbii« <Ud sigml «erviee to tfie papUts, in printing
tb^r ibofka agaioat the proieitant wrker9. Wood $aya
.that be wa« w^ •killed in Greek and I^atin, a tolerable
l»oet mid eratofy a tbeologift net to be contemned ; and ae
irersed abio im oriticism and otber polke literature, that be
Wgbt bare passed for aaotber Koben or Henry Ste|rfiens.
.Be redaeed imo a eeaipendtnni tbe '* Summa TbeglogisB^^
of Tbovas Aqninas, nnder tbe title of ^ Lqc9^ Commnnia
Tbeniogica,'* and wrote '' Additiones in Cbrofiica Gene-
biancU ;''. a *' Psalter |br Cadiolic$»'* wbicb was answered
i>y Sampson Dean, of CbiistHebarcb* Oxford, 157S; also
epsgvMNy and other Teieses. He also ttaasbuod from Latin
into Englii^), *^ Tbe Epistle of Osorins," and «' Tbe Oia>.
tioo of Bei, Frariny of Antwerp, against the unlawful in«-
anrr^etian of the protestwts, under pretence to reform
leligien/' Aatwerp, 156e. This was answered by Wil*-
liaos Falke» diHoity-professor in Cambridge. Foa^ died
at Newmsrfc, in Oeraany, Feb. IS, 1579.^
FOWUCR {Tfi^QUAs), m En^iili physiciao, was born
ait Yorb, 'Jan. %2f I73(p, and, after baviog gone throngh a
0E>ar«e #f alassical and medical edneatioa, set up as an
apotheeary in bis.naiife city, iq 1760. In 1774, bowever,
itts selfiaqni^ted this briMuth of pfactice, in order to apply
iiiinself mom etesely to. the stady of medical science ; and
far this fsityiesebe went no Edinboigb, where be graduated
an U%9^ He Cben settled ait S^flbrd, and was soon aftar
elected pbysioiao to the infirmary at that phee, a4iece he
faactaaed with conaideraUe repatatioo and success nntil
If J!49 wbea he returned to York. Hare he met with the
AlOPt flattodng enoonragement ; but his ardent attention
t»b»s prefcssamal duties and studies was considerably in>
tenttpted in July 17S3>, by an attack of a painful aaocpa^
Ims diaease of .the eh(nl, whiflh he described as ^' &ts oC
apasmodic asthnuiy attended with most of the pain&d
* Ath. Ox. fol, L— >Fiiq«p^^ WoiUm<s^^9^UI'b Church Hist. tol. I.
C 2
50 FOWLER.
Symptoms of the angina pectoris.'* After consulting many
eminent physicians, and trying a variety of me^icities^
*with partial- anil transient relief, for twoyear9> be was
agreeably surprised by a spontaneous and gradual decline
of the symptoms, and was at length totally free from them;
Notwithstanding the check to his exertions which he re*
ceived from this complaint, his professional emolumeols
and reputation continued to increase ; and in 1796 he was
appointed, 'withotit solicitation, and even whhout his
knowledge, physician to the lunatic asylum, near York^
called the " Retreat," 'established by the society of qua-
kers, for the relief of the insane members of their cotxi^
munity. He was a member of the medical societies of
Edinburgh, of the medical society of London, and of the
Bristol medical society. Dr. Fowler contpinued his useful
career, active in every duty that benevolence could dic-
tate, or friendship demand, and, in the exereise of his
profession, an example of generosity, unwearied diligencie
and humanity^ until 1801, when he died, on July 32d^
while upon a visit to some friends in London*
In the course of his studies and practice, he exemplified
the method recommended by lord Bacon for the improve*
ment of medicine, perhaps moi^ than any of his predecies*
sors or contemporaries ; and some idea of bis indefatigable
labours may be conceived, when we mention that he left
in man'uscnpt the history of more than six thousand cases,
which fell under his own inspection and treatment From
this' store of experimental knowledge he published several
works. The first of these was entitled ** Medical Reports
on the effects of Tobacco," which was puWtsbed in 17S5;
and in the year following bis second treatise .appeared,
underithe title of "Medical Reports on the Effects of
Arsenic." Both works tended in a <jiotisiderable degree 16
instruct the prdfession in the nieansof rendering these me-
dicines safe and m&nageccble, and accordingly they ard
now, especially the latter, in daily and familiar use^ and
rank among the valuable articles of the materia medioai
In 1795 he dedicated to the medical professors of Sdih-
burgh a i^olume of '^ Medical Reports on the acute and
chronic'Rheumatism," and was the author of ^ severed
papers!jprinted in differeklt vdnmes of < the Medical Q^tti*'
^entaries, and Aniials 6fiMediciiie, edfMd 'by D»s. DiUt^
ican ofEditibai^gk* * • . f. ^ s i -« ;,
}■ ■ . i ■.
FOX 21
' FOX (Edward), an emioeot statesman, almoDer to
fienty VIII. and bi^op of Hereford^ was born at Dursley^
in Gloucestershire ; but it is not mentioned in what year*.
After passing through Eton school he. was admitted of
ling's college in Cambridge, 1512, where he was elected
provost in 152S, and continued in thatoiEce till his death.
Being reoommeiided to cardinal Wolsey as a man of an
acute spirit and political turn, he was taken into his'ser-
Tic'e;. and, according to Lloyd, was the person who encou-
n^ed the carding to aspire to the papacy. In 1528 he
was sent ambassador to Rome, jointly with Stephen Gar«-
diner, afterwards bidiop of Winchester, in order to obtaiu
bulls from Clement VII. for (ienry's divorce from Cathe-*
line of Arragon. He was then almoner to the king;
and reputed, as Burnet says, one pf the best divines ia
England. He was afterwards employed in embassies bpth
in France and Qermany ; during wbich^ as he was one day
discoursing upon terms of peace, he said, ^^ honourable
ones last long, but the dishonourable, no longer than till
kings have power to break them : the surest way, there fore»
to peace, is a constant preparedness for war.^' — ^Two things,
be.would say, must support a government, V gold and iron :
gold, to reward its friends ; ai)d iron, to keep under its
enemies." It was to him that Cranmer owed his first.in-
troduction to court, with all its important results.
In 1530 he wa^ employed with Stephen Carding at
Cambridge, to obtain the university's determination in the
matter of Henry VIII.'s divorce. In 1531 he was promoted
to the archdeaconry of (^eicester, and, in 15.33 to. that of
Dorset, It was he that apprized tU^ clergy of their having
fallen into a pranmnw€f and advised them to make their
submission to the king, by acknowledging him supreme
head of the cburph, and making him a present of 100,000/.
In 1535 he was promoted to the bishopric of Hereford.
He was the principal pillar of the reformation, as to the
politic and prndential.par^ of it; being of more activity^
and no less abi^ty, than,Cranm^r himself: but he acted
more secretly than Cranmer, and therefore did not bring
himself into danger of suffering on that account. A few
months after his consecration he. was sent ambassador to
the- protestant princes in Germany, then assembled at
Smalcald; whom he exhorted to unite, in point of doc-
trine, with the church of England. He spent the winter
at Wirtembergi and held several conferences with some of
«*i FOX. ^^
t)»9^ fblkMriik|K mgbt be wad^ partiM^ted' ihaif «Jdivitl6 cmr-^*
iaifti](ic»tioni\vas mad^to him, urging bim to fofMike'aHi a^^
devote «bis^ Hfe^lio. the duties of wligion.-- H«''>fib#> oiiilted^
hii. Detatioils, xlpessed* bifloseKan ^ iaftthem doubldty aivd^
wandered aibrdui fmui pla^e to^ plaoe^ |Bf in? discovered i\9
tbei metr^polb^i hisifriendd. perMlaMlhiav to*^i*etut4i,'>arid'
^pttleiin some 'Tegular einpptpy(»ent;i' But 'he di4 not )^-»^
ijgciiniwitb them* many iKionths ; determining to embrace W
itinerant mode of life. He fasted 'mwcli and'oiften,rwalked'
aba^oad in ri^ved places,, with no other^compaMOfibut ihe^
hible,. «ad somietimes sat in tbe hollow :of -a tre^^for aday;
together,.. and^^alked in the fields by Bigtft, as if in>a stale*
QficLeep melancholj.^ He occasioiiaUya^t;endied^uppn pttb*
bb teachers, bat did^iiQt derive diat benefitifrom them iddat
belooked for: and hearing, as besapposed^ tf vbieee^.
elaiming,^^ There is one, eveti Christ Jleaus, that- can
speak .to thy condition," he foisook tbe< usual oucwal'd*
means -x>f religion ^'Contenduig, that as, God did not^ dwell
ip. trmpies made with handSs, so tbe people 'shcmld'4i«eeirve
the ihivard diviqe teaching ^. the; Lord, 'and takeitbatfor
(heirruleof life. . >About 1648 hefi^t bimself cfldled^/iltpoti'
to'.pjropagate. the .opinions, which he. had embrac^d^ and
coimiiienced public teacher jin Manchester, and some- of
(beneighbouriofg towns and villages, insisting ;on the «^r->
tainty and efficaey-of experiencing the coming o£ Christ in
this heart, as a light to- discover error, and the icnowledge
el oo^'s duty. < He no^ made more extensive journeys^ a»dl
tiraveited through the counties of Derby, Leicesusr, furni
Noribampton, addressing Jlie people in the nparket^plaoes,
and inveighing strongly against injustice, drunkenness^ amd^
the other prevalent vices of the age. About this: time h^
apprehendefl that, the Lord bad forbidden him to take4>ff
.lus bat to any* one;. and required him to speak «to. the
people ^n the language of Shou^f^ thee ;,th9X he. xxmBte
apt bend his ^koef to earthly, authorities ;. and that, be must
0n' BO 'aao6«uit ^take. an: oatli» His peculiaijittes* exposed
]iim :to piuqb'uhjustirfiable treatment, although, it m^st be
allowed that Jae sometimes provoked .harsh usage by bis
injUunpeijaAeizeal. At Derby the followers of Fox were
fiirst denomiilated/^ quakers,*' as a>term x>f reproaeh, eithdr
pa account 6i tbe itrembiing^ accent used in ^the idelivjery ef
their spjeeches, or,, because, when broc^bt before /the
higher powers, they exhorted the magistrates and other
persons present <^ to tremble at the ns^me of the Liord.-^
FOX.- n
In; 1655 Fox was sent prisoner to Cromwell, wlio cdi^^
tented httnself with obtaining a written promise that i^
would not take up arms against him or the existing govern*
Aient ; and having discussed various topics with mildness
and candour, he ordered him to be set at liberty. Fox
probably now felt himself bold in the cause, re-commenced
his ministerial labours at London, and spent some time in
ttndicating his principles by means of the press, and in
Anawering the books circulated against the society which
be had founded, and which began to attract public notice
in many parts of the kingdom. Notwithstanding the ino«
deration of Cromwell towards Fox, he was perpetually
subject to abuse and insult, and was frequently imprisoned
9LtiA hardly used by magistrates in the country whither he
Mt himself bound to travel ; and nfore than once he was
obhged to solicit the interference of the Protector, to free
bim from the persecutions of subordinate officers. Once
he wrote to Cromwell, soliciting his attention to the suf-*'
ferings of his friends ; and on hearing a rumour that be
was about to assume the title of king. Fox solicited* an
audience, and remonstrated with him very freely upon the
measure, as what must bring shame and' ruin on himself and
bis posterity. He also addressed a paper tothe heads and
governors of the nation, on occasion of a fast appointed oiX
account of the persecutions of the protestants abroad, in
whicb he embraced the opportunity that such appointment
ofiered, of holding vp, in proper colours, the impropriety
and iniquity of persecution' at home. The history <^
Fox, for several years previously to 1666, consists of
'details of his missions, and accounts of bis repeated im-^
prisonments« In this last-mentioned year he was liberated
by order of the king, and he immediately set about form*
ing the people who had embraced his doctrines into a coni&
pact and tinited body : monthly meetings were established,
and odier m^ns adopted to provide for the various e&i^
geo<S68 tor which they might be liable.
'. About 1669 he married Margaret, the widow of jtidge
Fell,, at whose house he bad been en1;ertained in^hisprou
grcKs through Lancashire. 'The ceremony , on this occa-
sion, was according to that simple farm wb'ioh is practised
to this day among the people of : his persuasion. He only
acquainted their common friends of* their intention; and
having received their approbation, they took each other in
marriage, by rnqtiial public declarations to that intent^ at
%
r.
S« F O X.
a meetiilg appointed for the porpose at S^sloL After d|i4
}if. ¥qx sailed for Amema^ where be ^petit two yctara w
Biafc^ng proselyies^ and in con Arming the faiii^ and prac«r
lice of those who bad already joined in bi9 onuse. :S«>ei^
itusr bi» return to England be was tat^eo intd custody, slnd
t|browR into Worcester gaol under tb^ qbarge.of baying
'i^hekl a< meeting from ail parts of the dati<H)t fov lerrt<^
fying the king^s subject^/' After being aeqaiiit^edi lie
iHetU'to HoUandy and on his return a suit v^ks ioalitiited
againat bind for refusing to pay tiibes ; bis opp^neott were!
taceessful^ and be was obliged to submit to'ihe cense<rf
^aieneesw In 1684 Fqx again yisited the <ioniineiit, aaA
upon bis return be found bis health and spirits toot much
impaired by incessant fatigues> and almost perpetoal per<K
aecutions^ to oontend^any more with his enemies: be ae^
aordiogly Jived more retired ; and in 1690 be died, in the
lixty^sevemb year of bis age ) having, however, performed
Ibe duties ef a preacher titU within a few day»o£ biade^
eea«e« His writings, exclusive of a few sepatale pieces;
wbitk were boI printed a second tiaae, were ceUedted in
% vols, folio i the first contains his *^' Journal ;^' the seoDod
t ooUection of bis ^^ Epistles;*' the third, his ^^ Doctrinal
Pieces."' Fox was a man of good tiatural . talents, and
thototighly conversant in the scriptures* The incessant
pHl^ which he exhibited through life, alibrds abundaol
^idence of bis piety^ sincerity, and purity 61 intension }
and bis -sufferings bear testimony to his fortitude, patience^
and resigaalion to .the Divine will. William Penn,.spebk^
Ing.ef biro, says that ^* he bad an extraordinary gift in
opening the scriptures, but that, above ail, he eistoelled in
]>rayer«. Tbe reverence and solemnity of bis address atid
behaviour, and the ferventness and fullness of his words^
ofibe» struck strangers with admiration.'V He also mei»<i^
Uons, iti terms of high commendation, his meeknest, h«i*
mUkyf aad moderation ; and he adds, that he was, civil
beyond all forms of breeding; in his bebaviour very teoH
petate, eating little^ and sleeping less, ihougfa a bulky
person.^
fOX (iomt), an eminent English dtvine and ehttffcfa^
kistorian, was born at Boston in Lieoolnsbite, •£ honest
and reputable parents id 1517, the very year that Luther
began to oppose the etrocs of the cbiurch of Bmne. Hia
• . ' • ...
^ Sewsl'i Hist of Qnskers*— deal's PtuatSBf 4— Bcei's Cyelopvaia.
Mier dying Wben lii was ycraog) and bi« modMir UMhryiVi^
agaio, be Ml viider the totelage of a father-m-law^ wi^
whmii he renuuned till the age of rixteen. He wae theft
teteied of Brazen Nose eoHege in Oxford, where he had
for his chanber-fdlow, the celebrated dean N<mell, and
jKihapB Uie same tutor, Mr. John Hawarden or Harding^
who was aftorwaids principal of the college, and tk> whodft
Fbx dedicated his work on the Eueharist. In May I53S,'
he took the degree of bachelor of arts. He was soon dir«^
tieguished for his uncommon abilities and learning ; wai
ebosen fellow of Magdalen college, and became master of
arts in 1 MS* He discovered in his younger years a gentoi
finr poetry^ and wrote in an elegant style several Latini
eonedies, the subjeeu of which were taken from the
scriptures,. We have a comedy of hi^ entitled, <'De
Ghristo Triutophante,'* printed in 15SI, and at Basil in
1556, Svo; which was translated into English by Richard
I>ay, son of John Day, the famous printer in the reign of
^een Elisabeth, and pabitshed' with this title, '* Christ
Jesils Tksamphaiit, wherein is described the glorious tris<
aii^|di and conquest of Chrr&t over sin, death, and the law,**
tic, 1579; and in 1607, in Svo. It was again pablished
in the original in 1672^ and dedicated to all schoolmasters^
in order that it might be admitted into their respective;
schools, for the peculiar elegance of its style, by T. Ci
M. A; of Sidney^eoUegei in Cambridge* The date of the
'first edition (1551), i^ows that Anthony Wood was vtA%^
taken in asserting that Fox wrote it at Basil, to which p\^t6
he. did not go until after the accession of queen Mary id
\S5%. '- ■ • . '-^
Mn Fm, for seme time after his going to the unitersity;
wa* attached to the popish leligitin, ia which he had beerii
braught ^p, but afterwards applied himself to divinit^^
with setn^vfaat more feWi^ncy than circumspection ; aild
discovered himself in favour of the reformation tb^n going
Ota) before he was known to those who maintained tbd
calisi^ or those who were of ability to protect the main*
tainei^ of it • In order to judge of the controversies whlctt
then divided the church, his first care was to search dfll^
gently into the ancient and modern history of it ; to leartf
its beginning, by what arts it flourished, and by wha$
errors it began to decline ; to consider the causes of those
Controversies and dissensions which had arisen in the
church, and to weigh attentively of wfaa^ moment and eon«
M F o X;
sequence tbey were to religion. To tfafis etid he appli^
^im$elfwith such zeal and industry, that before. lie was
thirty years of age, he bad read over all the Greek and
l^atin fatberSy the schoolmen, the councils, &c. ; and bad
<lso acquired a competent skill in the Hebrew language
But from this strict application by day and by night while
^l Oxford, from forsaking his friends for the most-solitary
retirement, which >be enjoyed in .Magdalen grore, from
tbo great and Tisible^distractions of bis mind, and above
^11, from absenting himself from the public worship, arose
suspicions of his ajiienation from the church ; in which his
fnemies being soon confirmed, he. was accused and con^
demned of l>eresy, expelled his college, and thought to
ha;ve <been favourably dealt with, that he escaped with .his
life. . * This was i n 1 5 45, • Wood represents this affair some*
what differently ; he says in one pl^ce, that Fox resigned
his fellowsbip to avoid expulsion, and in another that he
wa$ " in a OHLuner obliged to resign his fellowship." . The
ftigma,^ however, appears to have been the same, for his
relations were greatly displeased at bin), and afraid td
eouutenance or protect one condemned for a capi^
offence; and his father-iin-law basely took advantage, of it
to withhold bis paternal estate from him, thinking proba-
t>ly that he^ who stood in danger of the law himself, woukl
with difficulty 6nd relief from it. Being thus forsaken by
bis friends, be was reduced to great distress ; when he waft
l^ken into the house of sir Thomas Lucy of Warwickshire,
to be tutor to bis children. Here be married a citizen's
daughter of Coventry, and continued, in sir Thomas's
family, till his children were grown up; after which, he
spent some time with his wife's father at Coventry. He
temoved to London a few years before king Henry's death;
where having neither employnxent nor preferment, he was
^gain driven to great necessities and distress, but was,re«>
lieved, according to his son's account, in a very remark-
f\>\e manner. He was sitting one day, he says, in St.
Paul's church, almost spent with long fasting, his counte-
pance wan and pale, and his eyes hollow, when , there
came to him a person, whom he never remembered to have
Jeen before, who, sitting down by him, accosted him very
iamiliarly, and put into bis hands an untold sum of money ;
Jjidding b.im to be of good cheer, to be <jareful of himself,
^nd to use all means to prolong his life, for that in. a few
jlays u^w hopes were nt hand, and new means of subsist--
FOX.
M
eii€e.- Fox tried all 'methods to find out the person- bj^
whom he was so seasonably relieved^ but in vain^ th^ preu
diction, hb\i«erer^ was 'fulfilled, for within three days' ImI
was taken into the service of the ducbe$s of Richmoiid, t^
be tutor to the children of her nephew, the .celebrated
earl of Surrey.' Upon the cominitinent of this amiabM
nobleman and his father the duke of Norfolk to the Tower}
these children were sent to be educated under the >carev
and inspection of their unnatural aunt the' duohess/of
Richmond. , .. - t t : -
In^ this -family be lived, at Ryegate in Surrey^ during the
latter part of Henry^s reign, the five years reign» of Edward^
and part of Mary^s ; being at this time protected . by. the
duke/of Norfolk, and Wood says he was restored to •his
ieilowsfaipof Magdalen college, under Edward VL* ' Gar*
diner, bi^op of Winchester, was, however, now deter^
•mined to h&ve htm seized, and laid many snares and stra-
tagems for that purpose. The bishop was. very intimate
with tbe^duke of NoKfoUc,. often visited him, and fiequenltly
fiesiiTed to see this tutor. The duke evaded^the request^
one while alleging his 'absence, another that he was. in*
disposed,! still pretending, reasons to pnt.him off. .At
length it happened, that Fox, not knowing the bishop te
be within the house, entered the room, where the duki^
and he were in^ discourse;- and seeing the bishop, .with ^ a
shew of bttshfulness, withdrew himself. The bishop^atkiag
who he was, the duke answered, his physician, who:.iral
somewhat 'unoourtiy, being newly .come from the univer*
iiity« ^ I like his countenance and aspect very well,!' wei
f^lied the bishop, ^^aod upon occasion wiU make use^of
Jbtmf.!* The duke, percdving from hence that dauge^^ was
at hand, thought it time for Fox to repre, andaccc^ngly
furnished him with the means to go. abroad. .He ieund^
before he could put to sea, that Gardiner had issued out.a
waraant for apprehending him, and was causing the most
diligent search to be made for him^ nevertheless, he<at
^ F«x's btographeri have all con-
curred ia ftaying that he was protected
hf ''"ona of.bifr pMpitt tfaeo dako of
Nprfolk»?' mfffijng T^ooiat t|iird duka
of Norfolk ; but as this nobleman did
bM dt6 un61 1554, vbda Fax ipaa
abroad, it appears more probable that
h was he who demoastrated bis friend*
ibtp t6 Fok itt the manner deicribed ia
the text. Thft vender it to find this
y^
« ,
liberality <n so bigotted a catholic as
thedakeofKorfoHc.' ' '
f it does not aeem ifersr ckatk* tnti
this story whether the . bishofy ^eff
Fox's person, or whether/ knowing it,
be alSfeeted to be deceived by the duke*i
exouse, that he laii^ht lay . bis : plana
against Fox's life with les* hazard of
haring theffl eottnterplattei!.
9Q f OX.
I
Itfigtk^^^' escaped; with liis vrife Ibmi ibig wilh: o&ild; gnt
orer to Newport Haveoy tniteUed to Antwerp »nd:Fffano-
lort* Helens he wai involved in the traublfis exciti^d, by Dr;
43o3s and bis part^r ; aind tb« first setiters beaag itiindn from
itmt place, be comoyed fnaoi tibenco to Baaii, where nnmU
fete of English subjects resorted in those times of perseou^
lioii* In this city be maintained himself and family^ .hj
^eoirectiDg the press for OporimiSy a celebrated printer $
mud it was here, that he laid the plan of hie famoeBiworkv
^* The History of the Acts and Monuments of the Gfamrcb.'^
jlie bad pttl^iished at Straaborgh^ m 1^54, rn Syt, ^ Gom-
loefitarii Rerom in Eccksia gestarairi) maximanimque pei-
ioEtam ' Eurtbpam persecutionum a Wielavi tempor'ibus ad
iiainc usque astatem descnptarum," in one book: to>wibidh
lie added fire more books, all printed together ai Baii^
iS^y in folio.
\. After qeeen Mary's deatb^ wbieh bishop Aylmer siys
fox foretold at Basil the day before it happened^ and Elii^
^abeth was settled on the throne, and the psotestaat reli#>
gioo established, Fox returned to bis native country^ where
lie found a very faithful friend in bis former ptipil« bow
fourth duke of N^rfiilk; who maintained bioiat bis bouse,
fod settled 'a pension od biiu, which was afterwards con>*
£hned by-bisson. fu 1^72, when this unhappy diike <tf
Korfblk':was behead^ for his treasonablo oonuection withi
liary queen of Scotland, Mr. Fox and dean 'Nowett ati»
tended him uppu the scaffold. Oecil also obtained for Fb¥>
ia ifi68, of the queen a prebend in the cfaureb of Salts*
bury, though Fox himself would have iieclined accepting
k; -and though he had many ppwerfal friends, is Walstng*'
bam, sir Francis Drake, sir Thomas Gresham, the bishops
Crraidal, Pilkington^ Aylmer, &c. wfao would ha^ raised
}nm to considerabia preferments, he declined them : betn^
always unwilling to subscribe the canons, and distikiug
•6me eeremonies<»f the churofa. When archbishop Parker
summoned the London clergy to Lambeeh, and i«quip^ of
them whether they would yield conformity to the ecclesi-
asticarhabits, ana testify the same by thi^ir subsprlptlpnai,
the old man produced the New Testament in Greek, ^^To
this (say;? he) will I subscribe." And when a subscriptipn
to the canons was required .of birp, he refused ity sayings
^ I have nothing in the church save a prebend at Salisbury^
ariicf much ,g9P4 ro^y it do you, if you will taJkp it ?Mway
vox* tl
4mtfai ine*.'^ Sudi Tespect, faowiBV«r, did the bitho|Mt
jmutvof tbem formerly his fellow exiles, bear to. his age^
|MurtBf i aiid laboors, that Jie eoqtinued in it. id hia^dwdi.
But though Fox was a aoa-^conforintst, lie wa» a uerymo^
dhratefioe, and ^ highly disappi^oved of the intemperanoe
of .the rigid. puritsltis. He expnetses hiin9elf to the fallen^
tng effect in a Laitin letter, written on the exfralsion Mil his
^soa by i!he puritans from MagdaleniNCoUege, on thetgcoeo^
less iaiputation of his having turned papist ;• i^ wbieh eee
the folLpwiog passages. '* I oonfessit has always been mjr
great care, if I could not be serTiceaUe to inaiiy^ persons^
^et not knowingly to injure, any one, and least cvif all those
of Magdalea college. I cannot therefore but the more
wonder at the turbulent genius, which .toapirea those fae**
l^aus puritans, so that violatiug the lawa of "gratitude^ de^
epising my letters and. prayers, disregarding the interoest
eiiMi of the president fainvself (Dr. >Humphreys}^ without any
prerious admonition, or assigning any causey they; baM
exercised so great tyranny against me and my soo^; weref
tme, 'who like them would be violently potrageous againit
bishops aiid acohbisbops, or join myself witb them, that ts^
would become mad, as they are, I had nee met with dhia
severe tr^^men^ Now becaiise^ qiHie AffiM^ent f rom/tbem^
i have chosen the side of modes^ and paUic ti^anquiUiiyi;
hesce the hatred, they have a^Mg tisde conceived against
»e, is «t \$sAt grown to this degree bf bittei^ness* A« thii
IS the case, .1 do not so muck atfk yoe what you will 'do-oe
nqr acoouTit, as what is to be thou^ of ^ y<^r sab^c
yoa who are prelates of the ohuiscQ iagaiii and- again eon^
cider. As to myself, though the lurking ewiay ibe faHow^
ship from my son is a great affliedpn to me, yet becawse^
d»is is only aprivate eonoern,' i bear it)with:mei« ssedeea^
tton; I aqi »ach. raore^ conciimed upon 'aeeouhc ef 'tiie
chwroh, which ispnbUo. I petceive a certaid race-of iiMIl
rising 4i^ whoi if they «bould iinerease and •gadier strength
in tfaisktiigdoiD, leth sorry te say what disturbance I forme^
must follow from it. Y'Our prudefisce is not ignorant heir
much the Christian religion' formerly sqffered by the diitf*
meulaition and hypoerl^ op the <imniks. At fitesent ik
tbeiemen I know net ^ what sort >of'ne<i^ menfcs seems te
reviire ; so fnach more pernicious thao the foi^mery as with
'*^^OQe bf Fox*» bio^raphem seem Surbam, but qvJUed U Uie same yeiti^
fs^aav«Hbew aware that m 1572 be wai prababl/ on account of bis' aowooiiliMr*
\
, sore subtle aildiices of.deceivingi under pretence of:'p«(«r
^fectioQ) like stage-^players who only act a pact, theyJcoQ^
. ceal a more dangerous poison ; who while . they reqniinp
•e^ry thing, to be .formed according to their .own ^strict
Ldtscipline' and consciencey^will not desist: until they haTe^
-hnougbt alk things into.Jewaesh bondage.!' Conformably .tip.
these jsentimentSy he. expresses himself on . many ojther o(>
castons^ in which he had no private interest, and the X^vfQ
.succeeding reigns provedithat he bad not judged rashly of
the. violent tempers and designs of. some of the puritans.^
,Those» however, who detest their proceedings against tbe^
son of a man wha had done so much for the reformatioOi .
twill be pleaded to. hear that, he was restored to his fellow?-. ,
-^ip a second time, by the queen's. mandate. ^ ..
• li^ 1564 he sent. a. Latin panegyric to the queen,' upoja^
h^ indulgence to some divines, who bad scruples: respectr ,
ing.a strLci confornuty, and. yet. were sufFered^to hold digr
niiies in the church. In July iSlp he wrote a Latin lettcf,
tO: the -queen, t^. dissuade, her majesty from putting tor,
jdeath two . anabaptists^ who bad .been condemaed to be,"
biirnt. Fuller, who transcribed this letter from the brigi«;
«al, has, published it in his .V Church jtlistory," .and Cpl-
iier,. who has too frequently joined, the popish cry agains^^
JFor,yet allows that it is written Jo Jkyery haudsome.CUristia.i
Utrain. . In this let^r,. Fo«::de»W-<4s, .*' that with- regard tg
those fanatical sects,, he does not think they ojugbt. to b^^.'
Heountenanced.in a state,' but. chastised in avprop^n manner i^
Ixtijb that to punjsbwith flames the bodies of ^os.e» .whoenr,
xatherfrom blindness than obstitiacy of will, is cruel, $n4-
iBor:e suitable to the examplje pf the Romish church,, than
4h^ roildnes5i ,of the. gospel ;; and in short, such a.drifeadful'
4»istoiiiy as could never ha<v^ i^eeo: intnoduis^d into the meek
««)d ^otle church of .Chfktv exoept by ai^ popes, mi
partioularly by f nnocent IJI.^rwbo 6.rst took that, method .pf;
jrestraining heresy. Hec^iserves that he dQes not, write,
4b|JS ouj: of .an indulgence t(^ error, huit, as he is.^ man^.
AUtof regard tO: the liye&*o£ men, that they, may have- an
opportunity of repenting, of. their errors, He.declares a.
lenderness for the liye% not only of men, but even of brute
animals themselves; -and affirms, tbati he could never pass
by 1^ sla\ighter-housey .without, the strongest sense Qf pain
and regret. He entreats her majesty, therefore, to spare
<he lives of these wretches,'" &'c. But Fuller tells us, that
though the queen consts^itly catUed I^r. J^ox^^hei. Father/*
f^ rfiri gSWhim^ flatdenial e^ to the sating 6( ^eiif\V^£
.ufllesi th^ r^fttited tfaeflr errors, #bich they refused, an'd
Wc»^ eiteevit^r
Fox wftd a ifttYr 6f ^eki btfmstlhy itnd uncoiitiiidh' Iibi^;
iMiey. fle^ was a^ dios't laborious student, and* refma^kdbtjf
alb«te«rfi6u0 ; a- most learned, (>it!)us, and jtrdi'dtous diViiie^
Md e^eV oppbfttd to all trfetbods 6f Severity rfi matters of
reflgfon. Th« he' vrab A^t promoted wai Entirety oWih[
i«> bfe r^ftiAning S6iile opitiion^ adverse to^'die' babitd arl(
ceremonies of the churchy which he had imbibed abroad
*^ Alehougltl'' rfajri Fuller, «* fte richest nritfe' in* Knghnd
Drovilitl have eoumed itself pfe'ferred by "freSri^ plac6d'up6i
bis b^ad,' lie^ tdfitMt^d hiitaself witlr'a'pi'ebend of i^alis-
bury. Hkw feametil^beirrD^, Ho# t:6rfetati tly he preached,
ho^ pibbfily b« lived, ttttd l6^ cheifrrdHy' he dft^cf, may be
$een a« laJirg^iiyth^ life prefixed to hh book/* ' Wo6d and
Strype are ilMfed iti thetr praisesf of Mis ta'fentd and persbncil
ebaracter; ttve foritier orily, Kketti^'ntuccessor Collier^ 'cat^-
Atoft forgii^e MiA f^ being " a *sevenfe' Calvitiii^t, atid abUie*
eivenfiy to popery.** Of his liberalkjf many an^cdot^s Itjajf
W foMd in nMt au^oritjies. . : •
Thi« eifcettei^' AWan' died in t587, in the 70tb yeaV 6t
hk dge,' MA wfesp btfri«d in tbe^ cfaancdl of Sti Giles, t/\\S'^
pNgate; of wbich;' ie is said,* be' tras sotii^time ric^ar ; buii!^
asfWdod thfcklf, if he hrt' it if all, hekept itbVit a iWtl^
while, iti tAte'b^ftWii-n^ of ■EKi5abet'h''s reign. * He \kh t^ti
aof», iSfebiu^' and Thon^^. S^^uefP b'ekaiMe demy, atcd
aiA^Matttb M\M of Afegdaleu^coll^ge; irT O^fbrd: lii
Kid, M wtme hh ftlherV life, pfefiied to^ bfs « Afcti
atld Mdnaarifetits of the^ Churdh!" ThciWa^ was" ffifioifr of
King's college, in'Canibrtdge, and^'beAme' aftervVafdk itt
eminent physician at London.
- Besides what htts been meritiohed, Fox wrote, 1." DA
CcM^ura^ seu^Excomn^amcatione Eccl^stastica, Interpella:-
do ad Afcbtepfsedpuiii Csntuarlensem, 1*551,*'* 8to: 2\
•♦Table#o«6ramrtiar, ISS^^' Wood teBs us, that tliese
<*Ti*teS were subscribed* in print by eight lords of ihd
pfi^ councH ;« but were quickly laid aside^ a^* being fat
moi^e' top' short, tWin king Henry the VIII tb*s Grammar
was too long.*!* y. **^ ArticuK sivef Aphoirismi aliquot JosiD«
ma Wiclevi sparsim aut ex vafiis illias opusculis excerpt!
per- afd^iersartos Papit!olasj ac Concrlie Constantiensi ex*
bibiti*** 4. **'C<>llectBnea qurtdam ex Regxnsddi^PecocId
£p9s(;dpi^C4i:e#€riei>sis opusculis exustir ctotisetvata, er et
Vol. XV. ' D
tmtiqtkv. psegmate ' transcripts.** 5. *^ OpiitograpbUi wA
Ozonieiises*" The three last are printed with his ** Com«
mentarii reruns in Ecclesia gestarum/' at Strasburg, 1554y
in 8vo» mentioned above. 6. *' Concerning Man's Elec'-^
tk>n to .Salvation, I58i;' 8vo. 7. ^ Certain Notes of
£leiction, added to Beza's Tr^tise of Predestination^
) 58 1/* 8vo.; 8. '< The Four Ev^ngeliits in the old Saxott
Tongue, witb.tbe English thereunto adjoined, 1571/* 4tO|
tad many other, .pieces, which were levelled againtl the
iPapists. ...... <
None of these, however, are likely to add nnicb to bis
itame, whicb is now exclusively founded on bis ^* Acts ami
iMonumedts,*' /qiore familiarly known as ** Fox*s Book of
Marty ra,!' Of this vast undertaking, some brief account
cannot beiminteresting. We hi^ve Inefons noticed tbat he
conceived the plan, and executed some part of it wheif
he was at, Basil, hut f^eserved the greiitest part, of it until
his return, home,: when he slight avail himself of livingl
audiorities. It appears by his notes that the oompletiaii^
pf it occupied him for eleven years, during which his U^
hour must have been incessant. His assistants) however,-
were numerous. Among those who pointed, oot sources of
information, or contributed materials, was Grindal> aftet'-r
wards archbishop of Canterbury, who, when an exile for
his religion, cstablisbed a correspondenoe in England for'
tbis purpose, and received accotmts of most of the acts ami
sufferings of.the martyrs in queen Mary's reign. It is saidf
also to have been owing to Orindal*s strict regard totirnth^*
that the publication of the work was so long delayed, as
he: rejected all common -reports' that were brought ovari
unlets con firjned by the most satisfactory evidence. It
was- ^is scrupulous fidelity which induced him to advise
Fox at iirst only to print separately, such memoirs of cer^
tain individuals, as could be authenticated, which accord^
i|)giy was done, although these separate publications am
how seldom to be met with. At length after a. residence
of some years in i^ngland, employed in collecting written
.a«d. oral information,.. the 6rst edition was pufajished at
London in i363j( in one thick vol. fslio, With the. title
V Acts and Monuments of these latter and |^rillous <biys
touching matters of the Churche, -wherein are compre»
•headed and described the great persecutions and boirible
trQublefi, that have be^en wnaught and practised by the
Romish prelates,, speciallye in this reaboe of Engiafid dxid
ro X Si
Sttotlandy fiiom tbe year of cmr Lordb a thocnnd imlo the
tune now ^leieiit, &c. . Gatheaed and eoUected according
10 the trae oepies. and wsytiogca certificatorie, as well of
tho parties tbemeKes that suffered, as out of the bisbopa
iegbsers> wfaicb were the doers thereof.'* * Mr. JPox fne'
Rented a copy of this edition to M«||^alen«*coUege, Oxford*,
and at tbe same* time wrote a Latin letter to Dr« Lawrence
liamphreys* printed by Heame in his Appendix, No. V*
Iftbispr^Esce tb'^ Adaan de Domersham Hist, de cebus
gtestis Glastonensibns," Oxon. 1727. This volunie, which
sahitas principaUy to the Maierycof martyrdoai in England,
antt a&nhirards enlarged^ first to two, and at length to three-
toluines, iblio^ embnetng a history of the Christian church
fcoiD tbe.^earliest times, and in eirery part of the world.
Tbe, ninth edition appeared in 1684| with copper-plates,
those in tbe former cKlitkms being in wood, which* last,
however, are prefened by ooUecton^ some of them con*
iMting.real portsaitSb .The publishers of the last edition
bad alflHMt obtained a promise from Charles IL to revive tbe
ocdermade in queen Elizabetb'a time for placing the work
i^'the common hails of arcbfaishops, bishops, deans, col*
legesf obnrcbea. But, if we look at the date, 1684, and
MsoUect . the hqiies .then entertained, of re-establishing
popery,: weshaU .not be much surprized that this order
wos aofi^reoewed, nor zperb^ps, from the improved atate of
ttiepijess^: and of. education^ . was it necessary. Since that
iMBe, .however, :tbere has •been no xepnblication of the
Oiim^ete.wedB>*aithoogbtfae English part continues to this
day aHstaodard book among tbe publishers of works in the
pesiodscal way,, who bave also furnished their readers with
innumerable abridgments in every form. Yet as tbc^ri^
gihal has long been rising in price, we may hope that the
liberal spirit of enterprise which has lately produced new
^iKtionspf the. English Chronicles, will soon add^to that
mefol .eollectioa a reprint of. Fox, with notes, corrections^
and.a coUation> of the state'pap.ers and records.
. The effect of J*'Oi(*s work, in/^promotiiig, or rather con^*
firming the principles of the reformation, to which we owe
all.that distinguishes us as a. nation, is acknowledged with
universal .conviction.- It is proved even by the antipathy
of tbir.enemies, .who would not have taken such pains tcl
exposethis'errors,>and inveigh against the work at large;
iftb^had not :ielt that it created ini the public mind aa
abboxretice of ^^e persecuting spirit of popery^ which hat
/ D 2
it E O X.
suflRsred lit^ dittifntiitiQii, wen to di« |irea6DC day. Alt
tbe endearoun of the popish writersi however^ from Harps*^:
field. to Mihier^ ^ bare not ptavedy aad it iieviev will b®
proved, that John « Fox n. not one of. tbe ncHMt failhful anii*
auiiDeatiG of alt historians." Ami in the' wotfd» o£ thei
.writer fi-om whom we borrow thk assertion,, we add^ al«^
though with sonie reluctance from respect to tbegentle-^
man^S'hanie^ *^ We htiow too nmcb of the strength of Fox s
book, and of tbe weakness of thoie of his adrersairiesi to beb
&rther moired by Vir. John Milner^s ceosotes, timn to eharge
them with falsehood* All the many reseafchesi land dis^
cov^eries of later times, inregatd to historical doetimenta,)^
have only contributed to place the genend fidelity and tnurhr
of Foxes' melancholy narrative on a rook whtoh emmob ber
sbakeit."*
FOX (Richard), an eminent prelate, and the muiiifi**
cent founder of Corpus Christi oollege, Oatfonl, was thet
son of Thomas Fox^ and born'* at Rop^l^, near' Grants-:
ham, in Lincolnshire, about the latter end of th»Teign of
Henry VI. His pai^nts are said to have beea in mean'
circttinstances, but tbey must at least have; been able to t
afford him school education, since the only dispute' on'
this subject between his bio^pfaers, is,; whether he was-
educated in grammar learning at Boston, or at Winches-
ter. They all agree that at a propor age. be was - sent tx^
Magdalen-college, Oxford, where he was* atoqairing- dis^-
tinetion for his extraordinary proficiency, when tber plague,*
wbitb happened tn break out about that time, obliged him>
to go to Cambridge, and eontinne bis studies at Pembnpk'e-^^
ball.. After remaining some time/ at Cambridge, he re*'
paired to the university at Paris, and studied, divinity and
^ \AooerdiDg to Wood, who availed of lox, Mr* Williafl^ BaUnao. a scho-.
hiiDjieif of 8om» MS ac'coqnts. of Ffix ]ar of Corpus, and an, able antiquary^
preserved in this college, written by made many addition*; iK-ith a iriew ttf
IVe^identGreeiiway, "the Founder Ws pnbllentieii, wbicll' ft* did 09t:4ifet«r
briro in afi anciciit bouf^e knoi^ to oomp}«te. HisMS3. Sre pmrdy in tke
some by the name of Piillock's Manor." library of lhi>j coll<^» and partly in
"This ho(ise»" he 'adds, " was veil' the Asbmolean M iW(»uto, Mr. Gottgh
kiyt»wo for m^any years to th« feilow« uf drew iip ik very aoeiirate< slLetfeb- ol
'tiorpjus, ^ho rcvereytly visited it when Fox's Life, for ibe Vetusta Mouu«
tbcy went lo keep courtj* at their ma- lOelitA.
nors." To tf hat was before reci[>rd^
Jt Life preBxed to .\m Act»and Monnneiiti, written by ht« 9imw-*»Strype^« An^^
naU» Aud Live:; ot! the Archbishops, passim.--*Fuilej*8 Worthies. -->i^tK. Ox./
vol. I. — ri>x'« MS OolttiCtions, amon*: tbe Harle/ian MSS. in Brit. Mt>s. — Biog;^
Brit.— Ft)l!er'(; A ^>e\ fiefltvivos.— Cbttrton'ff Life ^ Mbwellrf— >^ordsiv«Mtli's fioOS
Swgiayhy, pfefaee, Sic.
T O X. IT
fte euoA H^i and hfere, ptobably, lie received iris^doo*
^i''« degree. . Tbw visit g«ve a new and important :(arn«to
l)if Itfo, and imrodiiced him to that eminence which be
preserved ibr many years as a sutesman. In Paris he >be#
pame acquainted with Dr. Morton, bishop of Ely, ivAioini
Jiichaxd Hi* had compelled to quit bis naliv,e coantry^*
and by this prelate he was recommended to the earl of
ilidiinond, afterwards Henry VII. wiio was then providing
for a descent upon England. Ricbmond^ to whom he de«
yoted biubseir, conceived suck an opinien of his talents
and fidelity, that he entrusted to liis care -a negotiatiear
with. Fntnoe for sopplies of men and money, the i^siae of
which he was not able himself to await; and Fox sue*'
eeeded to the utmost of his wishes. After the defeat of
. the usurper at the battle (^ Bos worth, in 1485, and the
establishment of Henry on the throne, the latter imoie-'
diately appointed Fox to be one of his privy-council, and
ftboiit- the same time bestowed on him the {jrebends of
Bishopston and South Grantham, in the church of Salis-^
bury. In 1487, he was promoted to the see of Exeter^
and appoiiUed keeper of the privy seal, 'With a pension of
twenty sbilUngs a day. He was also made principal set >
eiretary of^tate, and.master of St. Cross,, near Winchesten^
. His employments in afiairs of state both at home and«
abroad» were very frequent, as he shared the king*s cob«
fidenoe with hia early friend Dr. Morton, who was now:
advanced to the archbishopric of Canterbury. In 1487,
Ff>x was seat ambassador, with sir Richard Edgecombe^ -
comptroller of the honseliold, to James III. of Scotland^
wbere he negociated a prolongation of the truce between :
England, and Scotland, whieh was to ei^ire July 3, 1488,
to Sept. 1, 1489. About the beginning of 1491, he was
employed in an eiAbassy to the Jking of France, and re*
turned to England in Noven^ber following. In 1494 he
wient a'gaitt.aa ambassador ta James IV. of Scotland, to
conclude some diiferences respecting the Bribery of the
river Esk, in which he was not successful. Having been
translated in 1492 from the see of Exeter to that of Bath -
and Welk, he was in 1494 removed to that of Durham.
In 1497, Uie ca^le of Norbam being threatened by the
king of: Scotland, the bishop caused it to be fortified and
supplied wiiih troops, and bravely defended it in person,
until i| lyas rejieiied % Thomas IlovvarJj eail of Surrey, ,
38 F Q X
who compelled (be Scots to reliire. Fox was theo, a^tUfli
time, appointed to oegociate with Scotiaiidy aad aigoedti
seven j^ears truce between the two kiagdoms. Sept 90»
1497. He soon after negoctated a marriage betwem
Jli^mes IV. and Margaret, king Henry's eldest daugbler,
which was, after many delays, fully concluded Jan. i4,
- In 1500, the university of Cambridge elected him their
chancellor, which he retained, till 1502; and in the sande
year (1500) he was promoted to the. see of Winchest^.
In 1507 be was chosen master of Pembrokerball, Cmi«
bridge, which he retained until 4519. In 1507 and 1598
he was employed at Calais, with other commissioners, in
negociating a. treaty of marriage between Mary, the kiog's
third daughter, and Charles, archduke of Austria,- after-
wards the celebrated Charles V. In 1509-10, he was sent
to France with the earl of Surrey, and Ruthal, bisbop^of
Durham, and concluded a new treaty of alUance with
Lewis XII. In 15 12 be was one of the witnesses to the
foundation charter of the hospital in the Savoy. In lvSi3
he attended the king (Henry VIII.) in his expedition to
France, and was present at the taking of Teroiiane, andin
October following, jointly with Thomas Grey, marquirof
Dorset, be concluded a treaty with the emperor Masi*
milian against; France. In 1514, he was one of the wit*
nesses to the renunciation of the marriage wkh prtece
Charles of Spain by the princess Mary ;i one of the oom^
missioners for the treaty of peaoe.between Denry VilL
and Lewis XII. of France ; and for the marriage betwieo
the said king of France and ihe princess Mary, the sisne
year. He was also one of the witnesses' to the marriage
treaty, and to the confirmation of both treaties ; to the .
treaty of friendship with Francis h and to its confirmation
in the following year. i •
This appears to be the last of his public acts* During
the reign of Henry. VIL he enjoyed the unlimited favour
and confidence of bis sovereign,- and bore a conspicuous
.< share, not only in the political measures, but even in the
court amusements and ceremonies of that reign* Henry
likewise appointed. him one of his executors, and recom-
• ■ f «
* l^« succession of the House of . tbit aUUnce, and to the pradeoce of
Stuart, as well as that of Brunswick to bishop Pox in the negociation of it^
the British throne; is to be referred to' SeeLord Bacon's Hist, of HeiktyVII.
fox. it
Winded bim strongly to his son and sutc^ssor*.' 'But kU
though he retained his seat in the priry •council, and eon*
ttnued to botd tk^ privy- seal, bis inBuence in the new*
reign gradnally abated. Howard, earl of Surrey and lonff
treasurer, had been bis rival iii Htary the Seventh's tim^^
and learned now to acoommodate himself to the extrava^
gant passions of his new master, with whom he Was for a
*coiaiderable time a confidential favourite ; and the cele-
brated Wolsey, who had been introduced to the king by
. FosT, in order to coonteract the influence of Surrey, sopii
* became more powerftil than i^ither. After remaining soole ^
time- in office, under snany mortifications, our prelate,
together with archbishop Warham, retired from court in
1515* Such was the political life bf bishop Fox, tiistin-
gnished by high influence and talent, but embittered.. at
length, by the common intrigues and vicissitudes to which
statesmen are subject
• His- retirement at Winchester was devoted to acts iaf
charity and munificence, although he did not now for the
' first time appear as a public benefactor. He had be*
stowed large sums on the repairs of the episcopal palate
at Durham, while bishop 6f that see, and on every occ^a*
.sioQ of this kind discovered a considerable taste fer archi-
tecture. In 1522 he founded a free-school atTauntdn,
and another at Gratitham, and extended his beneficence .
to many other foundations within the diocese of Winches-
ter. . But the triumphs- of his munificMce .and ;'tasle lire
principally to be contemplated in the additions ^vhicbrhe
butk both within and without the cathedral of Wiitcbes*
Met: Of these we shall borrow a character from o»e whose
fineenthosiasm cannot be easi iy surpassed.-^— ^^ Itis i mpossible
to survey the works of thia prelate, either* on thfi outside .
of the church, or in the inside, without beingVtruck' with
their beauty and magnificence. In both of them we see
the most exquisite art employed to execute;the. most noble
and elegant designs. We cannot fail in particubr. 0f ad-
miring the vast but welUproportionerf and ornamented
arckied windows which surround this (the. eastern) part,
and give light to the sanctuary ; the bold and. airy flying
■ •• . . -•• ' • . • . . • . , . •
* The Hiitorian of Wincheiter re* priDoe, who wai afterwarclt Heory VT 1 1;
•nuurkfy thet oo .higher {iroof of the Dr. Mtlaer alio CffD^^etU Ms, Gouglff
eoosideratlQii m which the king held opinion Uiat he was not •ponier^ hot
• -him fwabeaddueedy than that he was hapliHii the young princt.
chosen to be »poDsor to the yoiio( • . • ^ -' ■** ^
4»
PO;X.
l^ottsenfes that, stf^cfaing pvfr the ^d ail«H titpp^Kt thr
upper walls ; the rich, opiea batjJ^oient whicli Mimi^ttnts
tjft^^fi M«sil^ I ai?d the elegant sjve^p tlyat eontyaf u them to
i|)^^ 8fjz^ of tl^e girett ^a^^jTQ w tndQw : die two gorgeous
canopies which crown the e^^treme tuiretay and the ^uoofiir
sion of .el^g^qt carved wprk Uuat corers tlie .whole easi
ffoiity tapering up ^o a pojnt^ where we Tiow ibe bre#thiiq;
^t^tue of the pious fouo/d^r resting upofi bis cho^»en em*
bleo)) the pelican. In a word». Directed i^id muubtftedi
^ t^iis work has been dtiriilg tjbe eoquse of nearljr three
c^nturiesy it still warranto i}^ to assert, that if the 9M^
ca^tbedral had been fin]$hed in i^be style of ^his portion of
^, the whole island, and perjiaps all Europe eoAild aol
have ^:chibited a gotb jc structure equal lo itl^.- '
His lost appearance in parliament was in 1423 ; be had
^en l)een nearly 6ye ye^r^ deprived of his sight, which be
never recovered. Wolsey endeavoured to persuade biift
to resign l^is bishopric to faio), ^nd accept of a pension,
^ut this be rejepted, ^sserUog, ^cpprding to Parkier, that
V Tho' by i^a^on of his bliodneps he was no|: able to dia*
tinguish white* from blaick, yet be could discern betvneo
true 4nd fabe^ i*ight and wrong ; and plainly enough saw,
without eyes, the malice of .tb%t ungrateful man, wkkh
he did npt se^ before. Tk^^ it behoved tbe eardinalto
ial^e care npt to be so hlipded with ambition as not to
fqr^ee his own end^ |}e needed not trouble himself with
t)ie bisbopfic of VVincbpst^r, but rattier should .mind tbe
king's affairs."
. Bi^ last days were spep( ip prayer and meditation, which
^t length becfiaie <^lo)ost uninterrupted both day and nightt
lledi^d Sept: 14, U28, and vras buried in the fine chaatrjr
lybich ))e.l)u}|t for that purpose in Winchester cathedral^
If^nped^fttely. bebjnd the l]igh altar* oh the south sidft.
Purii^g l^is residence- hpfc, b^ ws^s indefatigable in preacht
ingi and exciting the clergy tQ their duty. He was alio
i^n]>qunded in bjs cbarjties to the poor, whom he assisted
H^it^i food, clp^hes, and money > at tbe same time eyert
• ]l|i1oeir>4 History of VTinchMter,
lEpf/I}. p. J 9, 96. '<}a the top of tbe
wall which be built round the presby-
tery^ be placed, in leaden cbe«U, tbref
on j^ f kle^ the bon^s of several of the
i|r|!stSaxou kings and bishops, api^ some
later princes, who had been originally
buried behind tbe high altar, or in dif-
fer^nt parts of tbp church, with their
flames Inscribed 06 the face of th^
chest, and a crown on each. But the
havocli of fi^naticisiii in U19 laie ciTil
var deranged the bones, which were
pollected again as well as oireonMtancet
pecmKted, 1661. Goqgb, VekufU Mor
j^qMCOti^ xqI XL pli|te U
F O X. 41
dtHig Iros^laliitf , mud piromoting the trade oP the city, by
a ^?g« estabiishtnfent which he kept* up at Wolvesey, of
V0O bcftidred and twenty servants*
7i^Hli ehftntcter/' says Mr. Gough, *^ ^nay be briefly
untuned up 'in these twcf particulars : great talents and
aMiCies forbiMiness, which recommended him to one of
th^-wise^ princet of the age; and not less charity and
mtffiftfieence, of whi^h he has left lasting monuments.** Of
his wrttingSy we have only an English translation of the
^*^Rtde of 8t, Benediet/^ for the use of his diocese,
prfMed by Pinson, 15115, and a Letter to cardinalWoU
se^, the subject of which is the cardinals intended visi*
tafton and rcformatiQii of the clergy. Fox expresses hi$
great satisfaction a^/any measures which might produce
.aodesirable an efifefct. The general and respectful style
of this letter either affords a proof of Fox's meek and con-r^
ciltotory temper,>br suggests a doubt whether our histo-
fianis have not tob itiiplicitly followed each other in assert^
ing-4bat Wolsey's ifrgratitude was the principal cause of his
retiring from courtv'^ That Wolsey was ungrateful maybe
infetped from the preceding quotation from archbishop
Painter, but Pox's'discovery of it, there im|)lied, was long
8ub«equent to bis leaving the court ; and k is certain that
in ^the letter now mentioned, and in another written iil
15M, he addresses the cardinal in terms of the utmost re-*
spcfM and aflfection. Of these circumstances Fiddes and
Gr©re, the biographers of W6lsey, have not neglected to
avail themselves, but they have suppressed all notice of
bis^#erto Foxrespeeting the resignation of the bishopric. '
. The foundation of Corpus Christi college was preceded
by the purchase of ceitain pieces of land in Oxford, be*
longing to Merton college; the nunnery of Godstow, and
the priory of 8t. Frideswyde, ' which he completed in 1513;
But his design at this time went no farther than to found a
college for a warden and a certain number of monks and
secmir sohoiars belonging to the priory of St. Swithin, in
Winchester, in the manner of Canterbury and Durham
colleges, which were similar nurseries in Oxford for the
pridifies of Canterbury and Durham. The buildings for
this-vpurpose were advancing under the eare of Williann
Vertue, mason, and Humphrey Codk, carpenter and mastet
of the works, when the* judicious advice of Hugh Oldham^
bishop of £?seter, induced him to enlarge his plan to one
of moFe usefuhiess and durability. This prelate, an epii*
4ft tax.
nent ptiron of literature^ and a man of acnte discemmefil,
if sakl to have addresse4 him tbus: **Wbat! my bld^
shall we build bouses, and provide iivelihoodafor a com-:
pany of monks, whose end and fait we ourselves may kre
to see? No, no, it is more meet a great deal, -that ^^e^
should have care to' provide for the increase of learhiiig,
and for sucli as who by tbeir learning shall do good to tbe
church and commonwealth."* These arguments, strength-^
ened probably by others of a similar tendency, induced- ^i>x
to imitate those founders ivho had sjready contributed xso
largely to the fame of the- university of Oxford* AgmmI-'
ingly, by licence of Henry VIII. dated Nov. 26, 1516, he
obtained leave to found a ccrflege for the sciences .of dm-
>^i^y> philosophy, and aru, for a president and thirty
scholars, graduate and not graduate, more or less sac-
cording to the revenues of the society, on a certain grotnld
between Merton college on the east, a lane near Cant«r«
bury college (afterwards part of Christ-churcb), andi- a
garden of the priory of St. Frideswyde on the west, a street
or lane of Oriel college on* the north, and the town i^ll
on the south, and this new college to be endowed with
350/. yearly. The charter, dated Cal, Mar. 15)6, reeiies
that the founder, to the praise and honour of God Almighty,
the nM)st holy body of Christy and the blessed Virgin Mary,
as also of the apo^les Peter, Paul, and Andrew, and^ of
St. Cuthbert and St. S within, and St. Birin, patcona^oC
the churches of Exeter, Bath and Wells, Durham, aind
Winchester, (the four sees which he successively fiUed)
doth found and appoint this college always to be caUed.
Corpus Ghristi College. The statutes are dated i«b.
13, 1527, in the 27th year of his translation to Winebes-
ter,i and accdrding to them, the society was to. consist of
a president, twenty fellows, twenty scholars, two chirp-*
lains, two clerks, and two choristers. ? .
But what conferred an almost immediate superiority of
reputation on this society, was the appointment of twoiec*
tures for Greek and Latin, which obtained the pratse^and
adn^iration of Erasmus and the H>tber learned m^n irho
were now endeavouring to introduce a knowledge of > the
classics as an essential branch of acaddmic study. With
this enlightened design, the founder invited to . his inew
college Ludovicus Vives, Nicholas Crucher the mathe*
inatician, Clement Edwards and Nicholas Utten, profest
sorsof Greek; Thomas Lupset^ Richard. Pi^e, andvothei
FOX. 4»
jmen of estaUttbed repvUGtion* TbiS) Mr. •^ Warleo «b*^
aenrety was a new and noble departure from the oarnsfw
plan of academical edocitioo. The course of the LMm
lectnrer was not confined to the college, but open to ll^e
students of Oxford in general. He was expressly directed
to drive barbarism from the new college, barbgrieme nostra
uheario pro xnirili si quando puUuU^extirpet tt ^iciMt. Tlie
' Greek lecturer was ordered to explain the best Grade
classics, and those which fox apoeified on this occasioiit
are the paraat m the opiasoii of modem times. But suah
ana:dwtensper of the age, that Fox was obliged to iatro*
duce his Greek lectureship, by pleading that the sacied
canoflis had comasanded, that a knowledge of the Greek
tongue should not be wanting in ' pubUc seminaries of
education. By the aacred canons he meant a decree of
the council of Vienne, in Daiiphiny, promulged ao early
as 1311, which enjoined that professorships of Greek,
. Hebrew, and Arabic, should be instituted in the univer-
aitiesof Oxford, Paris, -Bononia, Salamanca, and the coiprt
of Rome. This, howev<»r, was not entirety satisfacWy*
The prejudices against the Greek were still 6o inveterate,
that the university was for seme time seriously disturbied
by the advocates of the school-learning. The persuasion
and example of ErasmJ!is, who resided about this timt,iii
Sl Mary's college, had a considerable effect in restoiing
peace, and more attention was gradually bestowed on ^he
learned languages, and this study^ so curiously introduced
under the sanction of pope Clement's decree of Vientie,
proved at no great distance of time, a powerful instrument
in effecting the reformation. Those vrho would depiive
Clement of the 'liberality of his- edict, state his diief mo<»
tive to have been a superstitious regard for the Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, because the superscription on the
cross was written in these languages, ' .
FOX (Henry), Lorx^ H6ix^nd, the first nobleman of
that title} was the second and youngest son of the. second
marriage, of sir Stephen Fox, and brother of Stephen
first earl of Ilchcster. He was born in 170ir, and ^ was
chosen one of the members for Hendoo, in Wiitshirey on
a vacancy, in March 17S5, to that parliament which inet
Jan. 23, 1794; and being constituted anrvey or- general of
< Cbalmen's }X\%i. of Oxford.— life in Biog, Brit, and especially tbat by
Mr. Gough, in the Vetusta MdaumeDta.— Wood's Colleges and Halls,— AUu
Ox.voi«l«*^loriia'ifirsaBii»|fco. '
tt FOX.
hi* «^€«ta|^ft 1id|r4 of works, a writ-vris orilfiMd «fonel7;
i797«;aDd k^ wt» re*>elected. la the sexi ^mlivmem^
litiKioiooed Ao meet Juns 25, 174.1, h&jeriFed for;WiiiKl^
•or^ and in 1743^ being eoostknted.ooe of the. csooMniti
mmers of the treasury, in the iidiniEoistration fonned bjr
^e Pelhaaifi, a writ was issued I^a 2 1st of that year, cfoy
a oew election, and be was r^-cboaen. In 1746, ontfatf
reatopatioD of tlie old cabinrt, after the short administration,
pf ead Granrille^ he was appointed secfetary at war, an4
sworn oiie his jxu^esty's moat honourable priyy^coirniafc
Oa this occaisioni and until be was advanced to tim peie^
age, be loootitiued to represent Wsndsoc io pariaaoititc^i
lo 1754,. the death of Mn Pelham pradosced^a lacane^M
the treasury^ which was.filied up by his baotber the :daktt
of Newcastle, who, ihovgh a noblemaQ of high hiiiieiilti%
tinblemisbed integrity, and considerable abilities, yet wai
pf too jealous and unstable a temper to manage the house^
of commons with equal address and activity, and to g€Hid4<
the reins, of government without a. coadjutor at so ardoaus
^ a conjuncture. The seals of cbanceUodr of the exohddjuet'
and secretary of state, vacant by the death of Mn' Pel*-
ham, and by the promotion of the duke of Nemrcastle, :be<^
eame therefore the objecsa of contention. The persons
who now aspired to .the management of the.hmise of cooi^
mons, wei^ Mr. Fox and Mr. Pitt (afterwards earl of Chaa>* '
bam) whose parliamentary - abilities had for sosne time^
divided the suffrages o£ the oatioii ; wbo had so l<Hig f0S<» ^
%^>rfid .reciprocal jeaJqusy^ and' who now became pubise ^
rivais for power. Both these rival ttatesmen were younger -
brothers, nearly of the same age.; both weis educated at
l^totv, both disUuguished £or classiial knowledge, bdtb
CoaifOeiiced their parltanifentary career at the same periodj
4nd both raised themselves to eminence by their superior'*
talents, yet no two characters were ever more contrastedi *
Mr. Fox iohemted a strong and vigoorous constitution, was'
profuse and dissipated in bis youtl^ and after squandering
his private patrimony, went abroad to extrioate himself
from his jembanrasaments^ On his r^nrn. he obtained a -
seat in parliament, anil wannly attached hicnseif to sir •
]ii«dE>ert Walpole, whom he idoUxed.; and to wboie pa* '
troi^e he was tadebbad for she place 4if .surveyor Tgenecal :
ofuhe board of works. His marriage in 1744 with lady '
Cari^IiniQ Lennox^ dangbter of the. duke of. Rich mond^ *
though at first displeasing to tbQ family, ye^. fijps(]ly>
FOX. 4S
streaglfeeMMl ISr pfrftticil MWieelion^ He waseqiMiHy a
iQW-offpkmfwrettidfauiihets^foroied for social and coovivial
uneroQiune ; of an wuruffled temper^ and frank duppsHioo;
Na ^laleHVtti. ai^qoiied . more adherents^ not raeraljr frbm
p0)it^(al itiouw% . but awaycd by bis agreeable manners^
and atiadied to hxm by pemeaa^ frieadsiup^ wbieh he feUy
mmted by bis ^ aeal in. pmuotiiig tbeir interesls^ He is
pmiy abaracterized^ even by Lord Cbealerfiddv << aa baving
no fixed priuoiplca of religion or morality, and as too un«
warjr]iii:rtdioiiling and exposing tbem/'. Aa a parliament
taq&omtoiv be was occaaieoally besitatiog and perpleaedi
hnt^ wbev warmed with bis enhject, be spoke with an am«
BMitioo and rapidity wliicb appeared more striking front
bis. former beaitation. His speeches were not crpwded
witb .flowers of riietoric, or diatingotshod by brtUiaacy of
diction ; bni wero replete with : sterLtng .seoee and sound
argument He was quick in reply, keen iwirapaaiec^ and
skallid in dieoeroing^tfaettempctf of the. bouse.. He wmta
wifeboatr effQtt;or afieotation; liis puUic dispalcbea were
manly aodf iteBspiouoiar, md bis private letters eaey and .
animate;^ . Though of ast aanbiiaous apirilv he re^ssdedl
money as acpriilcipaL ofa^ecl^< and' power only aa a aeoon^
dary. oeaeeau He .was. air exedttent bosbaad, a asest in^^
diilge»t father, •alditd maslsr^. a(ceiirteooa>neighbo«ir, and)
OBft ^ftee charities .deaoonstrated that he .possessed 'im
ahnndaoce the mi Ik of hnmnn kifidaess.-f**iSnch' is aatdte
banw'.heen theebaraoter ofierdHollandy .wbtioh is here ia^*
tr<|(i««ed as a prelude to someajceomit of hts more illusr^
triofia son. li may thereforensulfice to- add, -fthaA ia 1766>
he^t resigned the.office of aeoratairy at war to Mr. Pise, and?
in idle fidlowing. year was appointed paymaster^ thefonaes,.«
wloob he lelatned uatii! tbe commenoemeiitiof ibe:piresen0
reign ^ his ooaduct . ib tfaia office was attended; with aomd
dk^ea of oUoqay ;. inr owe instance, at Itfast^ groasiyt
6v«pcbarged* Ear baviDg:acdumuJa(ed a>oonsidembie for«^
tu^e.by tbe perquinitea oTofficei and the interest of moneys
ill? hand, be««ias styled in one of tbe addreaaes of the cityl
o£. London, *^ the defaoker of onaccotinted mtliions." Oas
May 6, 1762, his lady was created baronesa Holland 9 aadr
on 'April 16, 176S, he bimseif was created a peer by thei
title of lord Holland, baron Holland^ of Foxlcy,>in tbm ^
comty of Wilts. In the latter- pare of his life he amused}
himself by. building, at a vast expence, a fantastic villa at
Kings^te, near Margate^ His* lordship was^alsa a toM
4« J'.OX^!
of tbepnvj^ council, said dcrk it the PeBs, ttr ttelhtid^
gjrsiiKed him fpr his own iife and that of' bis two sons*'
Lord Holland died at Holland-house, near Keaiington^
Jnly 1, 1774, in the sixty^ninth ye«r of Usage, leaving
three sons, Stephen^ his successor ; Chaiiss James, the'
safaject of the next article ; and Heniy Edward, a general
in die army. Stephen, second lord Holland, surviTed hi*-
father but a few months, dying Deo. M, 1774, and waa.
sttoceeded by Henry Richard, the present peer.* •
FOX (Charles James)^ one of the most iUnstrions
statesmen of modem times, the. second son of the pre^
ceding lord Holland, was born Jan. 19, 0»S. 1748. We
have already noticed that lord Holland was an indulgent
fiuher^ and it has been said that his partiality to this son
was carried tp an unwarrantable length. That his ftitber
might have been incited by parental affection, a ;feeling^
o£ 'which few men can judge but for theiiiseived,- by the
eerigr discovery he made of his son's talents, to indulge him
in .the caprices of .youth, is not improbable ; * but that this*,
iadttlgence was not excessive, may with equal* prababilUy
be inferred from the future conduct of Miv Foa, which-
letained no traces of the ** spoiled child," i|nd none of
the haughty insolence of one to whom inferiors and servants
bare been ordered to pay obsequious obedienee; Nor was'
Ua education neglected. At £too, where he had I>r.'
Barnard for his master, he diatinguis^d himself by como'
elegant eaercisei^ which are to be found in the <^ Musie*
Stonenses,^* and at Hertford college, Oxford, where he*
studied uiuler the tutorage of Dr^ Newcome^ afterward^'
Parnate of Ireland, his proficiency in classical and poliee'
literature must have been equal to that of any of his con-^
tempoKaries. The fund indeed of classical 4€arniiig which:
lie 'accumulated both at Eton and Oxford was such aato*
lyimain inexhausted during the whole of hie bosy and*
c^veotful. political career; and while itpnivhd'to the last's,
soarce of elegant amusement in his leisnre hoors,^ it enabled-*
kim to. sank with some of the most eminent scholars of his r
time. This we may affirm on the authori^of Dr. Warton,*
with wbom'he:irequently and keenly contested at the .lite-
rary club^ and on.thatof a recent publication of his leiters*
ta Gilbert Wakefield, wiih whom be corresponded on sub-*'
jects of .classical ta6te. and crilicism*
••« • .• -•.■. «
• *•• §,'" • ••* .« ..' •*.•,* «•
rPfCMi : Oxford^ where/ as was tbe cintom wiiti yenng
intended for public life, he did not remain long '
c^Mittgh to. accomulatft degrees, he repaired to the* conti"* '
i^ot.. In bis travels it is sud that he acquired more of tk^
pfluish of foreign intercourse than those who kttew him
QUgDin bis latter days could have believed, and returned a
fashionable young man, noted for a foppish gaiety of dress -
and. manner, from which he soon passed into the opposite '
extreme^ As his father ihtetided him to rise in the poli-
tical world, be procured htm a seat for tbe borough of
Mtdhurst, in 1768, before be had attained the legal age;
af^rcumstance which, if known, appears to have been then
overlooked. Two years afterwards, his father's interest pro--
cnced him the office of one of tbe lords commissioners of
the admtffalty; but in May 1772, be resigned that situation,
apd in January 1773, was nominated a commissioner of-
thetrtasury. . At this time it cannot be denied that his*
priiticat opinions were in * unison with those of his lather, '
wha vha: accounted a tory, and were adverse to the tuii>u-
iMt pniceedif^s of the city of London, which at this' time
wsis deluded bjr the specious pretences to patriotism dis«
piayed by the celebrated Wilkes. It was in particular:
Mir^ Foxl^s opinion, in allusion to the public meetings hekl
by tbe supporters of ^* Wilkes and liberty," that << the
voide of tbe people was only to be beard in the house of*
eommons.'* I'hat he held, however, some of the opirAimsi
byBcwfaiclr his future life was guided, appears firom. his-
speech^ in' favour of religious liberty, when sir WiUiam'
Misredith introduced a bill to give relief from subscripdoar
t^itiie thirty«nioe articles; and perhaps other instancesr
marybe found in which his natural ingenuousness of niiad,
aujd^. openness of character, burst tbrottgb tbe tramnteis o^
ptu-ty ;. and although it must be alioiv^d that the cause be^
nbor. supported was not that which be afterwards espoused^
it) may be doubted whether he was. not even at thik taoie/r
viheu'a mere subaltern in the nunistecial raofcs^ more ua^'
restrained in his sentiments than at some memorable pe«:
riods of his subsequent Jife» •. i'
-.After having displayed Ins talents to the greatest ad van^'
tage in. favour of the minister for about six years, the latter:
(iacd Norths procured his disflnissal' f rom office in a mau'^
<ier not the most gracious, and.whicfa,^ if it^did not leave';
in'Mr. Fox^smind some portion of xesentmenf, he must
have'b^<^n greatly superior to tli^ infirmities of our nature^
4^ roxi
opFtb.i9y t774y irhile he .V8^ 8eciia% eilgaged' In cOtt<^
veraatiDii wieb tbe minister on ocher nbJ0M» in the IniifMr'
of comiBons^ he received th6 fotkntitig laeonfc'note-by-die'
bands ^f dne' of the mfessengevs of the bouse : - *
*^ His Majesty bas tbougbt proper to order a anW^ coilt«*
mission of Treasury to be madi^ out» in which i do imm£;
see your natne. North."
TlMS'.event was not oecaaioned by any opposition* oar th^"
pknrt of Mr. Fo3t to lord Norih^si measures, bat. to » dil^-
feretice of opinion asr lo tbe best mode of carryifkg thaiiir
into-efiRsctv and that in aiy instance of comparativefy^Miiall:
importance. This vras a question respecting^ the eoMalictat
ctf Mr. H. 8. WoodfadI, tbe printer of the Public A4^r«.>
tiaer^ who bad been broufght to- the bar oi tbe boiu^ for^
iooertiog; a letter supposed to ba^e bedn widttievi by ths^
revt J. Uorne, afterwards J. HorneTooke, in wiyiok oliotfli
luijustifiable liberties had been taken wtnh- the cbariMeter of
the speaker, sir Fletcher Norton,, withr a ooarso viraleoce
of langttage. peculiar to Tooke. Mr. Woodiali< having
given* up the atitbor, and thrown himsetf on* tbe naercy ol
tbe house^ iti \vas' moved by Mr. H^rblei^t that be siiould be
Gcmiikiiited to the custody of the seijeant at arms. Mr.
Fox, at ihat* period a zealous advocate for the prinlegesi
d£ the bouse, declared that tbe punisbinent was not suffix
oiently severe,- and* moved ^^ that he be committed to New««
gate, as tbe only proper place to wbiohf offenders sliouidi
be sent; tliough hints,*' belaid, '< had been throw-out
that the aheriflb woilld not admit hiib.*' To this lord North
seplied, that he waa very sorry that hints* had been thfoww
out of whafc tbe sheritfs would or Wouid not db ; he hoped
there were no persons who would dispute tbe power of
that house; he therefore moved that the printer be com<*
mitted to the Gate-house, as be thought ic imprudent to
fyfce themselves into a contest with- the oity ; but Mr;
Herbert carried bis motion in opposition both to lord North
and Mr. Fox, by a majority of 1 52 to 68, to the great
displeasure of lord North, who asserted- that it was entirely
owing to the imerference of Mr. Fox, diat he was left in a
minority.
To this trifling dispute, we are left to refer tbe whole
of Mr. Fox's subsequent conduct, and as he appears^ to
have immediately commenced hostilities with the minister
%nd bis friends, it has been recorded^ asL peculiarly .foitu^
-F OX; 49
ivMte (at bim, that be bad no occasion to degrade bU con-
sisteqcy by opposing any o{ the measures he bad formerly
.supported^ ia detail at least; and that a new era of po-*
litical hostility bad just commenced on which be could
enter with, all the apparent earnestness of honest convic-
tioq. This, we need scarcely add, originated in the dis«
piite between Great Britain and her American colonies.
..During the who^e of this period, and of the war which foN
.lawed, Mr. Fox. spoke and voted ia direct opposition to
the ministerial systegi, which ended at laist in the separa-
tion of the colonies Jfrom the mother state. It was now
that Mr. Fox's talents appeared in their fullest lustre, and
that be took the foremost rank among the speakers of the
bouse, although it could at that time, and in bi^ 9wn
party, boast of a Burke, a Barr£, and a Dunning.
At the genend election in 1780, JVIr. Fox became .can>*
.d^te for the. city, of Westminster^ in which, after a vio-
lent contest, he succeeded, tliough opposed, as we are
,tokly by the formidable interest of the\Newcastle faipily^:
and. by the. whole influence of the crown. Being now the
representative of i great city, it is added, <^ he appeared
in parliament in a more dignified capacity, and acquired 4i
consiiderable increase of. consequence to liis politic^ cha*
•racter. .In himself be was still the same : he now. nepe^- ^
sarily lived and acted in the bosom of his constituents ; big:
easiness of acces^ his pleasant social spirit, his friendly <
(dispositioix.and conciliating maimers, which appeared in ^
all be said, and the good temper which predominated in '
aU be did, were. qualities that. rendered bim the friend ^
a^d acquaintanqe, as >yell as the representative, of tboae "
who sent .him into parliament; his superior talents, and
• their powerful, and fi'equent application to popular pur^
ppses, made him best knoven among political men, and
gave bim a just claim to the title so long applied to him,
qf ^ Tb^ man of the people.'" Nptwithstanding all this,
it might not be difficult to prove that Mr. Fox was upon-^
the whole no great gaiqer by repifesenting a city in which
tbi^.art^.of popularity, even when most honestly practiaed^^
jife BO security for its coiuimiance ; and indeed the ti.me.
was QQt far distant when he had to experience the fatal
effi^cLs of preferring a seat, . which tfa^ purest virtues only
can neither obtain nor preserve, and in contesting which,
corruption pn one side must b^ ppposed by corruption ob
$b%P.tben. , / -
Vol. XV. E
5
to f 0 X.
The, subjects of debate in the new parliamefit tiffariitig
the oppo^iion opportunities for the display of their eld-'
quence, they now became formidable by an increase at
numbers. Ministers were assailed in the bouse by argtf-
inents which they could neither repel nor contradict, and
from without they were overwhelmed by the clatnodrs df
that same people to whom the war was at first so accept-
*Able ; till at length lord North and his adherents were
obliged to resign, and it was thought, as such vengeance
had been repeatedly threatefned both by Mr. Fox and Mf.
Burke, that they would have been made responsible for
all the mischiefs and bloodshed that had occurred during
their calamitous administration. The Rockingham party,
'however, who came into power in the spring 1782, and
whose resentments the attainment of that object seems !•
Iiave softened, contented themselves with, the defeat 6f
their opponents. Mr. Fox obtained the office of secretary
of ^tate for foreign aflPaifs, and the marqots of Rocking^-
iiam was nominated the first lord of the treasury. Still the
expectation of the nation was raised to the highest pitch ;
with this party, they hoped to see an end to national ca-
lamity, and the interests of the country supported and
maintained in all quarters of the globe. Much indeed
Was performed by them considering the shortness of their
administration. Though they had succeeded to an empty
exchequer, and a general and most calamitous war,^ yet
they resolved to free- the people from some of their nume^
jrous grievances. Contractors were excluded by act <yf
parliament from the house of commons ; custom and ex-
cise officers were disqualified from voting at elections ; ail
the proceedings with respect to the Middlesex eWction
were rescinded ; while a reform bill abolished a mimber iaf
useless offices. A more generous policy was adopted ii
regard to Ireland ; a general peace was meditated, and
America, which could not be restored, was at least to
be conciliated. In the midst of these promising appear^
ances, the marquis of Rockingham, who was the support
cf the new administration, suddenly died, an event wbieti
distracted ^nd divided bis party. ' The council board waa
instantly torn in pieces by political schisms, originating in
a dispute respecting the person who should succeed as nrst
lord' of the treasury. The candidates were, lord 8bel->
burne, afterwards marquis of Lansdowne> and die lat«
duke of Portland -, the former^ supposed to have ^ etr 4)f
r o X SI
^e kitig^ tad a majority in the cabinet, was immediately
entrMslfbd with the reins of government, and Mr. Fox re*
tii'ed in disgusti declaring that *^ be bad determined never
to connive at plans in private, which he could not publicly
mvow." What these plans were, we know not, but he now
resiftoied bis station in opposition, and joined the very tnan
whose conduct he had for a series of years deprecated at
the most destructive to the interests of Iris country, and
most baneful to the happiness of mankind ; while bis for-
mer colleague, the earl of Shelburne, was busied in con-
^eluding a peace with France, Spain, Holland, /and th€i
United States of America. But as this nobleman, though
by no meaijtaeficient in political wisdom, had omitted to
take those steps which preceding ministers had ever adopted
jto secure safety, a confederacy was formed against htm by
the union of the friends of Mr. Fox and lord North, known
by the name of *^ The Coalition," which proved in the
«vent as impolitic, as it was odious to the great mass of
the people. Never indeed in this reign has any measure;
caused a more general expression of popular disgust; and
although it answered the temporary purpose of those who
adopted it, by enabling them to supplant their rivals, and
$0. seize opoti their places, their success was ephemeral;
' .cbey had, it is true, a majority in the house of commons,
hvtt the people at large were decidedly hostile to an union
.which appeared to them to be bottomed on ambition only,,
and destitute of any common public principle. It was as-
verted, with too much appearance of truth, that they
agreed in no one great measure calculated for the benefit
0i the country, and the nation seemed to unite against
.them. as one man. Their conduct in the cabinet led the
fovereign to use a watchful and even jealous eye upon
their acts ; and the famous India bill proved the rock on.
which they finally split, and on account of which they for-
feited their places. Mr. Fox had now to contend for the
government of the empire with William Pitt, a stripling
aoarcely arrived at the age of manhood, but who neverthe-
less succeeded to the post of premier, and maintained that
aitttation with a career as briltiant as that of his opponent,
lor, more than twenty years. v
>. The tide of popularity had set in so strongly against Mr.
jTox^ that. at the general election about seventy of his most
aotive A'iends and partisans lost their seats in the house of
^commons,. aii4he himself was forced injto a long and tur*
y
•^ai
52 FOX.
buleiit coolest for the city of Westminster. He faad^ iM
we have seen, been originally returned for that place by
the voice of the inhabitants, in opposition to the influence
of the crown; but his junction with lord North had now
lost him the affections of a considerable number of bis
TOters, and although he ultimately succeeded, it was d,t
an expence to his friends which some of them felt for
inany years afterwards. He lost also, what, we are per-**
auaded, must have affected him more than all, the support
of that class without doors of independent men, and able
writers on constitutional questions, who had revered him
during the American war as the patron of liberty. Still,
although in the new parliament which met m 1784, Mn
Pitt had a decided majority, Mr. Fox made his appearance
at the head of a very formidable opposition, and questions
of general political interest were for some years contested
with such a display of brilliant talents, as had never been
known in the house of commons.
In 1788, Mr. Fox repaired to the continent, in com-
|)any. with the lady who was afterwards acknowledged as
his wife, and after spending a few ^ays with Gibbon, the
historian, at Lausanne, departed for Italy, but was sud*
denly recalled home, in consequence of the king's illness,
and the necessity of providing for a regency. On this
memorable occasioUj Mr. Fox, and his great rival, Mr.
Pitt, appeared to have exchanged systems ; Mr. Pitt con-
tending for the constitutional measure of a bill of limita«
tions, while Mr. Fox was equally strenuous for plncihg the
regency in the hands of the heir apparent, without any
restrictions ; and powerful as he and his party were at this
time, and perhaps they never shone more in debate, Mr.
Pitt was triumphant in every stage of the bill, and was
supported by the almost unanimous voice of the nation.
Yet the ministers must have retired, as it was well kbown
that Mr. Fox and his party stood high in favour with th^
future Regent, and Mr. j^itt had actually meditated on the
ceconomy of a private station, when the intemperance of
Mr. Burke, who was never less loyal than at this crisis,
delayed the passing of the bill, on one pretence or ano-^
ther, until by his majesty's recovery, it became happily
useless. On this great question Mr« Fox had again the
misfortune to forfeit the regard of those who have b^en
considered as the depositories of constitutional principles^
atHi consequenily appeared to have traversed the sysi^tt of
FOX. ^3
which he bad been cotifidered as the most eonsistent and
intrepid advocate. In 1790 and 1791 be recovered som^
of the ground he had lost, by opposing with effect a war
with Spain, and another with Russia, for objects which he
thought too dearly purchased by such an experiment ; and
^n 1790 he appeared again the friend of constitutional U-
jberty, by his libel bill respecting the rights of juries in
criminal cases. This, although strongly opposed, tenni*
pated at last in a decision that juries are judges of both
^iie law and the fact. But the time was now arrived when
he was, by a peculiarity in .bis way of thinking, to be for
^ver separated from the political friends who had longest
adhered to bim, and many of whom he loved with all th^
^doiir of affection.
When the revolution took place in France, Mr. Fox
perhaps was not singular in conceiving that it would be
attended with great benefit to that nation ; in some of his
speeches he went farther ; and continued an admirer of
what was passing in France long after others had begun to
foresee the most disastrous consequences. While Mr. Fox
Serceived nothing but what was good, Mr. Burke pre*
icted almost all, indeed, that has since happened, and
^n accidental alteircation in the house of commons, (See
BuKKE,) separated these two friends for ever. "This,"
says one of his biograpliers, " was a circumstance that af«»
fected Mr. Fox more than any other through life ; he had
^gn his plans for the public good disappointed ^ he had
been deserted by a crowd of poUtical adherents ; a thousand
times hijf heart and his motives had been slandered, still
be Imd abundant resources in himself to bear up against
thq tide setting in against bim. No opposition, no inju-*
ries could excite in him the spirit of revenge, or the prin-
ciples of acrimoiiy ; even when his friend,* on whom he
bun^ with almost idolatrous regard, broke from bim in the
paroxysm of political madness, and with furious ciruelty
explored, in his attack on him, every avenue to pain, far
from repelling enmity with enmity, he discovered his sen^
sibilities of wrong only with tears, and he subsequently
wept, with a pertinacity of affection almost without ex*
ample, over the sepulchre of that very man, who had un*
relentingly spurned all his offers of reconciliation, and who,,
with reference to him, had expired in the bitterness of re-'
s^ntment/' We have little scruple in adopting these sen*
timenta ; for whatever may be thought of Mr. Jf ox's opi«
B4 FOX.
iiions, tkere are few, we hope, whose hearts would faaw^
pejriDitted them to act the part of Mr. Burke in* this ih«
teresting scene.
The policy of the war which Ibllowed, belongs to his-
tory. On ltd concluision in 1801, after the resignation of
Mr. Pitt, when Mr. Addington, (since lord Sidmouth,)
concluded the treaty of Amiens, Mr. Fox and his friends
gave him his support. When hostilities were again me-
ditated, Mr. Fox at first expressed his doubts of their ne-
cessity; but when, on the death of Mr. Pitt, in 1806, he
came again into power, as secretary of state for the fo-^
reign department, in conjunction with the Grenvi lie party,
be found it necessary to support the war by the same
means and in the same spirit as his predecessor. Some
measures of a more private nature, which he was obliged
to adopt in order to satisfy the wishes of the new coalition
he had formed, served rather to diminish than increase
his popplarity ; but his health was now decaying; symp*
toms of dropsy appeared, and within a few months he wa$
laid in the grave close by his illustrious rival. He died
Sept. 13, 1806, without pain and almost without astrugg1e>
in the 58 th year of his age.
The present lord Holland has said, in the preface U>
Mr. Fox^s historical work, that although ** those who adw
mired Mr. Fox in public, and those who loved him in pii*^
vate, must naturally feel desirous that -some memorial
should be preserved of the great and good qualities of his^
bead and heart;" yet, <* the objections to such an un-
dertaking at present are obviods, and after miich reflec-'
tioD, they h^ve appeared to those connected with him in-*
' »uperable.'* Such a declaration, it is hoped, may apolo-
gize for what we have admitted, and for what we have
rejected, in this sketch of Mr. Fox's lifi^. We have touched
only on a few memorable periods, convinced that the pre-
sent temper of the times is unfavourable to a more minute;
discussion of the merits of his long parliamentary life. Yet
this consideration has not had much weight with those who
]>rofess to be his admirers, and soon after his death a
number of ** Characters" of him appeared sufficient to RW
two volumes 8vo, edited by Dr. Parr. Of one .circum-
stance there can be no dispute. Friends and foes are equally-
agreed in the amiable, even, and benign features of his
private character. ** He was a man," said Burke, ** mad:^
to be loved/.' and he was loved by ail who knew him.
>
FOX. 4$
.. Mr. Fox must now be considered at an author. While
mt Eton, bis compositions were highly distikiguished, some
of which are in print; as one compo$ed in or about 1761,
beginning, <* Vocat ultimas, labor ;*' another, *^ I, fugias,
ceieri voiitans per nubiia cursu,*' written in 1764; and hit
'^ Quid miri faciat Natura," which was followed by a Greek
4ialogue in 1765. See ^' Mussq Etonenses/' &c. He was
also author of the 14th, 16th, and perhaps, says the present
lord Holland, his nephew, a few ofher numbers of a pe«>
riodical publication in 1779, called the ^* Euglisbmao***
In 1793 he published ^ A Letter to the Electors of West*
minster,'* which passed through thirteen editions within a
few months. This pamphlet contains a full and ampid
justification of hia political conduct, with respect to the
discussions in which he had engaged on the French re*
volution.
It does not appear that the parliamentary speeches^
printed separately as his, of .which there are many, were
ever revised by him, but were taken from the public pa*
pers. But ^^ A Sketch of the Character of the late most,
npble Francis duke of Bedford, as delivered in his intro*
ductory speech to a motion for a new writ for Tavistock^-
oil the 16th of March, 1802," was printed by his authority,
and from his own manuscript copy ; and it is said, that hei
observed on that pcoasiop, ** that he had never before atr
tempted to make a copy of any speech which he had de*
liyered in public.'* After that be wrote an epitaph on. the
late bishop of Downe, which is engraved on his tomb in
the chapel of St. James, in the Hampstead road. << There
are,"' says lord Holland, ** several specimens of his, com-
position in verse, in different languages; but the lioes oo.
. Mrs. Crewe, and those ou Mrs. Fox, on his birth-day, are,.
as far as I recollect, »l\ that h^ve been printed." An ode
to Poverty, and an episram upon Gibbon, though very
generally attributed to him, are certainly not bis com^.
positions.
To lord Holland, however, the world is indebted for an
important posthumous publication of this great statesman,,
entitled ** A History of the early part of the Reign of Jamea
the Second, with an introductory chapter,** &c< It is not
koown when Mr. Fox first formed the design, of writing a.,
history ; but in 1797 be pubHcly announced in parliament
faijis intention of devoting a greater portion of his time to hh
jprivate pursuits, and when be bad deiU^rmiijied to conse^-
«« E a X.
erate a part irnvritiog history, be was naturally led, ftom
liis intimaite knowledge of the English constitution, to pre»
fer the hiiMiory of his own country, and to select a period
favoctsable to the general illustration of 'the great principles
of freedom on which it is founded. With this view be
fixed on the revolution of I68g, but bad made a small
progress in this work when be was called to take a princi^r
pal part in the government of the country. The volume
comprehends only th.e history of the transactions of the
first year of the reign of James II. with an introductory
chapter on the character and leading events of the times
immediately preceding. Whatever ofmiion may be enters
tained of the views Mr. Fox takes of those times, or of
some novel opinions advanced, there' is enough in this
work to prove that he might have proved an elegant and
sound historian, and to make it a subject of regret that he
did not employ bis talents on literary composition when
they were in their full vigour. *
FOX MORZILLO (Sebastian), or Sbbastiamus Foxivb
MoRZiLLUS, a learned Spaniard, originally of the family of
Foix, in Aquitaine, was born at Seville in 1528, and passed
the whole of his short life in the study of philosophy and
the belies lettres, acquiring such reputation from his works
as made his untimely death a subject of unfeigned regret
with his countrymen; After being educated in granunae
learning at Seville, be studied at Louvaine and other unl-^
Tersities, and acquired the esteem of some of the moat
eminent professors of his time. Before he was twenty
years of age be had published his '^ Paraphrasis in Ciee-«
ronis topica,'' and in his twenty-fourth y^ar his Commfin-i
tary on the Timaeus of Plato. About this time the repu"*
tation he had acquired induced Philip II. king of Spain, to
invite him home, and place his son the infant Carlos under
bis care ; hut returning by sea, be unhappily perished by
shipwreck in the flower of iiis age, leaving the following
works as a proof that his short space of life bad been em«-
ployed in arduous and useful study : I. ^^ De Studii philo-
sophiei rationed" of which there is an edition joined to
Nunnesius's " De rccte conficiejido curriculo Pbiloso*^
pbico,^^ Leyden, 1621, 8vo. 2. ^' De usu et exercitatioae
^iSkleotica,*' and *^ De Demonst^atione,*' Basil, 1555, 8vo.
} From various periodical journals. — Sir B. Brydges's edition of CoIHds'v
Pfeeragp.— rRees's Cyclopaedia. — Character of C. J. Fox, selected and in par^
yHtten b^ P||l]of^|ris Wawmn^, u ^ Dr. Pattr, 1909, Sv». ^ .
FOX «f
S. '^^ In Topica Ciceronis paraphrasis et scholia,*' Antwerp^
1550^ Svo. 4. '* De Daturse philosophise seu de Platonit
ct Aristotelis consensione, libri quinque/' Louvaine, 1554^
SvO) often reprinted. 5. ^* De Juventute atque de Ho-
Aore," Basil. 6. /^ Compendium Etbices, &c.'* Basily
1554, Svo, 7. '^ In Platonis Tim»utn seu de universo
coiiimentarius,'* ibid. 1554, foi. 8. ^* In Pb»donem, et
in ejusdem decern tibros de republica commentarii,'' BasiL
9. " De Imitatione,'* Antwerp, 1554, Svo. 10. ** Do con*
scribenda bistoria," Antwerp and Paris, 1557, 8vo, and
Antwerp again, 1564. Mir»us, Gerard Vossius, Gabriel
Naudens, iftnd others, speak of this author as one of the
most learned men of his time. ^
FRACASTORIO, or FRAC ASTORO, (Jerom,) an emi-
lietit Italian poet and physician, was born at Verona iiir
1483. Two singularities are related of him in his infancy;
<>Qe, that his lips adhered so closely to each other when
lie came into the world, that a surgeon was obliged to
divide them with his knife ; the other, that his mother,
Camilla Mascarellia, was killed by lightning, while he,
though in her arms at the very moment, escaped unhurt
Fracastorio was of parts so exquisite, and made so wonder-
ful a progress in every thing he undertook, that he became
eminently skilled, not only in the belles lettres, but in all
arts and sciences. He was a poet, a philosopher, a phy«
sician, an astronomer, and a mathematician. He was s
mail also of great political consequence, as appears from
pope Paul Ill.'s making use of his authority to remove the
€obncil of Trent to Bologna, under the pretext of a con-
tagious distemper, which, as Fracastorio deposed, made it
Ab longer safe for him to continue at Trent. He was in«
ftimately acquainted with cardinal Bembo, Julius Scaliger,
and all the great men of his time. He died of an apoplexy,
MCasi near Verona, in 1553; and in 1559 the town of
Verona erected a statue in honour of him.
He was the author of many productions, both as a poet
iknd as a physician ; yet n^ver man was more disinterested
in both these capacities, evidently so as a physician, for
be practised without fees; and as a poet, whose usual
^w^rd is glory, no man could be more indifferent. It is
owing to this indifference that we have so little of his poetry,
in comparison of what be wrote ; and that among other
•
\jla&oi^.Biblf Hvi|^.-<^B»iUet |Fi^il9e9ij aa4£af«is ce]#brei»-*>Sftiii Oooiti^t
$9 FRACASTORIO.
pom positions his odes and epigrams, which were read in
manuscript with infinite admiration, and would have been
most thankfully received by the public, yet not being
printed, were lost. He wrote in Latin, and with great
^leganc^. His poems now extant are the three books of
^' Siphilis, or De Morbo GallicQ," a book of miscellaoeoos
poems, and two books of his poems, entitled *^ Joseph,**
which he began at the latter end of bis life, but did not
live to finish. And these works, it is said, would have
perished with the rest, if his friends had not taken care to
preserve and communicate them : for Fracastorios, writing
merely for amusement, never took any care respecting hit
work«, when they were out of his hands.
. His astronomical, critical, and philosophical treatises
are enlivened with occasional poems. Several of them are
composed in the form of conversations : a species of writ*
ing sanctioned by some of the finest models of antiquity,
and much used in those early periods of the revival of
letters. Their titles are borrowed from the names of the
speakers, The ^^ De Anima Dialogus"' is denominated
Fracastorius ; the treatise ^' De Poetica'* is entitled Nau-
gerius; and the books . <^ De Intellectione'* have the title
of Turrius. A young man, in the character of a minstrel,
who is supposed to be more especially subject to the au«-
thority. of Naugerius, sings to his lyre the verses that are
occasionally introduced. ^ The pretence is merely relaxa^
tion from severer thought ; and the poema are often un»
connected with the main subject.
Perhaps the productions of no modern poet have been
more commended by- the learned, than those of Fracas*
torio. His poems are, in general, written with a spirit
which never degenerates into insipidity. But on his '^ Si« '
philis" the high poetical reputation of Fracastorio is prin*
cipaliy founded. Sannazarius, on reading this poem, de*
ciared he thought it superior to any thing produced by :
himself, or his learned contemporaries, and Julius Scali*
ger was not content to pronounce him the best poet in the
world next to Virgil, but affirmed him to be the best in
every thing else; apd, in short, though he was not gen^* ^.
rally lavish pf his praise, with respect to Fracastorio bo
scarcely retained himself within the bounds of adoration.
Fracastorio's medical pieces are, *^ De sympathia et anti*
pathia, — De contagione et contagiosis morbis, — De causis
f ritic^Qrum dierum^-^De vini temperatura,| fcc.'' His worka
P R A q A S T O R I O. i9
imxe been pirinted separately and collectively. The best
edition of Ibem is that of Padua, 1735, in 2 vols. 4to. ^
FRACHETTA (JerOm), an e^iinent political writer^
was It native of Rovigno in Italy, and spent several years
at Rome, where he was greatly esteemed by Sessa, am'<-
bassador of Philip II. king of Spain. He was employed in
civil as well as military aBairs, and acquitted himself always
with great applause; yet he had like to have been ruined,
and to have even lost his life, by his enemies. This
obliged him to withdraw to Naples; and still having friends
to protect his innocence, he proved it at length to the
court of Spain, who ordered count de Benevento, viceroy
of Naples, to employ him, and Frachetta lived in a very
honourable manner at Naples, where a handsome pension
was allowed him. He gained great reputation by his po^
litical wori^s, the most considerable of which is that entitled
^^ II Seniinario de Governi di Stato, et di Guerra.'* In
this work he has collected, under an hutidred and ten
chapters^, about eight thousand military and state maxims,
extracted from the best authors ; and has added to each
chapter a discourse, which serves as a conimentary to it.
This work was printed twice, at least, by the author, re*
printed at Venice in 1647, and at Genoa in 1648, 4to;
and there was added to it, ^^ II Principe,*' by the same
writer, which was published in 1597. The dedication
informs us, that Frachetta was prompted to write this book
from a donversation he had with the duke of Sessa; in
which the latter observed, among other particulars, that
be thought it as important as it was a difficult task, to iti-
fonii princes truly of such transactions as happen in their
dominions. His other compositions are, ^ Discorso della
Ragione di Stato: Discorso della. Ragione di Guerra;
£sposizione di tutta TOpera di Lucrezio/' He died at
Naples in the beginning of the seventeenth century, but
at what age is unknown. *
FRAGUIER (Claude Francis), a French writer, was
Uorn of a noble family at Paris in 1666. His first studies
were under the Jesuits; and father La Baune liad the
forming of his taste to polite literature. He was also a
disciple of the fathers Rapin, Jouvenci, La Rue, and
Camsnite^ and the affection he had for them induced him
^ Tiraboschi: — Moreri.— Niceroo, vol. XVII. — GrtswelPt PoIUiui. Ti^ b«A
pecoont, we think, is io Roscoe's Leo X.--^Saxii Oottioast.
f GsiSI, PJcU^Moreiik
«0 F R A G U I E R.
to itcU^it bioisdf of their order in 1683. After Uis noi*
▼ictate, aod when be had finished bis course of philosophy
at Paxis, be was sent to Caen to teach the belles lettres,
where be contracted a friendship with Huet and Segraiv,
and much improved himself under their instructions. The
former advised him to spend one part of the day upon the
Greek authors, and another upon the Latin : by pursuing
*which method^ he became an adept in both languages.
Foqr years being passed here, he was recalled to Paris,
inhere he spent other four years in the study of divinity.
At the end of this course, he was shortly to take upon
bim the occupation of either preaching, or teaching ; but
finding in himself no inclination for either, he quitted his
prder in 1694, though he still reteined his usual attach-
ment to it« Being now at liberty to indulge his own
fishes, be devoted himself solely to improve and polish
)ii^ understanding. He soon* after assisted the abbi Big-
9011, under whose direction the ^' Journal des S^avans**
was conducted.; and he had all the qualifications necessary
j(br such ^ work, a profound knowledge of antiquity, a
skill not only in the Greek and Latin, but also [talian,
Spanish, and English tongues, a sound judgment, anex-
^ct taste, and a very impartial and candid temper. Ha
afterwards formed a plan of translating the works of Plato ^
thinking, very justly, that the versions of Ficinus and Ser-
i^nus had left room enough for correction and amendments.
He had begun this work, but was obliged to discontinue it
^y a misfortune which befel him in 1709. He had bor-
cowed, as we are told, of his friend father Hardouin, a
manuscript commentary of his upon the New Testament^
ip order to make some extracts from it ; and was busy at
work upon it one summer evetiing, with the window half
open, and himself inconsiderately almost undressed. The
Qold air had so unhappy an effect in relaxing the muscles
of his neck, that he could never afterwards hold his head
in its natural situation. The winter increased his malady ;
and he was troubled with involuntary convulsive motiona
(^ the head, and with pains which often hindered him from
sleeping ; yet he lived nineteen years after ; and though
be could not undertake any literary work, constantly rc-
c;eived visits from the learned, and conversed with them
not without pleasure. He died suddenly of an apoplexy,
M!88, in bis sixty-second year. He nad been made a
member of the academy of inscriptions in 1705^ and of the
French academy in 1708.
F R A G U I E R. %l
HiB wotks'comist of Latin poems, and a great natn\>6c
of very excellent dissertations in the Memoirs of tto
French academy *. His poems were published ^t Paris in
J 729, in i2mo, with the poems of Huet^ under the care
of the abb6 d^OUvet, who prefixed an eulogy of Fraguier ;
)a«id at the end of them are three Latin dissertations con-
cerning Socrates, whioh is all that remains of the Prote-
foraena be had prepared for his intended translation df
iato. These dissertations, with many others upon cif-
irioQs and interesting subjects, are printed in the Memoim
Hbove-mentioned. *
FRANCESCA (Pietro Della), commonly called FraM^
CESco Dal Boroo a San Sepolcro, a painter of consi*-
derable renown, was bom at Borgo in Umbria, ifO }373.
In his youth he studied the mathematics ; but at fifteen
yeir^ of age determined on being a painter, when he was
patronised by Gindobaldo Fettro, duke of Urbino. H«
did not, however, so completely devote his time to paint-
ing as to neglect his former studies, but wrote several
essays on geometry anct perspective, which were long pr^^
served in the duke's library at Urbino. He afterwards
painted in Pesara, Ancona, and Ferrara; but few of his
works remain at either of these places^ Having obtained
much reputation^ he was sent for to Rome by pope Nicho^
las V. to paint two historical subjects in the chambers of
the Vatican, in concurrence mth Bramante di Miiano,
called Bramantino ; but Julius H. destroyed these to make
room for Raphael's Miracle of Bolsena, and St. Peter ift
Prison. Notwithstanding this degradation of his labours^
before the superior powers of Raphael, he was very de^
serving of esteem, if the account which Vasari gives of hitak
be true, and we consider the imperfeot state of the art tl
the time in which he lived. He exhibited much knov^'^
* "This learned academician was ioto the form of a memoir, and pre-
unable to persuade himself that anti- sented it to the academy of inscrip-
i|iiicy, so enligfatened, and so ingefiious tions and belles lettres, in 1716. M.
in the cultivatioo of the tine arts, could Burette acquamts us that this abbi
hare been ignorant of the union of learned to play on the harpsichord mt
different parts, in their concerts of an advanced age, and concluding thrit
Toices and instruments, which he calls the ancients, to whom he generoasl^
' the most perfect and sublime part of gare all good things, could not d4>
music ;' and thinking that he had hap- without counterpoint, made them a
pily discovered, in a passage 'df Plato, present of that harmony, with which
an indubitable and dt^cisive pro(^ of bis aged ears were so plea8cd.''-*-Bj
the ancients having possessed the art Dr. Burney, in Reei's Cyclopixrdia*
of eonnterpoint^ he drew up bis opinion
1 Nicer&n, tol. XVIlI.-— Chiuf(fpie.--Moreri,
ft FRANCESCA.
ledge of amtomy, fediog of esptession, aod of Autnhm<^
tion of light and sfaade« The principal work of Fiaocesca
was a night scene, in which he represented an angel car*
tying a cross, and appearing in vision to the emperor Con*
stantine sleeping in his tent with his chamberlain near
liim, and some of his soldiers. The light which issued
from the cross and the angel illominated the scene, and
was spread over it with the utmost discretion. Every
thing appeared to have been studied from nature, and was
executed with great propriety and truth. He also painted
a battle, which was highly commended for the spirit an^
.fire with which it was eondocted ; the strength of the ex-
pression, and the imitation of nature ; particularly a groupe
of horsemen, which, ^ Vasari says, '* considering the pe*
nod, cannot be too highly commended/*
Having exercised the various talents nature had be^
stowed upon him till be was eighty-six years old, be died
in 145S* ^
FRANCESCHINI (Mahc Antonio), an historical
painter, bom at Bologna in 1648, was at first a discijde of
^ G. Battista Galli, and from him entered the school of Car-
lo Cignani, who soon discovered the talents of his pupil^
and not only formed his style, but made him his relation
by marrying him to bis niece, and he soon became fab
principal assistant. He was employed in embellishing
many churches and convents in bis native city, and in
*other parts of Italy; and particularly at Modeoa, he
painted the grand hall of the duke's palace so much to the
satisfaction of that prince, that he wished to reuin him at
liis court by an offer of a large pension, and such honours
as were due to his merit. But Franceschini preferred his
freedom and ease to the greatest acquisitions of weakh,
#nd with polite respect refused the offer. At Genoa he
painted, in the great council chamber, a design that at
once manifested the fertility of bis invention, and the
grandeur of his ideas ; for most of the memorable actions
of the republic were there represented with a multitude of
figures nobly designed, judiciously grouped and disposed^
and correctly drawn. And in the Palazzo Monti at Bd<«>^
togna is a small gallery painted by bim, of which the co-
louring is exceedingly lovely, though the figures appear
to want roundness, Franceschini, though of the school 9^
I Vaiari.— Piikington.— ReeB*t Cyclopedia.
r 11 A N C £ S C H IN T. ei
Clenani, is original in the suavity of his colour, and thci
facility of his execution. He is fresh without being cold,
and full without being crowded. As he was a maehinisC^
and in Upper Italy what Cortona was in the Lower, symp*
toms of the mannerist appear in his works. He had the
iiabit of painting his cartoons in chiaro-scuro, and, by fix*
ing them to the spot where the fresco was to be executed,
became a judge of their effect. He preserved the powen
Df his mind and pencil unaltered at a very advanced age ;
and when he was even seventy-eight years old, he designed
and coloured his pictures with ail that fire and spirit for
which he had been distinguished in bis best time. He died
in 1729, at the age of eighty-one. '
FRANCHINUS. See GAFFURIUS.
FRANCIA (Francesco), an historical painter, whose real
flame was Raibolini, was born at Bologna in )4S0, and was
bred to the profession of a goldsmith, which he exercised
for some time with very considerable celebrity, having the
coinage of the city of Bologna under his care. His desire
of reputation, and his acquaintance with Andrea Mantegna
and other painters, led him to the study of painting, but
from whom he received the first elements of instruction is
not known. In 1490 he produced a picture of th* Virgia
seated, and surrounded by several figures ; among whom
is the portrait of M. Bart. Felisini, for whom the picture
ivas painted. In this be still calls himself ** Franciscus
Ffancia, aurifex,'* and it, with another picture of a similar
subject, painted for the chapel Bentivoglio a St. Jacopo,
gained him great reputation. He painted many pictures
for churches, &c. in Bologna, Modena, Parma, and other
cities ; but they were in the early, Gothic, dry manner,
tailed " stila antico moderno,'* which he greatly improved
upon in his latter productions. On Pietro Perugrno h^
formed his characters of heads, vtnd his choice of tone and
colour; on Gian. Bellino, fullness of outline and breadth
of drapery; and if the best evidence of his merit, the
authority of Raphael, be of weight, in process of time he
excelled them both. In a letter dated 1508, edited by
Malvaisia, Raphael declares that the Madonnas of Francia
were inferior, in his opinion, to none for beauty, devout-
iiesSf and form. His idea of Francia^s talents exhibited
(tself^ strli: sti^onger in his entrusting his picture of Sc
l-D*Ar(!enviUe, toI. n.--PilkiD(ton.—Ref9*f Cyclopedia.
«« F< R A N C t A.
1
. Ge«ila>>' destined for tke cburcia of 8t 6io da Morle «ft
Bolpgua, .to his care, by letter soliciting bim as a friend to
^seerit put in its place^ and tf be fonnd any defect in ity that
be would kindly correct it. Vasari says that Francia died
with grief in 1 51 8,. upon seeing by this picture that be
was <as nothing in the art, compared viritb the superior genkn -
of Raphael ; ,but Malvasia proves that he lived some yearf^
afterwards, and in an improved style produced bis cele-^^
brated St. Sebastian, which Caracci describes as the gene^
ral model of proportion and form for the students at Bo^-
Ipgna. A copy of this figure still exists in the church ^
deUa Misericordia.^ ■ ■ "*
FRANCIABIGIO (Marco Antonio), or FttANCU Bt^^
GIG, was an historical painter, born in 1483. He studied* ^
for .a short time under Albertioelli, but is chiefly known ais
,tbe competitor, and in some works the partner of Andtes^
d^X Sarto. Similar in principle, but inferior to bim in' '
pQwer, .be strove to supply by diligence the defects of
nature; < with vrh^X success, will appear on comparison of
his work ia the cloister of the NunziaAaat Florence,* witb
those of Andrea at the same place. On its being unco-^
Tered by. the monks, the painter in. a fit of shame or rage
gave it some blows with a, hammer, nor ever after could be
induced to finish it. He appears to have succeeded better
in two histories which he inserted among the frescos of a
Andrea at the Scalzo, nor is he there much inferior. ,Be
likewise emulated him at Poggio a Cajaoio, where be te^-
psesented the return of M. Tullius from exile, a work^
which though it remained unfinished, shews him to great
advantage. This artist died in 1524, in the prime of life*'? -^
FRANCIS of Assisi, « celebrated saint (^ the Romish ^
church, and founder of one of the four orders of meadi** ^
cant friars, called Franciscans, was born at Assisi in Umtp-'^
bria, in 1182. He was the son of a merchant, and. was -^
cteriHtened John, but had the name of Francis added,"" fif^oca
his facility of talkitig Frenpb, which he learned, to qualify -
bim for bis father's profession. He was at first a young •-
man of dissolute manners, but in consequence of an illneiis
about 1206, he became* so strongly afiected with religic9i0
zeal, that he took a resolution of retiring from*tbe yvorld^,
He now devoted himself so much to solitude, mortified /
himself to such a degree, and contracted so ghastly, a ooun*
.1 PilkiDgtOD^—Rcet's .Cyclopaedia. ? Ibid.
leiiances that the inhabitatUs x>f Assisj tfaougbt bim - di9«
tracted. Hi^ father, thinking to make bim resume bis pro-
fession, employed a very .severe method for that purpote^
hy throwing hioi into prison ; but finding this made .ua
impression on him, be took bim before the bishop of Assisi^
in order to make bim resign all claim to his, pater nalestate^
which he not only agreed to, but stripped off all his clothes,
ieven to his shirL He then prevailed with great numbers^
to <}evote themselves, a^ he had donei to tlie poverty which
i>^ considered as enjoiqed \3ff the gospel j and drew . up> ^a
institute or rule, for their use, which was approved by popq
Innocent IIL in 1210. The yipar after, l\e obtained of the
Eieaediptin^s,tl)e -church of Portiuncula, near Assist, and
is order increased so fast, that when he held a chapter in
1219, hear 5000 friars of the order of Miners (so thej^
yiere called) were present. Soon after he obtained also a
bull in favour of his order from pope Honorius III. Abo«K
this time he went into the Holy Land, and endeavouri^d
in v^A to convert the sultaf) IVjeledin. It is s^d, that be
offered to throw himself into the flames to prove liis faith
in what \i^ taught. lie returned soon after to his native
coantry, and xlied at Assisi in 1226, being then only forty*
five» He was canonized by pope Gregory IX. the 6th of
^lay, 1220^; and. Oct. the 4th, on which his death hap«
pened, was appointed as bis festival.
. His order soon rose to great splendor, and has done
great ^ervic^ to the Homan pontiffs. Some popes, several
cardinals, and^a great number of prelates, and celebrated
authors* bav« been of it* It is divided into several bodies^
^ome of which are more rigid than other$ ; and all strongly
inherit the ancient einuiation, which soon broke out
between the children of St. Francis and those of St. Do^
niinic. Before the reformation, the. Franciscans bad in
England about eighty convents, besides some nunneries.
Those i«;bo are desirous to know more of St. Francis and
his order, besides our authorities at the bottom of the page^
ms^ be referred to his life written by Bonaventure. But
periiaps the most ample and circumstantial accounts are
given by Luke Wac^jjiing, in the first volume of his ^* An-
Bales Ordinis Minorum,''. which contains a complete his-
tory of the Franciscan order, confirihed by a great number
of authentic records. The best edition of this work is that
published at Rome in 173t, and following years, in IS
vols. fol. by Joseph Maria Fonseca ab Ebora. It is to the
V©L. XV. F
U fRANClS.
•ame Waddtog Aat we are krddsted for ilie ^ Opoictik
8k FrMicbci,** foid the *^ BiUtatiieea ordiiiit Mioonimy^
Ibe fertner of which appeared in %tOf nt Antwerf^ 1625^
Imd the latter at Rome io 1650. The hidtory of theie
•fden will, it is hoped, be of less conaequence herealtery
when a more enlightened state of society has aihbwn their
iBsafficiefiey in the advanceinent of real reltgtoiry hut fit
can iiet^r be uninterestieg to know the early i^e 6f tiiosi
formidable bodies of ecelesiastics wMch once faetd thA
world in awe. The life of St. 'f rancltt, like that of mo«t of
the Romi^ sainls, is rendered iMredibie and ridioolooa
by the aiddition of miracles and prodigies, the fietiotis ol
after-^tttnea, but eoold they be separated frotn what i|
genuine^ he might probably appear ati enthiisiiisty yet sisf^
oere in what he believed and practised.'
FRANCIB (of Pauix>), mother RomMi saint, who to
exceed his predecessor in hitmilir^, founded the (^rder of
Miuuns (leMt), as he had tbat of Miners (inCerihn). «Ht
was born in 141 6, at Paulo in Catsbria. He begati bia
eaieer of mortificatiou by retiring to a ceU evi ik desert pnt
of the coast, where his san^tty soon dbtained folloum^
and they ere long <:on^ructed a monastery mood his cdL
Thus was his order oommenced. He femied a* rub for i%
which was approved by pope Alexander VI; f^d confirmed
by Jfulius IL His rule was extremity rigorous, enjotnii^
perpetual abstinence from wine, fidi^ a^ditieat. HM^dis^
^ftos 'were always to go bare-^footed, liever tt> sit^tp upiHI
a bed, and to use mai^ other movtilications. He dibd iif
France, to which couutry be went at die^^aniest s(rfite^«
tion of Louis XL who hoped to be out^d of n. dahgeiHiul^
indady by his presence. This event took place at CtessiiK
du->Parc^ in 1 508, wbea he was at the age <^ ninety^<wk|^
He was canonized in 1519, by Leo.X. By the confemon
of his admirers he was perfectly illitepatew *
FRANCIS DE Sal£s, (St.), was .born at the eii9t|i^ vi
Sales, in the diocese erf" Geneva, August !2 1, 15674 H^
descended from one of the most ancient and tiohle faitiilie*
of Savoy. Having taken a doctor of law's degrte «r Paduai
he was first advocate at Cfaambciry,^,^hen provost of flht-
church of Geneva at Annecy. Claudius deGranier^ibit
bishop, sent him as missionary into the valleys of bast
l^Qen. Dict.->Mo8heim and MHoer't Cto^^h iSsk^HPaWic. BibL lA ll«4^
.^Batier'9 Uvea of the Saiott. '
.' «_M«rerl— BiUlsf'tiiTteoftteSsmtW V ...J
lie is said lo have performed in ^re)at Huintei^Si 'Wid kh
.sermons were attetidiad With wonderful «t)6ce9S4 Tte'bkhop
i«riF Geneva eb«^ kim aft^^vi^rds ^rhi$ e4a4jut6i', Mt Wag
ioUig«it to vs^ butildfity before tse coald kie ^eti^tmded t#
lu^cept' %he diffice^ Re44gk>ut kthit^ c AHed 4iim alterwardli
Sntb I'raM^^, MtePb he was unfyd«%alty ^teeifi^ ; Md ear^
^«a( dii Pl3t¥dii siLfd^ ^IMre.M^ere no tiereties wbom Int^
^iM^ilrf ^ot^oil^v^e) %ift Mi IJte €^eii^a mutt be «iii)^id9idii
li^ieonvM tfa^fDv'^i il)3i^y tYrbeinf informed ^f bte iii^t^l^
ttmtie^hiYki' eoticideMbie offifiit^ id biiypM of^^lAiififig hiMi
ih -iPitifk^ ; bul 4«e divide taltlfei* td i1K«m^ Id SiiVoy, wfad«^
|ie>«llrfvf&d ift l^GM/ Md fOYllid %i^bi^ 6fiitif<6l;ilMd dtod H
^^ diiy s biefem. 81. f^ft^ii Umi uiid«k«rMk ibe nftfof^
«iatio% of hte diiM%«e) wiM« t»tety ii#d ^ittd^^ofi flM^
irislMed tbrt^lgh bli z^dl^} h^ r^9tor^d t^gulaHiy In %b^
%ft6nafift«3t^, und fMtitJuU^d tbe ofttef #f tbe ^«Ai1taliMrlH
4^0, n^hidi Wa* «miliiiMd by Pftul V. leis^Mdt^hf^Mil^
ifte barM«!«ide OblLM^, ^4kiui Hedelif^Md bf Mifir^^rt^
tef At D^> Vvlto the fo«indftMi. tl« cll^ csslitbKiiH^ »
j|£$»Dgi^g^'tioti of beiMfts iil Gti8ibhi») tiMdt^A «<st}MtoM»
^«asil didcjpllffe H^ it» aiKi^ttt Vigoiifr^ 4U[ld cM^eiMtl Wmfl^
f^rxi'hthtHM te tbefiiifh. A\ \it^ MtlW^iitf KMP !^l§ 81.
ktaft^ wa^ dbti^ed t^ ^ «)g«tiii to Pi^r^^ fi^ih 'th^ 6aMMilil
i!% Sa^^ to <^A«H»de a mint^ttg^ bilHiW^eii lbe^tM««4ir
^fediiit^t ttird OhHsiftlft er WtAme^ AMdnd daug&i%¥^^
•l«iffy;iV. Tbtftfirin^Ms b^^w)f,:tbbs6>de«^'4;^4il^
^i^f ^ldiUfti<er$ btft M ^M>d«t>ce{it tbe phK^^ dtlly bR t#b
tKMllJKtl0A« >, Wfe, thi% It "shi^td lidt^^^f^iide fab iMlfdifii^
1tt< iif s di0t«sie \ ttr^ c}«h«V| tbit wbejh^e^r fafe did i<]f6t%M«ute
k6^ ^^^y ^ Ibofitd m\ ^tt\^ the ¥^tb<t^ ^l it ini«^
llfiilt«dial«ly^ IBS if by wtiy of invliMing blfi^ ^th^Ms^'dffie^^
bv^etited hiiii v»Tl:fr%tery ValtAble iMttnetfd^^tftig', ^^Ofi
^bifdleim 'tr^t yd« Witt "ki^e^ ft {^ My f^Hetr ^ iff^ch
•M6^ fib(^hsdi ^ I pttMl^ite fi> tfo sd, ttiaStitti, tiiil^lto *tbe>oor
msihd fntie^d brit/* R^Htiiing to sAtnhe^yr be tHnidhuett
m^Mi theidickv'i«iiMK0^e^th0»e it) Wfeiftt^ inBtrii^ttfaet>i^i^,
mft^ (ttsirhitf^ alt'^tlle dMies of a pfous faiilhop, tiH i6^i»,
^l«i^ jte ^fed of Jift apbplexy iat Lyorts, December ^8^
ngfed'flfty^sik, liUViii^ sevefAl refigioti^ woi^fcs, ci^letted ih
^.vx>ls. f6l. The most kttowtt Are, "The Inttodlittion to It
devout Life;^' and '^ Pbilo/' or a tres^ise on the love of
God. MarsoUier has written his life> 2 vols. 12|tio, wbick
F 2 .
68 y R A N C I &
waft traimlated into English by Mr. Cratborne^ He wflf
canonized in 1665.'
FRANCIS XAVIER.. SceXAVIER.
;* FRANCIS I. king of France^ surpamed <* the Great, and
ibe restorer of learning," succeeded his father-in-law
,-L«|iiis XII. who died without a son in 1515. Francis I. waa
tjs^ only: ^OH of Charles duke of Orleans, constable of
-Angoidliiie, and born at Cognac, September 12, 1494.
.liaoiediately after his coronation he took the .title of
.duke pf Milaoi aiid. put hiipselfat the head of a ppwerA^l
vmy to assert his right to t);iat duchy. Th^ Swiss, who
'defend^, it, opposed. his,enterprize9 ftnd. attacked. )fkim
jnear :]tfairignftn>i^; but. they were cut. to pieces in asap-
: goinary. cptitest» and about 15,000 left dead on the fiel4*
.The famous Trivulce, who. had been engaged in eighteeu
•bfMttleft, called this << The. battle pf ,the, Giallts,*^ and dbie
^others ^^.Children> play." It was on tlus occasion that {be
Jung desired |o h^, knighted by the famous Bayard. That
s^nk was originally the highest that could be aspired tp:
pijioees of the blood were not called .monseigneur^jq^or
their wjveii inadam^^ till they had been . kpighted ; por
smt;^ ,«ny one cl^im that honour, unless he could tnuce
his mobility at least three , generations back, both on bis
^tl^fB^ and : ipotber's side, an4 alsp , bore an unblemished
cjiMac^^r, e^pect^Uy for fpilit^ry courage and valour. Tiie
' lareatipB , of a knight, was Attended, w^th . few ceren^onies^
>«tl^Gept af^ 8oaie fe^va^ in wbiph case a great number
: tw^^ observed., , Thisinsti^utipo^ wi^ich may be traced np
. 40 the firpt racei contributed.not a Jiittle ,tp polish the minds
<d the Frepch, by restrail^og.fheip withjn the bounds of $i
benevolent morality.. They swbrf tp, spare neither lifq or
' ^h9^^fl^ ip defence qf religion, ixi ;^gi^ting against the .in^
. 4del|i,.apd.in pngtecting the, widow, tbe^prphan,. ana all
^ho' wene d^fcfi^f |slei|3» By )his , victory at Marignanat
Frawis L became 9ia^ter of the Milanese, which was ceded
,, to him by Maxiir;ilian Sfor^ wbp the^ retired into Frajtce.
JPope Leo }L. aJL^rgied by tbfse ponquests,, held a OPn-
^enpe with the. ki^.atBolffgna, .obtained from him the
abelitipn of the Prftgp^aticSs^cUpp, and. settled the Coo^
cordate, which was confirmed tb^^ j^ar. following in.th^
MieraQ counciL From that time the JMns;s of .France ap^
' .ppit^ted to ^11 consistoriaL beufBifices, apd ttje^pope repeived
» Moferi.—Dlct. Hi«t.-^Botlfer. * ' - '
f R A N C I S. 69
vne yesr'f inconie upon every change. The treaty of
Noyofi wai concluded the same year betweecl' Charlea V*
and Francis I. one principal article of which ivas the re*'
ttoration of Navarre. Charles V. on the death of Maxi-
miliitn 1. being elected emperor, 1519, in' opposition to
.Francis, the jealousy which subsisted between those two'
princes broke out immediately, and kindled a long war,
which proved fatal to all Europe. The French, com*
manded by Andrew de Foix, conquered Navari^ in ISStO^
and lost it again almost directly ; they drove the English
and inf)periaTists fromPicardy; took Hesdin, Fontarabia,
and several other places; but lost Milan and Tonrnay tiv
1521. The following year, Odet de Foix, viscount of
Lautrec, was defeated at the bloody battle of Bicoqne,
which was followed by theloss of Cremona, Genoa, and a
freat part of Italy. Nor did their misfortunes end here.
*he constable of Bourbon, persecuted by the duchess of
Angouleme, joined the emperor 1523, and, being ap*
pointed commander of his forces in 1524, defeated admivai
...Bonevet^s rear at the retreat of Rebec, and retook all the
Milanese. He afterwards entered Provence with a power*
ful army, but was obliged to raise the siege of Marseilles,
\, and retired with loss. Francis I. however, went into Italy;
retook Milan, and was going to besiege'Pavia ; belt, having
Imprudently detached piart of his troops to send tbedi- to
. iNapIesy he was defeated by the constable de Bourbto^ia
;/^a bipody battle before Pavia; February 24, 102^5^ tifter
'^JiBving two horses kilted under him, and disjtfaying plt>«
/ digious valouK His greatness* of' niind never ttppeared
more conspicuously than after this unfortunate engage-*
l^.^^ment. In a letter to his mother he says, ** Every thing is
!,iost but honour.*' He. was conducted ias a prisoner* to
^i^^l^a^rfd, and returned the following year, after the treaty
'^wj^ich was concluded in that citry, January 14^ tt^^ This
' treaty, extprted by force, was not ftrlfitled; the emperor
hadJnsisted on the duchy of Burgundy being ceded to
\l^)m; but, when Lannoi went to demand it in bis master's
. name, be was introduced to an audience given to the de«
. puties of Burgundy, who declared to the king, that- he
had iio power to give tfp any province of his kingdom.
Upon this the War re-commenced immMiately. Francis
]• senc^ forces into Italy, undfer the command of Lautrec,
who rdk^ned ' Clefnent VII. and at first gained great ad*
vant^es, but perished afterwajrds, with his army, by sick*
W)* JTH A M € rSi
]ies9. The kTngy wbc^ bad boien twi# ]r0«n ftMvMbufii^
coudoded the treaty of Cambray in 1529^ by wbieh h€
#ogaged to marry Eieanor of Aiwlri% tho cmfiefor^ii ftiHiir;
and bis ivro sons^ vrho had been given -a9 b<>stage9^'^ w«ff9
Bantomed at tbe kiivg^s return for two millions in gc^d^
Hie ambition of possessing Milaii, caused peace again td
be brokea. Fraifieis took Savoy in )53 j, drove &e em*
{>eror frook Provei|^6 in i&d^y entered into an alUance witll
dolyman II. emperor of th^ Turks i took Hesdin^ and se-i
▼erai other places^ in 1 5'i7| and made a truce of teti yters
vith Cliairfes V. at Niee,- k53S, wbtob did not^ however*
last long. The emperor, going fo punish the people of
Ghenti wfa^ bad rebelled, obtained a pasisage tbnMg'i
firanre, Vy promsing Francis the inveetitnre of tl^«biony
ef Miil^ ^ whieb of his. children be pleased;^ bat} afte*
being received fn^rsiiee with the highest bonou rain l^^
he was no sooner arrived in Fland€frs steiil be refuaed %<^
keep bis prcHnis^. This brol^e th^ tifiioe; tbe ^r 4vaa
#^ttew^ed/and ei^rried on #itb val^i^rui^ streoCMtt ottboth lAdes*.
The king's troops enlet^d |ta1y, lUMissilton^. ai|d> Lnsfefai*;
bnrg. Ftahcis of ffourbob; cooi^ d'EngaianiMivon tim
battle of Ceri2olfS itl iB4*y and took M^iitfernst. Frandit
1. gained over lo bis side Barbar^ssa^ and GustayosYasa^
king of Sweden ; wbft^5 en the eibar band, Heniy VII l«
of Englfind esp6ased the i^itenitats of Cbaples V. and io0k(
Botogtia, 1544. ' A peace "vfasHEit last coqcluded vrithtfaeK
•fripert^r at Cvessyy S^etobei^ 18,4 J44, and witb Henry
Vlil. Jmie 7^ i 54^ ; bilt Flrsiieig did' not long enjoy th«
tranqniliity wbkh tbis peiM prdcuir^ htf<i ^ be died at ibm
Castle ' of RaenboiriHet the 4ast day of Mant^ IMI^ aged;
fifty <(three. lliis prince pos$essed the nsoiit fining qaa^
littes 3 be was witty, mild, niagnammotis, *generoiiS| and
t^enevoient Th^ revival of polite (literature in Euvoptf
was cbieAy owing to bis care ; he patroaized the learner
fonnded the roya^ college aft Farii^ fuviiisbed a library kl^
Ffrtintait)blean at a great expence, and bnilt several palaces^'
^bicb he othanlented with piesnres, slatnes, and costly
f«|rniture. When dyin^, be pa^ticulai^Iy requested his son
to difniit^ tbe taxes which be had b^n <»bliged to levyi
for d^raying the expences of the war ^' and pat it in bit
power to do soj for be \eft 400^000 crowtiiB ^> gold in Ini
coflbrs, with a quarter of. his rev^an^a whidi > was then
due. It was this sovereign who ordf i^ alb puiUio acts /ts^
be written in Freoygb. Upon tbe wkoh )vb apjiears t9
FRANCIS. 71
litMi tMtn ow of ^ greUfftt omioieRU of the Frewh
ibicooe. *
FRANCIS (Phij^ip), m EiiglUb clergyman, and the
able tiiu)«lator of Horace aq4 I>eiD09tbene89 was of Iriah
extr^ctioB, if iv9.t boro in that kingdom, where his father
utas a digoilGLed clerapyaian, and, among other pre{ennent5|
heU tba rectory of St. Mary, Dublin, frogi which be was
<^ted by the court on account of his Tory principles*
His son, our author, was else educated for the church, and
.obtained a doctor's degree. His edition of '^ Horace'*
snade bis name known in England about n^3; and raise4
bim.a reputation as a classiciJ editor and translator, which
aeo subsequent attempts have g^atly diminished. Dr.
.Johnson* many years after other rivsla had ^rted, gave
bim tbif praise : *^ The lyrical part of Horace never can
be properly translated; so much, of the excellence is in
.ibe sNimbers and the expression. Francis has done it the
best : ril take his, 6ve out of six, i^inst them all'*
Some tim^ after the publicatian of Horace, be appear^
t^bavecome o^er to Eoghmd, where, in 11 S3, he pub«
lisjied a translation of part of the *^ Orations of Demor
stbeaes^*' . intending to comprise the whple in two quarto
.i(olumes. . It was a nutter of some importance at that time
to risk a large work of.this.kind» and the author had the
pirecftution therefore to secure a copious list of subscribers*
Unfortunately, boivever, it bad to contend with the ac«
knowledge merit of Leiand's translation, and, allpwing
tiieir respective merits to bav^ been j^early equal, Leiand'a
bad at least the priority in point of time, and upon com*
parison, was preferred by the critics, as beintg more free
and eloquent^ and less literaJiy' exact This, however, did
not ^rise firom aiiy defect in oi^r author's skill, h^t was
oierely an error, if an. error at aU| in judgment^ foe b^
<^oiiceived^ that. as. £ew . liberties as possible ought to bo
takea> with the style of bis author, and that there was an
essential ^lii&rence between a literal translation, which
Qiily.be considered as faithful^ and an imitation^ in whiqb
we can diever be cer^io that we h^ve the author's worcis or
.precise meaning. , In J 7^5 he completed hi& purpose in a
second volume,, wtiich was applauded as a difiScult work
well,e;icecuted# anid accept;able to every friend of geniua
and litexature; but its success was by i>o mecuiscoirrespoad-*
«ttt to the wi^he&^oftbe author or of his friends.
> Hist, of 'Fi-aQ(;g.->Itobertson> Hist. ofCkarfoa V.
%
73 F R A N C I a
The year before tbe first volume of his '^ Benioetbetiet?^
^ppe^red, he deteroiined to attempt the drama^ aud his first
essay was a tragedy entitled " Eugenia." This is profe^
sedly an adaptation of the French ** Cenie** to Engiish
feelings and habits^ but it had not much success on th^
stage. Lord Chesterfield^ in one of \n^ letters to hisSon,
observes that hi did pot think it would have succeeded so
yrell, considering how long our British audiences bad been
accustomed to murder, racks, and poisqn in every tragedy;
yet it affected the heart so much, that it triumpl^ed over
habit aiid prejudice. In a subsequent letter, h^ says thai
the boxes were crowded till the sixth night, wh^n the pit
and gallery were totally deserted, and it was droppf^.
pistres^ without death^ he repeats, ^as no( sufficient toi
affect a truQ British audiencej so long accustomed to dag-
gerS) racks, and bowls of poispn ^ contrary to Horace^
rule,* they desire to sea Medea murder her chjldren do the
stage. The sentiments were tpo delicate to move tbem i
and their hearts were to be taken by storm, not by parley.
In 1754, Mr. Franci^ brought out another tragedy at Gqt
vent-s:arden theatre, entitled f* Constantine, which wasf
equ:illy unsuccessful, but appears to have suffet^ed princi*
pally by the improper distribution of the part$ among the
actors. This he alludes to, in the dedication to lord Ches-
terfield, with whom he apjpears to have been acquainted^
and intimates at the same time Xhffi these di^ppointments
bad induced him to take le^ve of tbe stage. '
During tbe political contests at the beginning of the
present reign, he employed his pen in defence ot govern-
inent^ and acquired the patronage of lord Holland,: wbo
Ifewarded his services by the rectory of BarroWj^ in Suffolk,»
and the chaplainship of Chelsea hospital. What were his
publicationson political topics, as they were anonymous^ dnd
iprobal)|y dispersed among the periodical jouv^ials, eanaot
pow be ascertained. They drew upon him, however, tbe
wrath qf Churchill, who in bis '^ Author-' has exhibited a
portrait of Mr. Francis, probably overcbareed by spleen
and*envy. Churchill, indeed, was so profuse of -his ca*
lumny, tba^ be seldom gained credit,' and long before be
died^ his assertions bad begun to lose their value, Hefis
said to have intended to write a satirical poem, in wbidh
Francis was to makip bis appearance as the Ordinary of
Ne\vgate. The severity of this satire was better under-
stood at^^t time^ w]i$q the ordtnaries qI^ Newgate wkr«
FRANCI& 7S
ioAa in very Httle esteenii and schne of them w^re grossly
ignorant a^d dissolute. Mr. Francis died at Bath, Mi^rch
B, 1773', leaving a son> who in the same year was appointed
one of the snureme council of Bengal, and is now sir
^ilip Francis, K. B.
. Of all the classical writers, " Hdrace** is by geneti(l
'CM)nsent allowed to be the most difficult to translate, yc^
'SO tiiriversal has been the ambition to perform this task,
that seaveeiy an English poet can be named in whose works
'We do not find some part 6f Horace. These efforts, how-
iiBv^Ti have not so frequently been directed to give thi
^^ensd and local meaning of the author, as to transfuse hi$
iparire, and adapt it to modern persons and times. But of
^^the^flew who have exhibited the whole of this interesting
-^poet'in an English dress, Mr. Francis has been supposed
to have succeeded best in that which is most difficult, th^
}yric part, and likewise to have conveyed the spirit and
sense of the original in the episttes and satires, With least
injofy to the genicis of the author. In his preface he ac-
kirowledges his obligations to Dr. Dunkin, a poet of some
cdebrity, and an excellent classical scholar.'
' FRANCiUS (Peter), a Greek and Latin poet, of much
teputation on the continent, was born at Amsterdam, Ai!kg«
19, 1645. He receii^ed his early education under Adrian
Junius, rector of the school* of Amsterdam^ who had the
happy art of di^overing the predominant talents of his
scholars, and of' directing them to the most advantageous
^ theibod of cultfvjtting them.^ To young 'Firancius he re-
commended Ovid as i model, and those who have read his
oworks are of Opinibn 'that be mtist have •* given his days
.^nd nights*' to the study of that (3elebrated poet. From
'Amsterdam he went to Leyden, where he became a pupil
-of GronoviUs the elder, who soon distinguished him from
/ the rest of his scholars, and treated him as a frieild, which
-ibark of esteem was alto extended to him by Grohovius the
yian: 'After this course of scholastic studies, * he set out
i'Off bis tmvets,^ visiting England and France, in which Ian,
->at Angers, he took his degree of doctor of civil andcan^n
:^law. While' atPtfris he acquii-ed the esteem' of many
^ielBtrned mien, and when he proceeded afterwards 'to Italy,
''improved his acquaintance with the literary men of that
cotmtry, andwai'Vety respcfctfolly received by Cosmo III.
74 F R A N C I US.
ipmid dt^ of Tuscany. After hb r^nni to Ansterdttf*
the magistrates, ia 1674, elected biixiprofiessor of rhetoric
»iul history, and ia 1686 professor of Oreefc. In 16id3. the
directora of the academy of Leyden oiade bim ao oifisr of
one of their professorships, but the magistrates of Amsteo^
dam, fearing to lose so^ great aa ornament to their city,
increased bis salary, that be might be mider no temfitatioa
on that account to leave them* Be accordingly remained
here until bis death, Aug. 19, 1704, when he was exactly
fifty-nine years old. Fraucius particularly excelled in der
ekimatton, in which bis first roaster, Junius, the ablest
declaimer of his time, had insinicted him, and in which
he took some lessons af terwarda from a famous tragic actor,
Adam Caroli, who,, he used to say, was to bim what
Roscins was to Cicera Hi& publications consist of, 1.
^'Poemata,'' Amsterdam, 1682» l2mo; ibid* 1697, 8vo,
These consist of verses in various, measures, which were
highly esteemed, although some were of apinion that be
succeeded better in the elegies and epigrams, and lighter
pieces, than in the bercnc aitempu. The first of the edi«
tioos above*memioned bos some traoslatmns from the
^ Anthology*' omitted in the second, because the author
had au intention of giving a complete tvau&tatioo of that
celebrated collection, which, however, he never executed«
Ia other respects, the aecond edition is more ample and
correct. 2i ^^ Oratiooes,'' Amst. .1692, Evo, of which an
enlarged edition appeared i» 1705, Eva. His emulaticm
Qf the style of Cicero, is said to be very obvious, in thesA
orations. Some of them bad been published separateiyi
particularly a piece of bumoor entitled ^ £ncomijum GalU
Galhnatici/* S. ** Specimen elo()ttenti8B extertorin ad orar
tronciN M. T» Ciceronis pro A. Licin. Arcbia accommo-
daium," Amst, 1697, l2mo. 4. ^* Specimen eloquentim
exteripris ad orationeni Ciceronis pro. M. Idarcelio ajccom*
modatum»" ibid. 1699, 12mo. These two last were reh
printed in 1700, 8vo, with his ** Qratio de ratione dei;la^
mendi." 5. *< £|>istola prima ad C« V aleriimi Acciuctum, ;
vero nomine Jacobnm Perisonium, professorem Leydeo.-.
sem,"' &c. Ain«t. 1696, 4to. This relatea to a personal
dispute between Francins and Perizooitts, pf very Lktie
consequence to the public, and was answered by Perixo**
nius. 6. ^^ The Homily of S. Gregcire of Nazian^en, 0i9
charity to our neighbour/' translated from Greek into
Gerawn, Anst. 1700, ftm. 7. *^ Ailiscouiie oa tim Ju-
F R A I^ C I U S Vk
\^bief Jm. ITOO;^ io GenDAD^ ibid. 1700^ 4to; i. <^ Poil#
Imioa, qiubiis accedtnit iUustrium eruditorum i|d eiMH
Epistolffi," ibicL 1706, Sva'
FRANCK deFaancke^^u, (George), an eminent Ger«
apui pbyfticiao, wan born ti Naumburg, io Upper Saxonj^
Ifay 3, 1643. His father, altboiigh living aa a simpW
peasant^ was of a noble family. After going tbropgh his
acbeol edncation, George went to Jena at tbeage of
Oigbteeo, and waa crowned a poet by count paiatio#
Riohter, in consequence of bis extraordinary talent for
writing. verses in the German, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew
languages. Bat be exhibited still greater talents dortng hia
Qonrsse ot medical studies, and tbis. canons of Naomburg^
who recognized his merits, afforded bim liberal means of
subsistence while be applied himself to this acienee* Be-
fore be took his doctor's degree]) (in 16M)^ be was deemed
'sdigible to give lectures in botany, chemistry, and ana-P
tomy, and acquired great repntatipn. In 1672, the electov
pafauine appointed him to the yacant professorship of m^
dicine at Heidelberg, and a few years afterwwrds nonsit
lAted bim bis own physician. But the troubles occasioned
. by the war obliged bim in 1688, to retire to Fsancfeft on tbo
Main. John George III. elector of Saxony, then received
bimintohisaervsce) and appointed bim profMsor of medicine
^ Wittemberg j an office which he filled with so 'Unicli
edaty tbat tb^ principal prolessonhip, and the title oC
dean of the faculty at Leipsic^ weffesoon ofieved to bim,
'Ebisi bowererybe vofosed, by the instigation of bisfriendsi
who sosij^t to ^retain him at Witaemberg. The two mtc^
geeding electors likewise loaded this, physician with so
many favours, that it waa supposed he could never dreaia
of quitting Heidelberg. Nevertheless, be was induced by
^be offers of Christian V. king of Denmark, to remove' id
Copenbageo, where be was received most graciously by*
tbe royal famiiy> and was honoured with »the title of Aulic
cotinselkur, which was oontituied lo him by Frederick IV.
the successor of Christian. Deaths hxMnrever, terminased
bis brilliant career oi^ the I6tb of Jonev 1704^ in tbe six;*
lie tb year of bis age.
^ Araock was a quemfaer of several learned societies, and
TVSJS ennobled bydu» emperor Leopold, in 1692, and in
t^$ was created count palatine,, by the title of *^ Dq
"fS F R AN C K.
Fratickenau/' His principal works are, 1. ** Institutionimi
Medicarum Synopsis," Heidelberg, 1672. 2. ** Lexicon
Vegetabiiium iisualium," Argentorati, 1672. This wa»
re-published several times. In the edition of Leipsic,
16J?8, the title of M Flora Francica" was given to, it. ?•
'^ Bona nova Anatomtca," Heidelberg, 1680. 4. "Parva
Bibliotheca Zootomica," ibid. 1680. 5. *^ De calamniia
in Medicos et Medicinam," ibid. 1 686. 6. " De Medicis
Philologis," Witteberg«, 1691. 7. " De palingenesia,
siveresuscitatione artificiali plantarum, bomioum, et ani-»
n)aliun>, ^ suis * cineribus, liber singularis," Halie, 1717,
edited 'by Nehring. 8. " Satyras Medicw XX.'* Leipsic,
172^. These pieces, which had begun to appear in 1673,
were published by his son, George Frederic Franck, who
was-also a teacher of medicine at Wittemberg, and wrote
several works on botany and physic'
FftANCK, or FRANCISCUS FRANCKEN, but liiore
generally called Old Fkancks, was an artist of the six-r
teentfa century. Very few circumstances relative to hiui'
are handed down, although his works are as generally
known in these kingdom^ as they are in the Netherlands;
nor are the dates of his birth, death, or age, thoroughly
ascertained ; fur Descampt supposes him to be born in
1544, CO be admitted into the society of painters at Ant*'
werp in 1561^ which was at seventeen years of age;, and
fixe& his death in 1666, by which computation Francks
must have been a hundred and twenty-two years old
when he died, which appears utterly improbable ; though
others fix his birth in 1544, and bis death in 1616, ag^d
seventy-two, which seems to be nearest the truth. He
painted historical subjects taken from the Old or New Tes-
tament, and was remarkable for introducing a great ngm-
ber of figures into his compositiotis, which he had Ihe skill
to e:(prei»s very distinctly. He had a fruitful inventit^jn,
and composed readily ; but he wanted grace and elegance
in his figures, and was apt to crowd too many histories into
one scene. His touch was free, and the colouring of his
pi<itures generally transparent; yet a predominant brown
or yellowish tinge appeared pver them, neither natural
nor agreeable. But, in several of his best performances,
the colouring is clear and lively, the design good, die
figures tolerably correct, and the whole together very
> Moreri.— Reet's Cyclopedia^ from ^oy.-vSftxii OaomuliciMu
r R A N O K.' T7
fileasing. At Wilton is his << Belsbaiczac's Feast/* a very
corious compbsition. f« •
Vandyck pftea comBsended the works of" this master^
and esteemed them worthy of a place in uny coUecttoiu
Many of them are frequently seen at public sales, which
render him well known, though several are also to be me^
with in those places, which are unjustly ascribed to Fiuncks,
and are really unworthy of him. ^ •
FIIANCK, commonly called Youhg Frances, the sou
of the preceding, and of both hisnames^ was born in 159Q,
and instructed in the art pf-painting by his fatber, vhos^
style and manner be imitated in a large and small sise;
but when he found himself sufficiently skilLed to be capable
of ' improvement by travel, he went to Venice, and there
perfected his knowledge of ookmring, by studying and
copying the works of those artists whp were most imminent.
But it seems extraordinary that a painter so 'capable of
great things in his profession, should devote his pencil to
the representation of carnivals and other subjects of tfatM:
kind, preferably to historical subjects of a much higher
rank, which might have procured for him abundiuitly moiie
honour. At. his return, however, to Flanders, bis* works
were greatly admired and coveted, being superior to tfao$e
<^ his fatber in many respects ; his colouring was more
ptear,. his pencil more delicate, his designs had somewhat
iriore of elegance, and his expression was much . better^
The taste of composition was the same in both, and they
/seemed to have the same ideas, and the same defects,
pnrltipiying too many historical incidents into one subject,
^nd representing a series of actions, rather than one prin-
cfipal action or event. The subjects of both painters were
usually taken from the Old and New Testament, and. also
fhom the Roman history (except the subjects, of young
Francks while he continued in Italy) 3 and it might have
been wished that each of them had observed more order
and propriety in the disposition of their subjects.
He had a great particularity in touching the white of
the eyes of his figures, which appears as if a smalt lump
' of unbrciken white was touched on, with the point of a fine
gencilj and it gives the figures a great de^l of spirit,
ven that particularity, well attended to, may be a means
1 Pilk]BStOB.«»Dtft«ilipf.«— D'Argeavilte, rul III.— lUyoolds'i ^'orki, toL
II. p. .S86.
* .all
n » A A N 0 It;
df determining the buid ^ this oMister. tt etigbt t6 44
observed, th^from the similarity of tMtme^ laste^ *^^f
and cotomring. df the Old and YoMg; FtaMcks^ 4kiAt warks
are often misiaketi imd mfseall^dy and 'the woift t)f th« ^aftft
fiarchased for th« work of the other. Th^ tnbst cttj^tai
l^erfonnante of this {>riMer, is a sciSptMal MbJ<d<^t in ilit
church of Notre DattKs at Antlretp ; und an ^MdUent pk^
tore, in the small size, is *< 8olortion*s IMhJttj,*^ in whicA
that king is represetited as kneeling beitore an akar, on
iwbich is phMed the statue of Jupiter. Tbei^4i b nbble
expression in the figare of Solomon, aad tbe^Mfi^i^^^
the figure is bmad and flowing; the altair is e^^eed'mgtj^
enriched with fine bas'^r^ief in the kaliavi style, Ittid ^ift
^xtpiisitdy finisbed ; Cbe penciling is msa^ the cototfring
-dear and tuansparant, and the whole pietore appean^tlv
bave been painted on (eaf gold. Yonng FhAiefc* tfied \h
^ tHANGKE (Av€m¥t7d Hbri^it^), a I%a4»ne4 Md piti^
German divine, and a great benefa^tdV t6 Ms ceifntfy^
was bom at Lnbetk, Mareh 12, O. S. I66k. fU^ father^
John Frarfeke, ^wa^then one of the magi^tmtes tit Lnbe^k,
and after wevds entered into the iiervice ef Erne^^ the^ Pioii»i
dttke of Sa)te G^tha, as connsdior of the otrati MA *tX
^tkre. His mother, Aime <31oxln, waa the dlitnglyfer ^
4me of the oldest bnygomasters of Ltibeek. Yeul)|(1rrfMeke
liad the misfortune to lose his ftklhef in I6T0) when be 4«W
between six and ieven years old, and at tbi^earty i^ feta4
ahown such a pious disposition, that he vWa Intended ^
^e church, and with thi& view his mother {rf^ced hkiti
under the instructions of a private tutor. His proficleirty
in classical studies was sucb^ that at tlie ag6 of fourteei^
be was considered as well qualified to go tothe univereity.
It was not, however, until I6'7d, that he Wentto^httt 6f
Erfurt, and from thence to Kiel^ where he studied sottie
years under Korthott and Morboff. In 1 682, he fetdt'hed
to Gotha, and visited Hamburgh in bis way, where he f^
mained two months to improve bis knowledge of the He-
brew language, under Esdras Ed^atdL In trs^ h^
went to Leipsic, andtodc his degree of M. A. in' the
following year. During his stay here, he fermed a so*-
«ie^ for literary conversation among hi^ friends, Whix;li.
At^broM MidJtroiBe, blltof1»fBriornoti^
irftANCKK f9
kmg substfled utideT the name of << CoUegjIam PbHobibii).
enn^^* their fayoutite topic being tbe study of the Holjr
8erq>tiiipe8. Some time afield be went to Wittemberg,
wbei^ he was necetyed wkb great respect by tbe literati
«l ibat uniyaraityy and fcbei»ce to Lmieburg, where bet
eifteoded the di¥imty lectures of the celebratd Sandfaagew.
Froai Lonebodtg be returned to Leipsic, and gave a coorte of
iN^tures on tbe holy scriptures, pmctical as well as critical^
which were frequented by above three trancked students.
This success, with a molre-tbaaeommM earnestness and
aeriottsuess in his method and address, occasioned some
jealousy, and created him enemies likewise at Erfurt^
whither, in 1690, be was inyiled to become pastor of St.
Anstin. Tbe objection to him was that of pietism^ and ft
^ncMased with bo much violence, that in 1691 he was de-
prived of liis charge, and Ordered to quit tbe city witliiti
two days. How little he deserved this treatment, had al^
ready appeared in some ef his writings, and was more ma*
IHfcst after#ards in bis conduct and serrtcei.
Hie eotirt of Ootba, uninfluenced by these clamoun^
a&d eonvieced of bis innocence and worth, lost no timtt
in eiffisring a suitable employment jfbr his talents. He waa
abcmt tbe same time oflSsred a professorship in the college
^ Guboui^, and another at Weimar, but he preferred tbe
iiifers inade to -him by tbe elec^r of Brandenbburg, (aftei>
Wax^ Frederifc I. of Prassla)^ tbe veVy day that he was ora»
dier^d to t0it Erfurt. The uuiversity of Halle, in SaKony^
imd been just founded, and Mr. Fraocke was in I69i %p«
peiated professor of the Greek and orienttil languages, and
bastor of Claueha, a suburb of Halle* In 1698 be resigned
kis professorship of the languages for that of divinity, but
aUbough be bad a principal hand . iu establishing the new
^iyei^ity, whieh soon became pre-eminent among the
seminaries of Germany, ht acquired greater &me as the
founder of the celebrated school, hospital, or rather ooU
lege^ for the poor at Glaucba. l^e wh<ile history of
education does tiol produce an induce more temarkable
tii dt& origin and progress than this singular foundation, by
tbe labour, industry, and persevei:ance, of professor
Franeke. •
There was a very ancient custom in the ci^ and neighbour-^
hood of Halle, ior such persons as give relief to the poor,
t9^ appoint a particular day on which they wefe to com6 to
their doors to receive it. When professQr Frsjoipke dame to
.W F R A N C K E.
be settled at Glaucha, he readily adopted tU^ practke^
and fixed on Thursday as bis day. But, as. bis profes*
sion led him, be endeavoured to confer, with th^ poor
on the subject of religion, in, which be found tb^iQ mi*
.serably deficient, and incapable of giving their children
any religious instruction whatever. His nrst- contrivance
-to supply their temporal wants, was .by supplicating the
charity of well-disposed students ; but finding . that mode
inconvenient, be contented himself with fixing up ^ box
in his parlour, with one or two suital^le texts oS^ scrip-*
ture over it. In 1695, when this box bad been s^ uff
about a quarter of a year, he found in it the donation oi M
single person amounting to lSs.6d. English, which he imniii^
diately determined should be the foundation of ^a charity*
school. Unpromising as such a scheme might 9tp{itear,, be
began the same day by purchasing eight-shillings-^tyor^h of
school-books, and then engaged a student to teach the poof
c)iildren two hours each day. He met at first with the
common fate of such beneyolent attempts 9 most of the
children making away with the bopks entrusted to them,
and deserting the school ^ for tbisj however, the. remedy
was easy, in obligiiig the children to leave them hehind
them ; but still his pious endeavours were in a great o^jea*
sure frustrated by the impressions made on. their .minds in
school being effaced by their connections abroad. Ta
remedy this greater evil, he resolved to single out some of
the children, and to undertake their mainteni^nce,. as welj
as jf instruction. Such of the children, accordingly, a|
seemed most promising, he put out to persons of known iu«
'tegrity and piety to-^e-educated by them, as he had as yet
no house to receive them. ,The report of so excellent 4
design, induced a person of quality to contribute the sun»^
of 1000 crowns, and another; 400, which served to p^r^
chase a house into which twelv.e orphans^ the whole nxioi-*
ber he had selected, were removed, s^nd a student of di*
vinity appointed master and teacher. This took place iii
1696. The number of children, however, which demanded
bis equal sympathy, increasing, he conceived the .project
of building an hospital, such ai^ naight contain about two
hundred people, and this at a time, he informs us, whe^
be had not so much in hand as would answer the cost of a
small cottage, and when his project was conse^ently
looked upon as visionary and absurd. His reliais^eon
Providence, however, \Vas so firm, that haying procured a
F R A N C K E. ,81
pi«ee 6f groa'nd, he ]aid the foundation stone on July 5,
1698, and within the space of a year the workmen were
ready to cover it with the roof. During this time as well
as the time it subsequently required to complete it, the
exjp^nces were defrayed from casual donations. He never
app^Ts to have had any kind of annual subscription, or
other help on which the least dependence could be placed ;
he sometimes knew the names of his benefactors, but
mdre generally they were totally unknown to him, and
yetiOne succeeded another at short intervals, and often
when he was reduced to the utmost distress. By such un*
foreseen and unexpected supplies, an establishment was
formed, in which, in 1727, 2196 children were provided
for,' under 130 teachers. The whole progress oi' this great
work, as related by professor Francke,.is beyond measure
astonishing and unprecedented ; for he had applied none
of- the methods which have since been found useful in the
foilhdation of similar establishments, and appears to have
had nothing to support his zeal, but the strongest confi-
dence in the goodness of Providence; and although the
assistance he received was great in the aggregate, it not
unfrequently happened that his mornings were passed in
anxious fears lest the subjects of his care might want bread
in the day. These supplies consisted principally in money,
but many to whom' that mode of contribution wa^ incon-
venient, sent in provisions, clothing, and utensils of va-
rious sorts, and a very considerable number sold trinkets
of iBtU kinds, lace, jewels, plate, &c. for the benefit of an
hospital, the good effects of which were now strikingly
visible, as its progress advanced. Some very considerable
contributions came even from England^ in consequence of
a short account of the hospital having. been sent over and
published there in 1705. Dr. White Kenne^tj in parti-
cubir, noticed it with high commendation, from the pulpi^
and added that ^' nothing in the world seemed to him more
providential, or rather more miraculous.** In the follow-^
ingyear, 1706, it had grown up, not only into an hos-
pital for orphans, and a refuge for many other distressed
objects, but into a kind of university, in which all the
langiiages and sciences were taught, and a printing«house
established on a liberal plan, an infirmary, i^c.
' The establishment of this great undertaking fills up
many years of professor Ffancke's history. The reipaining
Vol. XV. G
M F R A N C K K.
events of his life are but few. He associated with himself
John Anastasius Freylitighausen, in his charge as pastor,
and had him and other men of character and talents as as-
sistants in his school. The variety of his Employments^
however, injured his healthy although he derived occa-^
sional benefit from travelling. One instance of his pious
zeal is thus recorded : The duke Maurice, of Saxe-Zeitz^
had embraced the Roman catholic religion, and professor
Praucke, at the request of the duchess, went to his court,
in 1718, and in several conferences so completely satisfied
his mind, as to induce him to make a public profession of
his return to the Protestant church. Francke^s death was
occasioned by profuse sweats, which were checked by de*
grees, but followed by a retention of urine, and a para^-
lytic attack, which proved fatal June 8, 1727. Amidst
much weakness and pain, he lectured as late as the 1 5tb
of May preceding. It would be difficult to name a man
more generally regretted. Halle, Elbing, Jena, Deux-
Fonts, Augsbourgh, Tubingen, even Erfurt, where he
Was so shamefully persecuted, Leipsic, Dresden, Wittem*
berg, &c. all united in expressing their sense of his worthy
by eulogiums written by the most eminent professors of
these schools. By his wife, Anne Magdalene, the daughter
of Otho Henry de Worm, a person of distinction, he left
Gotthelf Augustus Francke, professor of divinity and
pastor of the church of Notre-Dame, and adaughter who was
married to M. Freylinghausen. In his learning, talents,
eloquence, and piety, all his contemporaries seem agreed.
As a public beneiactor he has had few equals^
The history of his celebrated Orphan house has been
long known in this^^ountry, in a translation 'by Dr. Josiab
Woodward, under the title of *^ Pietas Hallensis,*' Lond.
1707, 12mo, often reprinted^ w4tb some of his devotional
tracts. These last were generally published by professor
Francke in German. His Latin works are» 1. ^^ Menu-
ductio ad lectionem Scripturae Sacrss,'' Halle^ 169^3. Of
this an improved translation by William Jaques, was pub*
lished in 1813, 8vo. 2. *^ Observationes BibiicoB men-»
stru» in Versionem Germanicam Bibliorum Lutheri,**
Halle, 1695, 12mo. 3. " De Emphasibus Sac. Script:'*
ibid. 1698, 4t6. 4. « Idea studii TheologiflB,'* ibid. 1712^
12mo. 5. " Prselectiones Hermeneuticse," ibid. 1712,^
8vo. 6. " Monita Pastoralia Theologica," ibid. 1717^
12mo. 7. << Methodus studii Tbeologici/' ibid. 1723y
F R A N C K E. IS
6vo. S. ** Introductio ad lectionem Prophetarutn,** ibid*
1724, dvo. * 9. *^ Commentatio de scopo (ibiforum veterii
et noTi Testamenti/' ibid. 8vo.*
FRANCKLIN (Thomas), D. D. chaplain in ordinary to
his majesty, born 1721, was the son of Richard Francklio^
well known as the printer of an anti-ministerial paper called
** The Craftsman,'* in the conduct of which he received
great assistance from lord Bolingbroke, Mr. Pulteney^ and
other excellent writers, who then opposed sir Robert WaU
pole's measures. By the advice of the second of these
gentlemen, young Francklin was devoted to the church,
with a promise of being provided for by Mr. Pulteney,
who afterwards forgot his undertaking. Yet his father h^d
a claim, from his sufferings at least, to all that these
patriots could do for him. While engaged in their ser-
vice, he was prosecuted by the crown several times, and
bad been confined several years in the King's-bench prison
for a letter written from the Hague, and printed by him at
their desire. It is true, indeed, that several noblemen
and gentlemen subscribed a sum of 50/. each to Francklin,
as a compensation for his losses, but it is as true that n6
more than three of them paid their money, of whom Mr.
Pulteney was one.
Young Franicklin, however, was educated at Westmin-
ster school, where he was admitted a scholar in 1735, and
whence in 1739 he was elected to Trinity-college, Cam-
bridge, of which he became a fellow. He was afterwards
for sonie time an usher at Westminster-school, aqd first
appeared as an author, in a translation of ** Phalaris's
Epistles," 1749, 8vo, and of " Cicero on the Nature of
the Gods." 'About the same time he is said to have pub-
lished ** An Inquiry into the Astronomy and Anatomy of
the Ancients," which was reprinted in 1775, 8vo. la,
June 1750, he was chosen Greek professor of Cambridge,
in opposition of Mr. Barford, of King's-college, and i^
the same year became involved in a dispute with the
university on the following occasion. On the 17th of No-
vember, he with a niimber of gentlemen educated at
Westminster school, having met at a tavern, according to
custom, to celebrate queen Elizabeth's anniversary, they
* Bibl. Qermanique, rol. XVIII.— Niceron, vol. XIV. •-« Mor«ri.--^etil8
Hallensis.
Q 2
S4 FRANCKLIN.
were Intemipted by the senior proctor, who came into the
company after 1 1 o'clock at night, and ordered them to
depart, it being an irregular hour. For disobeying this
order, some of them were reprimanded by the Tice>chan-
cellor, and others fined. Francklin, who was one of the
party, had his share in the business, and is supposed to
have written a pamphlet entitled ^^ An Authentic Narrativ^e
of the late extraordinary proceedings at Cambridge, against
the Westminster Club,^* Lond. 1751, 8vo, denying the charge
of irregularity, and laying the blame on the proctor.
This dispute engaged the attentioii of the university for
some time^ as those who plead for the relazatiou of dis*
cipline will never be without abettors.
In 1753, he published a poem called ^< Translation,*' in
which be announced his intention of giving a translatiou of
'< Sophocles.'' In January 1757, on the periodical paper
called *^ The World" being 6nished, he engaged to pub«
lish a similar one, under the title of *^ The Centinel,'* but
after extending it to twenty-seven numbers, he was obliged
to drop it for want of encouragement. The next year he
published *^ A Fast Sermon" preached at Queen^street
phapel, of which he was minister, and at St. Paul's Co*
vent-garden, of which he was lecturer ; .and he afterwards
published a few sermons on occasional topics, or for cha-
rities. In 1759 appeared his translation of ** Sophocles,"
2 vols. 4to, which was allowed to be a bold and happy trans*
fusion into the English language of the terrible simplicity
of the Greek tragedian. »This was followed by a " Dis-
sertation on ancient Tragedy," in which he mentioned
Arthur Murphy by name, and in terms not the roost courtly.
Murphy, a man equally, or perhaps more irritable, replied
in a poetical ** Epistle addressed to Dr. Johnson," who
calmly permitted the combatants to settle their disputes in
their own way, which, we are told, amounted to a cessa-
tion of hostilities, if not to an honourable peace. At this
time Francklin is said to have been a writer in the Critical
Keview, which indeed is acknowledged in an article in that
review, and might perhaps be deduced from internal evi-
dence'', as, besides his intimacy with Smollet, his works
are uniformly mentioned with very high praise. In 1757
he had been preferred by Trinity-college to the livings of
Ware and Thuodrich, in Hertfordshire, and although his
mind was more intent on the stage than the pulpit, he
FRANCKLIN. 85
published in 1765 a volume of ** Sermons on the relative
duties/* which was well received by the publick. Next'
year he produced at Drury-iane theatre, the tragedy of
•< The Earl of Warwick," taken, without any acknowledge-
ment, from the French of La Harpe. In Nov! 1767, he
was enrolled in the list of his majesty^s chaplains. In
1768 he published a piece of humour, without his name,
entitled " A Letter to a Bishop concerning Lectureships,'*
exposing the paltry shifts of the candidates for this office,
at their elections ; and next year he wrote " An Ode on
the Institution of the Royal Academy." In March of the
same year, he translated Voltaire's " Orestes" for the
stage. In July 1770 he took the degree of D. D. but still*
debased his character by producing dramatic pieces of no
great fame, and chiefly translations;* ^* Electra," ** Ma-
tilda," and "The Contract,*' a farce. About l776' be
was presented to the living of Brasted, in Surrey, which
he held until his death. He had for some years employed
himself on his excellent translation of the works of ^ " Lu*
cian," which he published in 1780, in 2 vols. 4to. He
was also concerned with Smollet, in a translation of VoU'
taire's works, but, it is said, contributed little more than'
his name to the title-pages. There is a tragedy of his still
in MSi entitled " Mary Queen of Scots." Dr. Francklia
died at his house in Great Queen-street, March 15, 1784.
He was unquestionably a man of learning and abilities,
but from peculiarities of temper, and literary jealousy,
seems not to have been much esteemed by his contempo-
raries. After his death 3 volumes of his " Sermons'* were
published for the benefit of his widow and family. Mrs.
Francklin died in May 1796. She was the daughter of
Mr. Venables, a wine-merchant.*
FRANCO, or FRANCHI (Nicolas), an Italian poet of
the infamous class which disgraced the sixteenth qentury,'
was born at Beneventb, in 1510, and under his father,
who was a schoolmaster, acquired a knowledge of the
learned languages. In his youth he became acquainted
with Peter Aretino, and from being his assistant in his va»
rious works, became his rival, and whilst he at least equalled
him in virulence and licentiousness, greatly surpassed him
m learning and abilities. His first attempt at rivalship
* ' * ' »
1 Biog. Dram, origiaally written by Mr. Isaac Becd^ for the European Ma*
«6 FRANCO.
1
was his << Pistole Vulgari/' in 1539. A fierce war was
commenced between them, and sustained on each side
with the greatest rancour and malignity. Franco left
Venice, and took up his abode at Montserrat, where he
published a dialogue, entitled ^' Delle Belleze ;'^ and a
collection of sonnets against Aretino with a ^^ Priapeia Ita*
liana," which contained the grossest obscenity, the most
unqualified abuse, and the boldest* satire against princes,
popes, the fathers of the council of Trent, and other emi-
nent persons. Yet all this did not injure bis literary repu-
tation ; be was a principal member of the academy of Ar-
gonauti at Montserrat, and in this capacity wrote his
'* Rime Maritime," printed at Mantua in 1549. At Mantua
he followed the profession of a schoolmaster; thence he
removed to Rome, where he published commentaries on
the " Priapeia,'' attributed to Virgil, the copies of which
were suppressed and burned by order of pope Paul IV.
Under Pius IV. he continued to indulge his virulence, and
found a protector in cardinal Morone. ilis imprudence,
however, in writing a Latin epigram against Pius V. with
other defamatory libels, brought upon him the punishment
which he amply deserved. He was taken from his study
in. his furred robe, and hanged on the common gallows*
without trial or ceremony. He was author of several other
works besides those already enumerated, and be left be-
hind him in MS. a translation of Homer's Iliad.^
FRANCOIS (Laurence), a French abbe and very use-
fiil writer, was born at Arinthod, in Francbe-comt^, Nov,
2f 1698, and for some time belonged to the chevaliers of
St. Lazarus, but quitting that society, came to Paris and
engaged in teaching. He afterwards wrote several works,
in a style perhaps not very elegant, but which were ad*
spired either for their intrinsic usefulness, or as antidotes
to the pernicious doctrines of the French philosophers and
deists, who, conscious of his superiority in argument, af«
fected to regard him as a man of weak understanding, and
a bigot ; reproaches that are generally thrown upon the
advocates of revealed religion in other countries as well as
in France. The abb£ Francois, however, appears from his
works to have been a man of learning, and an able dis-
putant. H6 died at Paris, far advanced in years, Feb.
24*1 17S2, escaping the miseries which those against whom
> Tirabotchi.->^Ro800f *» Iieo«-^Hoitvi.
FRANCOIS. n
he wrote, were about to bring on their country. His prin*
cipal works are, I. *^ Geograpbie/' 12mo» an excellent
manual on that subject, often reprinted, and known by
the name of ** Crozat,'' the lady to whom he dedicated it,
and for whose use be first composed it 2. ** Preuves de
la religion de Jesus Christ," 4 vols. 12mo. ^ 3. " Defense
de la Religion," 4 vols. 12mo. 4. ** Examen du Cate-
chisme de I'honn^te homme," 12nio. 5. " £xameu des
faits qui servent de fondement a la religion Chretienne,"
1767, 3 vols. 12mo. 6. "Observation sur la philosophic
de Thistoire," 8vo. He left also some manuscripts, in re-
futation of the " Philosopliical Dictionary," the " System
of Nature," and other works which emanated from the
philosophists of France."
FttANCOWITZ. See ILLYRICUS.
. FRANCUCCI (Innocent), an historical painter, born
at Imola, and known by the name of Innocenzio da Imola,
became a disciple of Francesco Francia, in 1506 ; then
passed some time with Albertinelli at Florence ; and from
the evidence of his works, and the testimony of Vasari,
studied much after Fra. Bartolomeo and Andrea del Sarto :.
for though the main disposition of his a]tar-pieces be still
gothic, he no longer used the.ancient gilding; he placed
the Virgin on high in the centre, and surrounded her with
saints and angels, architecture, and back grounds skilfully
grouped and arranged with novelty and taste. Such is his
style in the surprizing picture of the Duomo at Faqnza,
and in another at P^aro. The aerial perspective and back
ground Remind us of Leonardo da Vijici. He sometimes
placed smaller pictures under his altar-pieces, like that j^t
St. Giacomo of Bologna, which breathes the very spirit pf
Raphael ; that spirit he seems indeed to have aimed at in
the greater part of his works, and to have approached it
nearer than most of Raphael's own scholars. He excelled
Francia and his fellow-scholar Bagnacavallo in erudition,
majesty, and correctness. Subjects of novel coqpibination
and fiery fancy he has not produced ; nor seem they to
have been congenial with that mildness and tranquillity of
character which history ascribes to him. He was fifty-six
years old at the time of his death, but that is not known.*
FRANKLAND (Thomas), an English physician and
historian of singular character, was born in Lancashire ia
1653, and was entered a student in Brasenose-college,
A Diet. HiW. 9 Fuseli, in Pilkington.
88 F R A N K L A N D.
I
Oxford, in 1649. He took a degree in arts, and obtained
a fellowship in 1654. Afterwards studying divinity, he
became a preacher according to the form of ordination
during the usurpation. In 1662 he served the office of
proctor, and the year after, having taken orders regularly,
he was, but with much difficulty, admitted tq the reading
of the sentences. He afterwards studied physic, and settled
in London, where he imposed upon the public for some
time, by pretending to have taken his doctor's degree in
that faculty, and at length offering himself as a candidate
for fellow of the college of physicians, he produced a
forged diploma, was admitted fellow, and afterwards was
censor. His ungracious manners, however, procuring him
enemies, an inquiry was made at Oxford in 1677, which
discovered the fraud, and although by the connivance of
some of the college of physicians, he remained among
them, yet his credit and practice fell off, and being re*
duced in circumstances, he was imprisoned in the Fleet,
where he died in 1690, and was interred in St. Vedast's
churchy Foster-lane. He wrote, " The Annals of King
James and King Charles L containing a faithful history
and impartial account of the great affairs of state, and
transactions of parliament mu England, from the tenth of
king James, 1612, to the eighteenth of king Charles, 1642.
Wherein several passages relating to the late civil wars
(omitted in former histories) are made known,'' Lond.
1681, fol. He was supposed also to be the author of a
folio pamphlet, Lond. 1679, entitled <^ The honours of
th^ Lords Spiritual asserted, and their privileges to vote
in capital cases in parliament maintained by reason ^and
precedents ;'^ but Wood does not give this as ceruin. Dr.
Frankland was esteemed a good scholar while.^ at Oxford,
but in the subsequent part of his character appears de-
serving of little esteem.'
FRANKLIN (Benjamin), the celebrated American
philosopher^ was sprung, as he himself informs us, from a
family settled for a long course of years in the village of
Ecton, in Northamptonshire, where they had augmented
their income, arising from a small patrimony of thirty acres,
by adding to it the profits of a blacksmith's busihess. His
father, Josias, having been converted by some noncon*
formist ministers, left England for Americaj in 1682, m^
> Ath. Ox. ToL IT.
FRANKLIN. 89
settled at Boston,- as a soap-boiler and tallow-chandler.
At this place, in 1706, Benjamin, the youngest of his
sons, was born. It appeared at first to be his destiny to
become a tallow-chandler, like his father ; but, as he ma-
nifested a particular dislike to that occupation, different
plans were thought of, which ended in bis becoming a
printer, in 1718, under one of his brothers, who was settled
at Boston, and in 1721 began to print a newspaper. This
was a business much more to his taste, and he soon shewed
a talent for reading, and occasionally wrote verses which
were printed in his brother* s newspaper, altliough unknown
to the latter. He wrote also in the same some prose es-
says, and had the sagacity to cultivate his style after the
model of the Spectator. With his brother he eontmued
as an apprentice, until their frequent disagreements, and
the harsh treatment he experienced, induced him to leave
Boston privately, and take a conveyance by sea to New
York. This happened in 1723. From New York he im-
mediately proceeded, in quest of employment, to Phila-
delphia, not without some distressing adventures. His
own description ' of his first entrance into that city, where
he was afterwards in so high a situation, is too curious to
be omitted.
" On my arrival at Philadelphia, I was in my working
dress, my best clothes being to come by sea. I was co-
vered with dirt ; my pockets were filled with shirts and
stockings; I wag unacquainted with a single soul in the
place, and knew not where to seek for a lodging. Fa-
tigued i^ith walking, rowihg, and having passed the night
without sleep, I was extremely hungry, and all my money
consisted of a Dutch dollar, and about a shilling^s-worfh
of coppers, which I gave to the boatmen for my passage.
As I had assisted them in rowing, they refused it at first,
but I insisted on their taking it. ' A man is sometimes more
generous when he has little, than when he has much
money ; probably because in the first case he is desirous of
concealing his poverty.
** I walked towards the top of the street, looking eagerly
on both sides, till I came to Market-street, where Imet a
child with a loaf of bread. Often had I made my dinner
on dry bread. I enquired where he bought it, and went
straight to the baker's shop which he pointed out to me. I
asked for some biscuits, expecting to find such as we had
at Boston ; but they made, it seems, none of that sort at
50 FRANKLIN.
Philadelphia. I then asked foe a three-penny loaf. They
made no loaves of that price. Finding myself ignorant of
the prices as well as of the. different kinds of bread, I de-
aired him to let me have three-pennyworth of bread of
some kind or other. He gave me three large rolls. I was
surprised at receiving so much : I took them, however, and
having no room in my pockets, I walked on with a roll
under each arm, eating the third. In this manner I went
through Market-street to Fourth-street, and passed the
bouse of Mr. Read, the father of my future wife. She
was standing at the door, observed me, and thought, with
reason, that I made a very singular and grotesque ap-
pearance.''
Notwithstanding this unpromising commencement^
Franklin soon met with employment in his business,
working under one Keimer, a very indifferent printer,
though at that time almost the only one in Philadelphia.
In 1724, encouraged by the specious promises of sir Wil-
liam Keith, governor of the province, Franklin sailed for
England, with a view of purchasing materials for setting
up a press ; though his father, to whom he bad applied,
prudently declineti encouraging the plan, on account of
his extreme youth, as he was then only eighteen. On his
arrival in England, he had the mortification to find that the
governor, who had pretended to give him letters of re-
Qommendation, and of credit for the sum required for his
purchases, had only deceived him ; and he was obliged to
^ork at his trade in London for a maintenance. The most
exemplary industry, frugalitjiV and temperance, with great
quickness and skill in his business, both as a pressman
and as a compositor, made this rather a lucrative situa-
tion. He reformed the workmen in the Jiouses where he
was employed, which were, first Mr. Palmer's, and after-
wards Mr. Watts's, in Wild-street, Lincoln's-inn-fields,
by whom he was treated with a kindness which he always
remembered. Desirous, however, of returning to Phila-
delphia, he engaged himself as book-keeper to a mer-
chant, at fifty pounds a year ; " which,** says he, " was
less than I earned as a compositor." He left England
July 23, 1726, and reached Philadelphia early in October.
In 1727, Mr. Denbam the merchant died, and Franklin
returned to his occupation as a printer, under Keimer^
bis first master, with a handsome salary. But it was not
long {before he set up for himself in the same business, in
FRANKLIN. 91
concert with one Meredith, a young man who^e father was
opulent, and supplied the money required.
A little before this, be had gradually associated a num-
ber of persons, like himself, of an eager and inquisitive
turn of mind, and formed them into a club, or society, to
bold meetings for their mutual improvement in all kijids
of useful knowledge, which was in high repute for many
years after. Among many other useful regulations, they
agreed to bring such books as they had into one place, to
form a common library ; but this furnishing only a scanty
supply, they resolved to contribute a small sum monthly
towards the purchase of books for their use from London.
In this way their stock began to increase rapidly ; and the
inhabitants of Philadelphia, being desirous of profiting by
their library, proposed that the books should be lent out
on paying a small sum for this indulgence. Thus in a few
years the society became rich, and possessed more books
than were perhaps to be found in all the other colonies ;
and the example began to be followed in other places.
About 1728 or 1729, Franklin set up a newspaper, th^
second in Philadelphia, which proved very profitable, and
afforded him an opportunity of making himself known as a
political writer, by his inserting several attempts of that
kind in it. He also set up a shop for the sale of books and
articles of stationary, and in 1730 he married a lady, now
a widow, whom he had courted before he went to Eng-
land, when she was a virgin. He afterwards began to
have some leisure, both' for reading books, and writing
them, of which he gave iQftny specimens from time to
time. In 1732, he began to publish *^ Poor Richard's Al-
manack,'' which was continued for many years. It was
always remarkable for the numerous and valuable concise
maxims which it contained, for the oeconomy of human
life ; all tending to industry and frugality ; and which were
comprized in a well-known address, entitled ^^ The Way to
Wealth." This has been translated into various languages^
and inserted in almost every magazine and newspaper in
Great Britain or America. It has also been printed on a
large sheet, proper to be framed, and bung up in con-r
spicuous places in all bouses, as it very, well deserves to
be, Mr. Franklin became gradually more known for his
political talents. In 1736, he was appointed clerk ta
the general assembly of Pennsylvania ; and was re-elected
hy succeeding assemblies for several years, till he was
92 FRANKLIN.
chosen a representative for the city of Philadelphia ; and
in 1737 he was appointed post-master of that city. In
1738, he formed the first fire-company there, to extin-
guish and prevent fires and the burning of houses ; an ex-
ample which was soon followed by other persons, and other
places. And soon after, he suggested the plan of an asso-
ciation for insuring houses <and ships from losses by fire,
which was adopted ; and the association continues to this
day. In 1744, during a, war between France and Great
Britain, some French and Indians made inroads upon the
frontier inhabitants of the province, who were unprovided
for such an. attack; the situation of the province was at
this time truly alarming, bein^ destitute of every means
of defence. At this crisis Franklin stepped forth, and pro-
posed to a meeting of the citizens of Philadelphia, a plan
of a voluntary association for the defence of the province.
This was approved of, and signed by 1200 persons imrae-.
diately. Copies of it were circulated through the province;
and in a short time the number of signatures amounted to
10,000. Franklin was chosen colonel of the Philadelphia
regiment ; but he did not think proper, to accept of the
hq^iour.
Pursuits of a different nature now occupied the greatest
part of his attention for some years. Being always much
addicted to the study of natural philosophy, and the dis«
covery of the Leyden experiment in electricity having
rendered that science an objecit of general curiosity, Mr.
Franklin applied himself to it, and soon began to distin-
guish himself eminently in tltat way. He engaged in a
course of electrical experiments with all the ardour and
thirst for discovery which characterized the philosophers '
of that day. By these he was enabled to make a number
of important discoveries, and to propose theories to ac-
count for various phenomena ; which have been generally
adopted, and which will probably endure for ages» His
observations he communicated in a series of letters to his
friend Mr. Peter Collinson ; the first of which is dated
March 28, 1747. In these he makes known the power of
points in drawing and throwing off the electric matter,
which had hitherto escaped the notice of electricians. He
also made the discovery of a plus and minus, or of a po-
sitive and negative state of electricity ; from whence, in a
satisfactory manner he explained the phenomena of the
Leyden phial, first observed by Cuneus or Musohen-
FRANKLIN. 93
brdieck, which had much perplexed philosophers. He
shewed that the bottle, when charged, contained no more
electricity than before, but that as much was taken from
one side as was thrown on the other ; and that, to discharge
it, it was only necessary to make a communication between
the two sides, by which the equilibriam might he restored,
and that then no signs of electricity would remain. He
afterwards demonstrated by experiments, that the elec«
tricity did not reside in thie coating, as had been sup[>osed,
btit in the pores of the glass itself. After a phial Was
charged, he removed the coating, and found that upon
applying a new coating the shock might still be received.
In 1749, be first suggested his idea of explaining the phe-
nomena of thunder-gusts, and of the aurora borealis, upon
electrical principles. He points out many particulars in
which lightning and electricity agree ; and he adduces
many facts, and reasoning from facts, in support of his
positions. In the same year he conceived the bold and
grand id^a of ascertaining the truth of his doctrine, by
actually drawing down the forked lightning, by means of
sharp -pointed iron rods raised into the region of the clouds ;
from whence he derived his method of securing buildings
and ships from being damaged by lightning. It was not
Until the summer of 1752 that he was enabled to complete
bis grand discovery, the experiment of the electrical kite,
which b^ing raised up into the clouds, brought thence the
electricity or lightning down to the earth ; and M. D'Ali-
bard.made the experiment about the same time in France,
by following the track which Franklin had before pointed
out. The letters which he sent to Mr. Collinson, it is
said, were refused a place among the papers of the royal
Bociety of London ; and Mr. Collinson published them in
a separate volume, under the title of ^^ New Experiments
and Observations on Electricity, made at Philadelphia, in
America,'* which were read with avidity, and soon trans-
)ated into different languages. His theories were at first
opposed by several philosophers, and by the members of
the royal society of London; but in 1755, when he re-
turned* to that city, they voted him the gold medal which,
is annually given to the person who presents the best paper
on some interesting subject. He was also admitted a
member of the society, and had the degree of LL. D. con-
ferred upon him by different universities ; but at tins time,
by reason of the vyar which broke out between Britain and
9* F E A N K L I N.
France, he returned to America, and interested himself in
the public affairs of that country. Indeed, he \kSLd done
this long before ; for although philosophy was a principal
object of Franklin's pursuit for several years, he did not
confine himself to it alone. In 1747 he became a member
of the general assembly of Pennsylvania, as a burgess fof
the city of Philadelphia. Being a friend to the rights of
man from his infancy, he soon distinguished himself as
a steady opponent of the unjust schemes of the pro^
prietaries. He was soon looked up to as the head of the
opposition ; and to him have been attributed many of
the spirited replies of the assembly to the messages of
the governors. • His influence in the body was very great,
not from any superior powers of eloquence; he spoke
but seldoQ), and he never was known to make any
thing like an elaborate harangue; but his speeches gene-
rally consisting of a dngle sentence, or of a well-told
story, the moral was always obviously to the point. He
never attempted the flowery fields of oratory. His manner
was plain and mild. His style in speaking was, like that
of his writings, simple, unadorned, and remarkably con-
cise. With this plain manner, and his penetrating 'and
solid judgment, he was able to confound the most eloquent
and subtle of his adversaries, to confirm the opinions of
his friends, and to make converts of the unprejudiced who
had opposed him. With a single observation he has ren-
dered of no avail a long and elegant discourse, and deter-
ipined the fate of a question of importance.
In 1749 he proposed a plan of an academy to be erected
in the city of Philadelphia, as a foundation for posterity
to erect a seminary of learning, more extensive and suit-
able to future circumstances; and in the beginning of
1750, three of the schools were opened, nailiely, the
Latin and Greek school, the mathematical, and the Eng*^
lish schools. This foundation soon after gave rise to ano-
ther more extensive college, incorporated by charter May
27, 1755, which still subsists, and in a very flourishing
condition. In 1752 he was instrumental in the establish-
ment of the Pennsylvania hospital, for the cure and relief
of indigent invalids, which has proved of the greatest use
to that class of persons. Having conducted himself so well
as post-master of Philadelphia, he was in 1753 appointed
deputy post-master general for the whole British colonies.
The colonies being much exposed to depredations in
FRANKLIN. S5
their frcAtier by the Indians and the French ; at a meeting
of commissionerB frooi several of the provincefly Mr. Frank-
lin proposed a plan for the general defence^ to establish in
the col^Hfiies a general governmeiily to be administered by
a president-general, appointed by the crown, and by a
grand council, consisting of members chosen by the re-
presentatives of the different colonies ; a plan which was
unanimously agreed to by tbe commissioners present. The
plan, however, bad a singular fate : it was disapproved of
by the ministry of Great Britain, because it gave too much
power to the representatives of the people ; and it was
rejected by every assembly, as giving to the president
general, who was to be the representative of the crown,
an influence greater than appeared to them proper, in a
plan of government intended for freemen. Perhaps this
rejection on both sides is the strongest proof that could
be adduced of the excellence of it, as suited to the situa-
tion of Great Britain and America at that time. It appears
to have steered exactly in the i^iddle, between tbe oppo-
site interests of both. Whether the adoption of this plan
would have prevented the separation of America from
Great Britain, is a question which might afford much room
for speculation.
In 1755, general Braddock, with some regiments of
regular troops and provincial levies, was sent to dispossess
the French of the posts upon which they had seized in the
back settlements. After the men were all ready, a diffi-
culty occurred, which had nearly prevented the expedi-
tion : this was the want of waggons. Franklin now step-
ped forward, and, with the assistance of his son, in a little
time procured 150. After the defeat of Braddock, Frank-
lin introduced into the assembly a bill for organizing a
militia, and had the dexterity to get it passed. In conse-
quence of this act, a very respectable militia was formed ;
and Franklin was appointed colonel of a regiment in Phi-
ladelphia, which consisted of 1200 men; in which capa«
city he acquitted himself with much propriety, and was of
singular service, though this militia was soon after dis-
banded by order of tbe English ministry.
In 1757 he was sent to England, with a petition to the
king and council, against the proprietaries, who refused
to bear any share in the public expences and assessments^;
which he got settled to the satisfaction of the state. After
the completion of this business, Franklin remained at the
96 FRANKLIN.
^ court of ^Oreat Britain for some time, as agent for the pn>^
vince of Pennsylvania; and also for those of Massachusetts,
Maryland^ and Georgia. Soon after this, he published
his Canada pamphlet, in which he pointed out,> in a very
forcible manner, the advantages that would result froih
the conquest of this province from the French. An e^pe*^
dition was. acoordifigly planned, and the command given
to general Wojfe ; the success of which is well known.
He now divided his time indeed between philosophy and *
politics, rendering* many services to both. Whilst here,
he invented the elegant musical instrametit called the Ar*>
monica, formed of glasses played on by the-6ngei^. In
the summei; of 1762 lie returned to America ; on the pas-
sage to which he observed the singular effect produced hf '
the agitation of a vessel containing oil, floating on'watet^;
the upper surfEice of the oil remained smooth and Undi^^
turbed, whilst the water was agitated > with the utmoist
commotion « On his return he received the thanks of ^;he
assembly^ c^ Pennsylvania; which having annually elected
him a member in bis absence, be again took his leat in
this body, and continued a steady defender of the liberties
of the people. ■ *
In 1764, by the intrigues of the proprietaries, Franklin
lost 'bis seat' in the assembly, which he had possessed for-
fourteen years ; but was immediately appointed provincial
agent to England, for whioh> country he presently set out.
In 1766 he was examined before the parliament, relative to
the stainp-aot ; which was soon after repealed. The samd
year he made a journey into Holland and Germany; and .
another. into France ; being everywhere received with thifil *"
greatest respect by the literati of all nations. In 1773 he
attracted the public attention by a letter on the duel he**
tween Mn Whateley and Mr. Temple, concerning the'
publication of governor Hutchinson's letters, declaring
that te was the person who had discovered those letters. On ^
the 29th of January next year, he was examined before
the privy* council, on apetition he had presented long be-
fore as agent for Massachusetts Bay* against Mr. Hut^
chinson: but this petition being disagreeable to ministry^
it was ^precipitately reje<!^ted, and Dr. Franklin was soon
after. removed from his office of postmaster^general fot
America. .Finding now all efforts to restore harmony :be«
tween Gr^t Britain and her Colonies useless, he returned
to America in 177^^ just after the commencement of hos«
FRANKLIN. 97
tilities. Beii^ named one of die dMegates to the Coiui-
nentai congress, be bad a principal sbare in bringing abotti
the revolution and deckration of independency on the pav(
of the Coboies. In 1776 be was deputed by congress to
Canada, t^ negociate with the people of that country, and
to persuade them to throw off the Btitisb yoke -, but the
Canadians bad been lk> much disgusted with the hot- beaded
seal of the New Englandersj who had burnt some of their
cbapeis, that ibey refused to listen to the proposals, though
enforc^ by all the arguments Dr, Franklin could male
use of. On the arrival of lord Howe in America^ in 1776,
lie entered upon a correspondence with him on the subject
of reconciliation. He wfts afterwards appointed^ with
two others^ to wait upon the English commissionelrsj and
learn the extent of tb^iv powers ; but as these only went to
the granting pardon upon submission, he joined hb coU
leagues in couiadering them aa insufficient. Dr. Franklin
was decidedly in favour <^ a declaration of independence,
and waa appointed president of the convention assembled
for the purpose of establishing a new goyernmeiit for the
fttate of Pennsylvania; When it was ^termined by con*
gress to open a public negdciation with France^' Dr. Firaiik-
lin was ftxed upon to go to that country ; and he brought
about the treaty of alliance offemive and defensive^ virhich
produced an immediate war between England and France.
Dr. Franklin was one of the commtssioo^rs^ whd, on the
part of the United States, signed the provisional articles of
peace in 1782^ and the definitive treaty in the foUciwing
year. Before he left £U«rope, he concluded a treaty with
Sweden and Prussia. Having seen the aocompltshment.of
bis wishes in the independence Of his country^ he re*
quested to be recalled, and after repeated solicitations
Mr. Jefferson was appointeld in bis stead.. Oti the arrival
of his sudcessori he repaired to Havre de Grace, and
crossing the English cliannel, landed at Newport, in the
Isle of Wigbtj from wbeece^ after a Cavourable passage*
he arrived safe at Philadelphia in S^pt. 1785. Here he
was received amidst the accUmatioos of a vast and almost
innumerable, nniltkude^ who bad fioeked from all parts to see
bim^ and who conducted him in triumph to his dwn house,
where in a few days be was visited by the members of con-
.gress^ and the principal inhabitantSvof Philadelphia. He
was afterwirds twice chosen president of the assembly of
.Philadelphia; but in i7S3 the increasing infirmiues of bis
Vol. XV. H
.#6 FRANKLIN.
^ge obliged faitn to ask tnd bbtniti permi«9ion to retire atid
«pend the remainder of his life in tranqoiUity; and on the
Iftli of April, 1790, h6> died at the great age of eighty*-
f)bur years and three months* He left behind him one sonv
« zealotrs loyalist^ and a danghter married to a iperehant
in Bhiladelphia. Dr< Franklin wms author of many tratta
on electricity, and other bmnchea of natural philosophy^
as well as on political and isiscellaneous sabjiacts. Many.
of bis papers i^re inserted in the Philosophical Transaetions
of Loiidon ; and bi^ essays have been freqnmitly reprmied
in tbi» country as weHasin America^ and bai^e, in coai«^
men with his other works, been translated into aevevd
modern languages. A. complete edition of all these vm^
{printed in London in lb06, in 3 rols. Svo^ with <^ Me*-
moirs of his early life, written by^iknseif," to wbicb the
preceding article is in a considerable degree inddotad;
Some of his political writings arO' said to be still withheld
on political grounds, but it is difficult to suppose that they
c9Ln now he- of much importance, as they relate to a. con-
test which no longer agitates the minds e^tbe public* :
' As a philoiiopher the distingoisbing cbaracteriscics. of
Frankliu^s mind, as* they have been appreciated by a veey
judicious writer, seem to hare been a oleamess ofappre**
hension, and a steady undeviating common sense. We <do
not find him taking unrei^trained excursiosis into the more
difficult labyrinifas of philosophical inquiry^ or indulging
in conjecture and hypothesis. He i« in the consfcatit habit
ipf referring to acknowledged facts and observations^ aiifid
suggests the trials by wh^di his speculatii^ opinions jouiy
be put to the test^ He does not seek for extiaordinary
occasions of trying bis philosophical acumen, nor aite
down with the precohceived intention of constructing
a philosophical system. It is in the course of bis iamiiiar
correspondence that he proposes his* new explanations lof
phenomena, and brings into notice \m new discoveriies/' A
4juestion put by a friend, or an accidenta] occurrence of
the day, genenaily form the ground-work of these sped»-
lationsr They afro^ak«ii up by the author as the ordiaai^
topics of friendly intercourse ; they appear to cost- him no
Jabour ; and are discussed without any parade^ it' an; iii>>
get^ious solution of a phenomenon is siiggested, it ta iir-
'troduced with as much aimplicityas if it were the teat
natural and obvious explanation that oould be /offered ;
and the author feems to value himself .so little upon it,
that the reader is in danger of estimating it below its teal
]? R A N IC t I N* <'99
h^p&cUOite. If a inert bypodiesis be pibpbsed^ tbe aci«
tbor himself is the first to point out its insnAciencj, and
abandons k witb more facility tban be had constructed it.
Even tbe letters on electricity, which are by ftr the most
•finished of FnanlcUn^s performancesy are distinctly charac-
terized by ail these peculiarttiia. They are at first sug-
-geated by the acoidenul present of an eleetric^al tube lh)tn
a correspondent in London ; Franklin and his friends are
ihsensibly engaged in a course of electrical experiments ;
the results are from time to time comlnunicated to the
London correspondent ; several important discoveries are
AuMie ; ' and at length there arises a finished and ingenious
theory of electricity. On this account the writings of
-franklin possess a peculiar charm. Hiey excite a fa«
irourable disposition and a friendly interest in tbe reader.
The author never betrays any exertion, nor displays an'
unwarrantable partiality for bis own speculations; be as-
sumes no^superiority over his readers, nor seeks to ele*
vate tbe importance of his conceptions, by tbe adventitious
aid of declamation, or rhetorical flourishes. He exhibits
no false zeal, no enthusiasm, but calmly and modestly
eeeks after truth ; and if he fails to find it, has no desire
to impose a counterfeit in its stead. He makes a fitmtliar
Amusement of philosophical speculation ; and wbile the
reader thinks he has before him an ordinary and unstudied
letter to a friend, he is insensibly. engaged in -deep disqqi-^
altions of science, and made acquainted with the ingenious
aoluttons of difficult phenomena. Of Franktitt's more pri-^
.vate and personal character, we have few particulars ; but
it is to be regretted that in his religious principles be was
nearly, and all his life, one of the class of free^-thinkers.^
. FKANK8. SeeFRANCK.
• FRANTZIUS (WoLFOANe), a Lutberan divine, was
bom in 1 $€4 at Plawee, in the eircle of- Voigbtland, anii
was educated at Francfort on the Oder. He then removed
to Wittember^, where in 1596, he was appointed professor
«f bfetory, md took bis doctor^s degree indivinrty. Three
yeers after^ he was invited to be seperititendant at Kenra-
perg, atid i^emained there until 1605, when be was chosen
divinity professor at Wittembei^« He died suddenly in
I62S, of a second^ attack of apoplexy. Among his nu-r
mevoos works are, 1. <' Syntagma controversiarum theolo-
1 Life prefixed to iiis Works.— HattOD*sDictMnary, S(c,
H 2
lOS F R ]0 D £ G A R ; U S.
FREDEGARIUS, called the scholastic, the earliest
French bistoriap except Gregory. of Tours, flourished in
the seventh pentury, and was living in 658. By ord^r of
.Childebrand, brother of Charles Mattel, he wrote a chror
nicle, which extends as far jls the yeiir 6^1, His style is
barbarous, his arrangement defective, iind his whole nar^
rative too concise and rapid, but be is the only original
historian pf a part of that period. His cbroniQle is to. bj6
found in the collection of French historians, published by
Duchesne and Bouquet. * i • j;
FREDERIC II. sUrnamed the Great, the third king of
Prussia^ son of Frederic William I. was horn Jan. 24, 1712,
and educated iii sQO^e measure in adversity; for. when he
began to grow up, and discovered talents for poetry^
piusic, and the fine arts in general, his father, .fearing lest
this taste should seduce him from studies more necessary
to him a^ ^ l^ing, opposed bis inclinations, and treated
him with considerable harshness. In 1730, when the
prince was eighteen, this disagreement broke out; he
endeavoured tp escape, was dis^^overed, i^nd thrown into
prison^ and Kat, a young officer who was to have attended
his flight, was e:)^eci| ted before his eyes. His marriage in
1733^ with the princess of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, re-?
iftoried at Jje^t apparent harmony in the family. But in
\k\s forced retirement, ypung Frederic had .eagerly culti-
vated hi$ favQurife sciences, which continued to divert hit
cares iu the. most; stormy and ^xious periods of his life.
|le ascended the throne in M|iy 1740, and almost imme*,
diately flisplayed his ambitious and military dispositions,
by demanding Sile$ia from Maria Theresa, heiress of the
^mp^ror Charles VI. in his Austrian and Hungarian do*-
minions,. and pursuing his claim by force of arms. The
eaipeKor died October 20, 1740, apd Lower Silesia hard
submitted te Frederic in November 1741. Ffaneestepr
ped fprward to support his pretensions ; but in June 1742,
$e ha^ signed a treaty at Breslaw, with the queen of Hun-r
gary, which left him in possession of Silesia and the counter
Qf Qlata. In .the ^ring of 1 744, either suspecting thait
the treaty of BresW would be broken, or moved Egaiil
by i^|;)(ition, he took liirimi iinder pretence of supporting
the Section of th^^^n^jp^i^t Oharles VII; and declared war
against Maria 1^ beresa, who refused to acknowl€|dge that
OnMBSfticoa. '
F RE D E R I CXi IW:
priAcQ. The war. was cofitinued with tariouf ftaeces6» but >
on the whole very gloriously for Frederic, till the Ijjtttejr »
end of 174d. It was concluded by a treaty signed at
Dresden on Christmas day, by which the court of Vienna i
left hioi. in possession of Upper and Lower Silesia (except-
ing iiome districts, and the whole county of Glatz) on coa-<.
dition that he should acknowledge Francis I. of Lorraine,
as emperor.
In L755, the contest between England and France, con-
cerning their American possessions, led those powers to>
sQCtk allies. England made, alliance with Prussia, an4
France with Austria. The boldness and decision of Fre-»
clerick's character were now remarkably displayed. Sus-
pecting a design against him among the continental pow«
ers^ and having eVen gained intelligence of a secret treaty^,
in which the kln^ of Poland, elector of Saxony, was con^*.
cexned, he pubbshed a strong manifesto, and marched at
once with a powerful army into Saxony. But the stated
of the empire, not satisfied with the reasons be alleged,
declaired war against him, as a distui*ber of the publid
peme^ In 1757, he found himself obliged to contend a|:
ouce with Russia, tiie German empire, the house of
Austria, Saxony, Sweden, and France. The numerous
arosies of his enemies overran his whole dominions ; yet loM,
lactivity aad courage were ready in every quarter to give ,
them . battle. He . was defeated by the Russians, had
gained a battle against the Austrians, and had lost another
in Bohemia, by the Idth of June, 17.57« But on the 5th
of November the same year, he met the Austrians and the
French at Rosbach, on the frontiers of Saxony, and re-
paired his former losses by a signal victory. His geniui
had invented a new species of military exercise^ and his
enemies probably owed theii: defeat to tbeir imperfect at-^
tempts to imitate what his soldiers bad completely learned.
Within a month he bad gained another victory over tha
Austfians near Breslaw^ in consequence of which he. took
tbat city, with 1 5,000 prisoners, and recorered all Silesia.
Throughout the war, with an ability almost incredible, he
gained so many adviantages, and recovered with such
promptitude the losses be sustained^ that the prodigious
force combined against him was rendered ineffectiial. Peace
WAS at length concluded, Feb. 15, 1763, when the pos^
^esaoci of Silesia was confirmed to him, and he, bd his
part^ promisedbis suflfage^. tb^^lectim of Joseph, son
104 F R E D E B I C.
of the emperor, as king of the Romans* This^ was (be
nk)st splendid military period of his life.
The year 1772 was remarkable for giving a proof of the
insecurity of a small country situated between powerful
neighbours, in the seizure of considerable territories be-
longing to Poland, pf which the king of Prussia had his
share with Austria and Russia. The remainder of bis
reign, with very little exception, was devoted to the arts of
peace ; and bis attention was diligently employed to give
his subjects V every advantage, consistent with a despotio
government, of just laws, improving commerce, and tbe ,
cultivation of the arts. Whatever were his errors in opinion
or practice, which were both of the worst kind, or liis
offences against other powers, he sought and obtained tlie
attachment of his subjects, by exemplary beneficence, and
many truly royal virtues, mixed, however, with acts qf
extraordinary caprice and cruelty. He died August 17j
1786, in the seventy-fifth year of his age.
Frederic, like Csesar, united tbe talents of a writer wi(h
those of a warrior. He wrote in French, and was a. to-*
lerable poet; but his abilities are more displayed in hi^tory^.
His poem on the art of war is, however, valuable, both
from bis deep knowledge of the subject, and tbe traits of
genius it displays. His works compose altogether nine-
«teen volumes, 8vo. His poetical compositions, which, ex*
cepting his poem on the Art of War, consist chiefly of
odes and epistles, passed through many editions under the
title, of *^ Oeuvres melees du Philosophe de Sans Souci.'*.
But all the works published in his life, both in prose and
verse, w€;re collected in four vols. 8vo, in 1790, under tW
title of " Oeuvres primitives de Frederic IL Roi de Prusse,
ou collection desoui^ragesqu'il publia pendant son regne.^'
Of this publication, the first volume contains his *^ Anti/r
Machiavel; military instructions for tbe general of hia
army; and his correspondence with M. delaJVIotte Fpu-.
quel." The second, his *f Memoirs of the Houseof Bran^
denburgh.'^ In the third volume are his poems;. and iu
the, fourth, a va;riety of pieces in prose, philosophicat,:
inora], historical, critical, and (iterary ;. particularly /< Rer
flections on tbe. military talents apd character of Charley
XII. king of Sweden ; a discourse on waf ; letters on edu^
nation, and on the love of our country;, and -a di6Coaxae.oo
German literature." His posthumous works had b#eii pub-*^
Usbed still earlier^ They appeared at: Berlin- .in 1734, iff
FREDERIC.
TS vols. 8iro. The two first of these contain the ** tfistory
of bis own Time, to the year 1745." The third and foartb»
his « History of the Seven Years* War.'* The fifth con-
tains ** Memoirs from the Peace of Hubertsbourg in 1769,
to tbe Partition of Poland in 1775." The sixth ts filled
with miscellaneous matter, particularly ^< Considerations
on the present state of the political powers of Europe/*
and '< an Essay on Forms of Government, and on the
duties of Sovereigns.** The seventh and eighth volumes
contain poetical pieces, and some letters to Jordan and
Voltaire. The remaining seven volumes continae his cor*
respondenoe, including letters to and from FontenellCy
Rollin,' Voltaire, D*Argens, D*Alembert, Cohdorcet, and
others. Of these productions many are valuable, m(^e
e!$peciaily his •* History of his own Times,** wliere, how-
ever, he is more impartial in his accounts of his campaigns,
than in assigning the motives for his wars, or estimating
the merits of his antagonists*
His ** Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg** are dis-
tinguished by his correctness in facts, the liveliness of hid
portraits, the justness of bis reflections^ and the vigour of
his style. The ** Frederician Code*' displays him in the
light of an able legislator, copying the Roman law, but
adapting it with skill to the nature and circumstances of
his t)wn dominions. In his lighter productions he was an
imitator of Voltaire, whose friendship he long cultivated^
and whose irreiigibus opinions unhappily he too completely
imbibed. The activity of his mind was easily discerned in
the vivacity of his eyes and countenance : and he was one
of those extraordinary men who by an adroit and regular
piertition of their time, accompanied with strong spirits and
perseverance, can pursue a variety of occupations Which
doifnmon mortals must contemplate with astonishment^i
H'ad be not been a king, he would in any situation have,
been a very distinguished man: being a king, he dis-^
played those talents which usually require the retirenstent
of private life for their cultivation, in a degree of excel-
tence which his situation and mode of life rendered not
less extraordinary tlian those qualities which he possebs^d
in the highest perfection.
As all particalars respe<^ting a mah so eminent are ob-
jects of attention, we shall subjoin the account of his ha-^
fcjitual mode of life, as it is given by the best aiithoriti^.
His dress was plain in the extreine, and always miUtarjr >
»«• F R: 15 D: K R: i Ci .
a fewmtinites eftrlyitiitbemornm^ serfed blm ^t« arfang^
it^ «ck1 it was never s^ltet^d in tbe day ; boots always madoi
a i^rt of it. Every moment^ from 6ve o'clock in the morti-*
1]^ to ten at nighty bad it« regular allotment. His first:
employniectt when be arofe, .waa to peruse all tbe papers,
that were addressed to lum from all parts of his domipions^.'
tfa^ lowest of hta subjects being allowed to write to biia^.
and c«eftatn of an answer. Every proposal was to be made»;
and every favour to.be asked in writing ; and a single wocd»
written with a. pencil, in tbe margin^ informed bis,secte*-
taries vvbat answer to return. This expeditioAis method^
excluding all verbal discussion, saved abundance of tiniev:
and enabled the king so well to weigh his favours, that be
waa seldom deceived by his naioiaters, and seldom assented
pr denied improperly, . About, eleven o^clock tbe king ap-»<
penred in bis garden, and reviewed his regiment of guarda^^
which was done at the san^. hour by all the colonels in bia*
provinces. At twelve precisely, be dined ; and usual^
invited eight or nine officers. At table he discarded all
etiquette, in hopes of making eonversatinn free and equal ;\
bui» though bis own bons-mois and liveliness offered ^1 ther
encouragement in his powei*, this is an advantage that an
absolute monarch cannot easily obtain. Two hours aftec
dinner Frederic retired to his study, where be amused him^^t
sdf in composing verse or prose, or in the cultivation o€
some branch of literature. At seven commenced a privatt^
concert, in which he played upon tbe flute with the skill
of a professor; and frequently had pieces rehearsed which
bebad composed himself, Tbe.concert was followed by a
supper^ to which few were admitted eiccept literary meih
and .philosophers} and the topics, of conversation weie
auited to such a party. As he sacrificed, many of his owa
gvatificatioB& to tbe duties of royalty, be exacted a severoi
aecojunt from officers, and all who held any places under
him. But in many things he was indulgent^ and particui^
]arly held all caluopy in so much contempt, that he suf-t
fered «ome of tbe «io^. scurrilous writers to vent Jtb^
viaJice with impunity. ^^ It. is my business^'' said be,/^ to
do tbe duties of my stakioqr^ .and to lert malevolenm say
what it will." *
FREGOSO, or FULGOSO (Baptist), of tbe andent
Isimily of Fregoao> was the son; of Peter Fregoso, who waf,
m
1 Towvrs'g USi 9f Frc4«ri<<»T:1'l^i«l^vl^-' Antedate;! of Fr«ikric the Grest."»>
t)ict. Hist.
F R I G O 8 O. lOT
rieeted ^Dge 6f Genoa in 1450, aiid ariived faiiptelf d
t^at honour in JNov. 1479* His arbitravy conduct, hoiv^
eyeff assisted the ambitioiit deiigoa of his uncle Paul^
archbishop of Genoa, Who proouted him to be deposed in
1483, atid himself to be elected in bia stead. Baptist was
tium banished to Treg^ui. When he died is not known*
He amused himself in his exile by writing rarions works,
limong which was a aollection of ^Meoiorable Actions
add. Ss^yings,'^ addressed to his son Peter, and contain*
ing soflfie particulars of bis own life» Vosaius has']ni«>>
properly classed him among Latin historians, on aeconnt
of. this work, which was written iii Itslian, but lie had pro^
bably eeen only Ghiiini's translation, published under the
title '^^ Batistas Fu^osi* de dietia factisque memorabiltbuili
coHectanea a Camillo Ghilino Lattna facta, Hbri norem,**
JMUUn^ 1508, fol. and often reprinted at Paris, Basil, Ant«<
iiperp, &c» in Bvo. The best editions are those of Paris^
14^19,: and .li;85, 8ve^. which haiv^ additions by Gaillard,
Ffegoso 0lso wrote <' La vita dt Martino V." pope, bot it
doe.^' nbt appear whether it was published ; and ** Oe Fce^-
ininis ^o«e dootriha excelloeront,^^ which appeal^ to hai^
beea taken from bis ** Diota,". and inserted in a coUeccioii
respecting learned kdiea by Raviskis Textor,* Piris, 1531^
foi^ 'The- only remaining publication of his was a treatise
against ^ove,- entitled ^^Adteim." * This is one of th^
earliest printed books, bearing date Milan, 1496, accord^
ing to Clemeht, b«t Niceron says i4Mi ^
fREHER (MARauAap), a GeroMm, was descended fwm
a learned family, and born- at Augsinirg, July 06, 1565:
He went into France Very young, to study the civil lair
under Cnjactus ; yet paid so much atlentiea to history ^nd
criticism, that he became eminent in both. When he wai
sctMTceiy thre^aiid twenty, he was chosen among the coun-
sellors of Casimir, prince of. Palatine^ aod^the ydar aftdt
made professor of law at Heidelberg, where be lived la
friendship with Letnudavins, SyHmrgios, Opsopesus, th^
younger Doubs, and other learned men of his time. Some
little time aft^, be resigned his professor's chairs and was
takea itito ibe most Important cnaploymeiits'by the eteeiot
Frederic IV. This prince made him Tice-president of his
GOttrtyjand. sent him in quality of ambassaddr to aevertl
places. In the midst of these occupations he n«ver inter*
1 NiceroD, tsI. IX sad Xt^-CtemeBl BibL Ottrteiist.
lOS F R E H E R.
nitted bis usual method of ^todyttng ; and \^ot^ a p^Hkt
many works upon critictsm, law, and history, ttm bisioTy
of tm own country in paiticukr. When we view the cmii-
logue.of them given by Malchior Adam, we are reiidy to
iaiagine that he must have Hve^ a ve^y long Kfe,- liii^^
hardly have done any thing but write bodks ; yet he ^ikkl
hi. bis' forty-ninth year, May 13, 1614. Douza says* tb^
he seems to have be^n bom for the advaneemefit of f)otil^
iiterature : and Thuaous acknowledges that it wonid be
difficuit to find bis equal in a)i Germany. Casattbon c^s
iiim a man of prirfound and universal knowledge i ajMi
JScioppius say^i tliat be joined great actitenes^t to an iiii5r^-
4ible depth of learning. Add to this, that bewasp^i^-*
lectly skilled in coins, medals, statues^ antiques of^atl
ffortS)' and could paint very well. His moral qnalities'are
described as not inferior to his intellectual ; so that MeK
phior Adam seems justly to have lamented^ that a man #bo
deserved so much to be immortal, should have died so
soon. His principal works are, '1; '^Origtnes Palatihae>^
fol. 2. ^^ De Inquisitionis {Mocessu,-* 16>9^, 4to. 8.^ f^e
«e monetaria veteriim Ilomanor^m9 &e.** Leydeii, iWB^
.4to, inserted by Grscrvhis in \0\. PL of his Retonan'Anti-
qqities. 4. ^f Kemm Bohemiearum scriptores," Hiana^,
1602, fol. 5. << Reram Germanicarum scriptores," fol.
3 vols. 1600 — 1611, reprint^ in 1717. 6; ** Corpus hts-
xorisB ErancisB," f<J. &c. S
Paul Feeher, author of the very ttsefal ^Tbeatmto
yiroriifh erudi'tione singulari clarorum,^^ Nbrib< l^BB{ ^
vols, fol^' was of. this family* ^ Of him we have no aocouiht,
ei^cept that he was a physician of Noriberg, where he was
born in 16 11, and died in 161^2, The work was prepared
for the press by a nephew.^ » -
. FBEIGIUS, OF FEEY <Joiin Tsomas^, a German, ^ho
acquired great reputation by his learned labours, was h^ftn
at Friburg in the 16th ccfUury ; his father being a'hoi-
bandman, who lived near Basil. He studied - the iaw^'iu
; bis .native country under Zaaius,'. and bad likewise^ H^en¥y
Glareen and Peter Ramus for his masters^) He wasstrohgly
attached to the principlea and* method of Ramms. Befifst
. ttftugbt at Friburg, and afterwards at Basil ; but, fitting
!himself not. favoured by fortune, he was going to disen^sjge
.•■■-.-.• V ...
1 Moreri in Marquard. — Melchior Adam.— Freheri 'fhieatrttiD,r'Nic«ron«
vol. XXi,— Bailleti Jt^semeos dei ^rtiju, - ^ ^ < ,.
FEEIGIUS. IQ9
J^itaself iioia the r«puUic of letUrs^ and to turn peasant.
While be V9^$ medua^ag upon this plan, ib^ senate of Ntt-
recubergy u the desire of Jerom Woifius^ offered him die
fiectqrabip of tbe uew cpUege at Ailorf ; of which place lie
.took po6ses^qn ia November 157#. He discharged the
duties of it with great aeal, explaining tbe historians, poets,
Jastiuian's insritutea, &c. He returned to Basil, and died
4here of tbe plague in 1583, which disorder had a little
before deprived him of a very promising sou and two
danghtecs. One of tbe latter was, it seems, a very ex-
traordiaary young lady ; for, as he tells us in the dedica>-
tion to his elegies, or ^^ Liber Tristiuro,*' though scarce
.twelve years old, she had yet made' such a progress to tbe
Latin and Greek grammars, and tbe rudimeots of other
.aeiences, that she could translate out of her mother tongue
into LatiAi decline and conjugate Greek, repeat tbe Lord's
Pcayw in Hebrew, ^d soao verses : she understood addi-
'ttioi} and subtraction io arithmetic, could sing by note,
sod play. 09 the lute. And. lest bis reader should conclude
Ivom benof, that, she had none of those qualities which
moke her sex. useful as well as accomplished, be calls her
in the aame place, ^* Oeeonomi^ me» fidelem adminifitram
tet dispensairioem,** that is, a very mtable housewife.
, Freigiua pobUsbed a. great number of books ; among the
ve$t, *\ Qu»stioiies Geometric^ et StereometricsB ;*' a sup-
plement to the history of Paulus JEmilius and Ferron, as
jfar IMS tbe year 15^, << Logica Coasultcwum :*' a L^tin
^traoalatiou of Frobisluer's voyages,? and- of the African wars,
in which Don Sebastian, king of Portugal, lost bis life.
V Cieeroois Orat«>fies perpeluis notis logicis, aritb^ie-
Jticis, etbicis, politiiQisi historkia, illustratue,*' S vols. 8vo,
at Basil, 1583.'
FREINO (John), a learned English physician, was born
ia JQ75, at Croton in. .Northamptonshire^ of which* parish
hia father, WilUam Freind, a man of great learning, piety,
and integrity, was rector, and where he died in 16€3. He
was. sent to Westmioster school, with his elder brother
..Robert, and . put under tbe care of the celebrated Dr.
Busby. He was thence elected to Christ Church, Oxford,
in. 1690, over, which Dr. Aldrich at that time presided $
a^ under hi^ auspicses undertook, in conjunction with
another young man, IVlr. Foulkes, to publish ao edition of
^ Qto. Pict,-— Morcri.-— j^xii OnoAlKst.
(lio fit e t N&
*
well re<iei ved) und bts sinoe hten teprint^dit A4><Mi« the
'ftame time be w«t preirailed upon to revise the DelpMn
oditioti o( Ond*fi Metamorpkoses^ imprinted in Bto^ 9it
'Oicford, in 1696, wtiieh Dr. Bontley has seirerely ciitlc^^;
'Mr. Freind was director of Mr. Boyle*s studieif, ahd wiM6
the Exaofinaiioii of Dr. Bentley's Dissertatidn on Xw^p-j
^hieh may acooont for that great dritic'd »peakfffg'iii<]r6
^irespectfally of his talents tlMujtistfce required.^ -
• Hitherto he bad been employed in reading the pd^ts;
orators, and btMorians of antiquity^ by wbieb'he bad mad^
•hiiBBelf a perfect master iil tbe Greek langoage, aild-had
^acquired a gr^at faeili^ of writing el^ant Latin, in verse
as well as prose. He now began to apply himself to'pby*-
«ic s and hid flmt care, as we are told, was to digest
-thoroughly the true and rational principle^ of natural phi"
losophy, chemistry) a^ anatoany, to which he added a
«aufficient acquaintance with the matbematicsi Tb^ Arst
public specimen tfaat h^ gave of his abilities in tl)^ way-of
hh profession was in 1699, when he wroteaietterto iDK
(afterwards sir) HansSloane, concerning an hydrocepbahis,
or watery head; and, in (70 1, another letter in Latin to
the same gentleman, ^^ De Spasm! rarioris Historia,^* or
concerning' some extraordinary cases of persons afflicted
-wi^h convulsions in Oxfordshire, which at that time madd
H very great noise, and might probably have been mftgni^
lied into something snpematural, if our author had tiol
•taken great pains to set them in a true light It seems A
•little strange that these letters should not have been
thongbt worthy of a place in the collection of his inedic&l
works; they may be foand, however, in the " Philoso^
phical Transactions," the former being Nb. 256, for Sep*
tember, 1699, the latter No. 970, for March and Apiril,
<170l. Mr. Freind proceeded M. Av in April 1701, and
B. M. in June of the same year.
Being new well known and distinguished, Freind began
to meditate larger works. He observed that Sanotorins^
Borelli, and Baglivi^ in Italy, and Pitcairne aiid Keil here
At home, had introduced a new and more certain nietbod
of investigating medical troths than had' been formerly
known ; and he resolved to apply this way of reasoning^
in order to set a certain subject of grfeat impori^nce, of
daily use, and general concern, about wb^ch the learned
ba>'e always been divided, in such a light as might put an
IBHtKa Itt
^A to dispute*. Tbis he did hy pttbliBliing^ ia 110$^
** £tnoienolOf$ia : in. qua fluxus muliebris menslrui pb»<»
nomena, periodic vitia^ cuiii medeadi methodo, ad ratiooet
mecbanioas exiguDtar/' Svo, This work, which ia founded .
ott the principles of the mechanic sect of physicians, wh<^
ibea floumbed under the aaspices of Baglivi and otbors^
though at. first it met some opposition, and was then aa<l
afterwards animadverted upon by several writers, has aU
ways been reckoned an excellent performance; and is, as
all our author's writing^ are, admirable for tlvr beauty of
itji style, the elegant disposition of its parts, its,wonderiiil
succinctness, and at the same time perspicuity, and lor
the happy concurrence of learning and penetration Visible
through the whole.
. In 1 704 he was chosen professor of chemistry at Oxford $
and, the year after, attended the earl of Peterborough in
Jiis Spanish expedition, as physician to the army there, in
which post he continued near two years. From thence be
made the tour of Italy, and went to Rome,- as well for the
take of seeing the • antiquities of that city, as for tbe
pleasure of visiting and conversing with Baglivi and Lan*
cisi, physicians then in the zenith of theif repuutiou. On
his return to England ia 1707, he found the character of
bis patron very rudely treated ; and, from a spirit of gra*
titude,. published a defence of him, entitled << An Accouiu
of the earl of Peterborough's Conduct in Spain, chiefly
ai^e the raising .the siege of Barcelona, 170$;'' to which
is added,. ^^ The* Campaign of Valencia. With original
|>aper8, 1707," $vo. This piece, relating to party -mat*
^ers, made a gr^it noise, some loudly commending, others
as loudly conilemning it ; so that a third edition of it wai
published in .1703. . <
.; In 1707 he was created doctor of physic by diploma*
In 1709 he published his ^< Prsslectiones CbymicsB: in
quibus oinnes fere operationes chymicse ad vera principia
et ipsius naturae leges rediguntur^ anno 1704, Oxonii, in
Musaeo Asbmoleano habitss/' These lectures are dedi-;
(;ated to sir Isaac Newton, and are nine in number, besides
three tables. They were attacked by the German philo*
aqphers, who were greatly alarmed at the new principles -^
and therefore the authors of ** Acta Eruditorum,^ in 1710,
prefixed to their account of them a censure, in which they
trtiated the principles of the Newtcniian philoi»ophy as fig^
munts,' and the metbod of arguing made usQ of in these
m r.R £ I N D.
lectures as absurd; betauae, iu their opinioii^ it tMJIecl
to. recall occult qualities in philosophy. To thb groendleiW
charge ,aa answer was given by Freindy which was puMisfaed
iii Latid, in the '^ Philosophical Transactions," aodaddedf
Ixy way of appendix, to the second edition of the ** Prae^-
leetiooes ChymicsB/* Both the answer and the- book haf«
been translated, and printed together in English. . *
'■ In 1711 Dr.> Freind was elected a member of the royal
society, and the same year attended the duke of Oraioed
into Flanders, as bis physician. He resided mostly afser
}iis return, at London, and gave himself up wholly to tbtf
cares of his profession ^. In 17 16 he was chosen a k^M^.
of the ccdlegeof pbjfsicians, and the same year published-
the first and^bird books of '^ Hippocrates de oiorbis popuf
laribus,** to which he added, a '^Commentary upoii.fe*.
vers," divided into nine short dissertations. This very
learned work was indecently attacked by Dr. Woodward^
professor of physic in Gresbamcollege^.in his '^ State of
Physic and of Diseases, with an enquiry into the causes of
the late i increase. of them, but more particularly of ibe«
Small-ppx, &c. 1718,'* 8vo: and here was. laid the fouo>r
dationof a dispute, which was carried on with great Bcti*'
mooy and violence on both sides. Parties were formed
under these leaders, and sevend pamphlets were written^
Fceind supported his opinion *^ concerning the advantage
of purging in the second fever of the confluent hind of
small-pox'* (for it was On this aingle. point that the dilute
chiefly turned) in a Lsitin letter addressed to Dr. Mead
in 1719, and since printed among hsa worka^ He was
likewise supposed to be tlte 'author of a pamphleti entitled
•^ A i^etter to the learned. Dr. Woodward, by Dr. Byfield^^
in 17 IP, in wbich Woodward is rallied with great spmt •
and address ; for Freind made no aerions answer to Wood^*
ward^s book, but contented himself with ridiculing hisian'^ *
tagonist under the name of a celebrated empyric* !n^l7 IT
* In \'t\3 l)r. Freind was probably I am told is Tery abia in bis ppHjfessicm*
in Irefond, where the dnke of Shrews- 1 am quite ignorant where be dengiis
bary,w»s tbe& lord lieutenaiKf a«id had» to retkie, or what be intends lb do^ i*ot
it would appear., applied to lord Bo- having these several moeibs bad j|py- \
lingbroke in bis behalf. His lordship conversation with bim, but I bear ^e
says in bis answer/ dated Deei 0 of is gone to attend your grace.- Wtfen 1 *
that ycMir, << As to Dr. Freiud) | liare bear again ih»t tit is ypurgrtfie^ piB^
known bim long, and cannot be with- sure I should do so» I will not f^l •
out some partiality for bim, since be to speak to the queen in the manner ~
was o€.jChrist Cbttreb. He has taecel- .you direcL I am, &c. BoLtNeatHixs.^
letit parts^ is a thorough scholar, and «^Bohogbroke>s Letters^ by Pari^« ,.
f* R E r N b. ih
n€riidS, the GtiUtbhian lecture in lhec6l\6g4 of'physiciariV*;
*^nd; 1W172Q', spoke the H*arveian oration; wHicH was it-
terwai^l published. In 1722 he was elected into' parlia-
meht for 'Liu n Weston iri Cbrnwall ; and acting in His sta-
tv6u ?is ^ s^iiator with that warmth and freedom which was
Tiatiiiral to him, he distinguished himself by some' abl6
speeches ag^nst measures which he disapprovcjcl. fle was
supposed to have a hand in AtterburyV jilot. as it <tas
then called, fo^ the'restoration. of the Stuart* family; ^nd
having' been also one of thtJ speakers in favbW of A tter-
bury, thi& di^ew upon him so much resentment, that^ the
Viftbeas Corpus act being at that time suspended^ i|e was^
Mareii 15, 1722-3, committed to the Tower. He cou-
titfued a prisoner there till June 21, when he was admitted
%o bail; hiir sureties being Dr. Mead, Dr. Hulse, Dr. Leveti
and Dr. Hale; ahd afterwards, in November, v^as dis-
charged fro'm Ms ri^cogni^nce. Dr. Mead*s princely cori-
dfactdu this occasion' must not be forgotten- Vhxeh called
to attend sir Robert Walpdle in sickndss, hd refused' to
IMrescribe until Dr. Freind Was set at liberty, arid afier-
war'ds pr^^nted Dr. Freind with 5000 guineas, which he
i»ad received in fees frotnbis (Dr. Freind's) patients.
^Tbe teisure afforded hirii by this confinement was not so
tnuch .distOrbed by uneasy thought* and apprehensions^
bti^:tbat Be eduld emjifloy bittiself iti a manh^ sukable to -
hih abilities and profession ; and accordirigly tfe wfbte
^nothek* letter in Latin tb Dr. Mead, "concerning some^
parfctcfular kind of Smali-pdx.** Here'also he kid the plan
of.bts Iti^t aiVd most elaborate work, <* The History of
Physic*^ -from the time of Galen to the beginning of the
sjjrteenth cefttury, chiefly with re*gard to pracllce: in a
dtscrourse written to Dri Mead.*' The first part was ptub^t
lisbed in 1725; the second, the year following. This work,
tliaugh justly deemed a masterly performance, both for
use and elegance, did not escape censure; but was ani-
madverted upon both at home and abroad ; at hom6 by sir
CIW%On'^%tringhattt, in an anonymous tract, \*^ Obser-
vations, oh Dr. Freind*s History of Physic, &c." 1726, and"
by Jdhn'L^ Clerbiti the" Bibliothec|ue Ancienne et Mp-
deVne^** buti^s repiits^tioA sufFefed very little b^ either.
SOQif after t^e obtained his liberty he was made physician
to the prlntp* of Waf^s ; and, on that priri6e*s accession to
the tbrciue as George 11. became phystcian to the queen,
i^ho ^lofidured hioi'V^ith a share of b^ cc^fidea'ce and
Vol. XV. I
114 F Jl £ I N D.
esteem. .« Very early . in 1727-8, bishop- Attefbucy.. ad*
dressed to Dr. Freiiid his celebrated '^ Letter on the Cha?
racter of Japis/' of whom be justly considered this learned
jpbysician to be the modern prototype* But whatever
opinion he entertained of bis professional abilities^ it apr
pears from ^^ Atterbury's Correspondence^' that he bad
some reason to regret, if not resent, Dr. Freind's becom*
ing a favourite at court, and as Mr. Morice informs us»
*' an absolute courtier." Dr. Freiwd did not, hoyvever,
long enjoy ^his favour, but died of a fever, July 26,. 1728,
in bis fifty-second year. Their majesties expreti^ed tbe
utmost concern at his death, and settled a pension upon
bis widow, Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas. Morice^ esq.
paymaster of the forces in Portugal. . Dr. Freind married
this lady in i709, and by her had an only son, John, who
was educated at Westminster school, and became after-
wards a student at Christ Church iu Oxford.. He died In
1752, unmarried. Dr. Freind was buried at Hitcbam in
Buckinghamshire, near which he bad ^ seat ; but there ia^
a monument erected to him in Westminster-abbey^ with. a
suitable inscription. He had himself rendered the like
kind oiKce to more than one of his friends, being peculiarijf
happy in this sort of composition ; for the inscriptioiv.ou
the monument of Sprat, bishop of Rochester, was from
bis pen; but that on Philips, which had been ascribed. to
bbuj is since ascertained to be by Atterbury,. pr»,Wigan
{mhlisthed his Latiq works together at. London, iu 1733>
in .folio,, adding to them a translation of his ^^ History of
Physic'^ into the same language^ with an excellent historic
cal preface; and to the whole is prefixed an elegant d^*
ilication to his royal patroness. the late qu^en^^ by \\\& bro*
tber Dr. Robert Freind. His wprks were reprinted ,at
Pjiris in 1735, 4to.
. Dr. Freind, in bis last will, dated March 1:2, 1727,, di-*
i^ects all his pictures to be sold (except those of his wife»
bis don, the bishop of Rochester and his^on, andhis^ewn
brother).. ^He gives 100/. a. year to hts brotber^JVilliaint
and 1 000/. to Christ Church, Oxford, to found, an Anato-
mical lecture. The greater part of his fortune. be be*
queathed to his nephe^v William, spn to his brother . Ko-
..bert. His widow died in Sept. 1737. The manor of
Hitcham was purchased by the Freinds in 1700^ jand c6n«
tinned in that family until the death of Robert Freind, esq.'
Jan. 2^, 1780^ soon after which it was purchased by the
FiRririNix lis
pMti^ot lord Greoville, «fho' bus a home in 'stliat Migh*^
boiHrbood. . "
Tbere is liltle oeoasioa to <)uote authorities in firaue of
DriiFreind, whose workr are/ a lanting testimony of bis
iH^eoRiQ^on abtiUies iti his profession. He was net only
venerated in this coantry, but on the continent^ by ytoii
iiuun> Helvetiusy Heoqnet, and B^oerbaave. • His^bars^ter
is perbaps drawn with most fidelity and elegance by titi
Edward Wilmot in the Harveian oration of i735; ^ '
FREIND (Robert), eldest brother of the precediiig;
was bom in 1667, and admitted in 1680 at Westminster
sehool,' wfaeoce he was elected to Christ Chifreb, Oxfoird»
in-l6M. While a* student there he wrote sooie good
veiMs on the inauguration of king William and queen
Mary, which, wc^re printed in the Oxford collection. In
the* celdita^d dispute between Bentley and Boyle, Mr.
Freind. was a warm partisan for the honour of his college,
butrWas^eTetttually more lucky with Bentley than big bro-
'ther^ Dr.<John. A neiceof our author's was married to
meon of Dr. Bentley, who, after that event, conceived a
better opinion of the Christ Church men, and declared
^Itbat •<< Freind had more good learning in him than ever be
had imagined.'* Mr. Freind proceeded M. A. June 1, 1693,
keoame'seeondmaster of Westminster school in 1699, and
^oenmiiiated the degrees of B. and D. D. July 7, 1709. In
1711 he published a sermon preached before the house of.
eoinalons^ Jan. ^O, 1710*11, and in the same year he sne-
ee^ded'Duke, the poet, in the valoabte living of Witney,
in O'Xfordriiire ; became bead master of Westminster school,
and is said either to have drawn up, or to have revised the
j^reamble to the earl of Oxford's 'patent of peerage. In
%jVbireh 1723, the day after *his brother, Dr. John, was com-
mitted to tbe Tower, be caused much speculation in West-
- ininster sehool and its vicinity, by giving for a theme,
^ Prater, ne desere Fratrem.'^ In 1724 he pubKshed Ci-
eeno's ^^ Orator," and in 172S«Mr. Bowyer, tli^ celebrated
printer^ waa indebted to him for theWes^iAinster verses
en the'coronation of George II. In April 1729, Dr. Freind
obtained a canonry^ - of Windsor, , which in 1 79 1 be ex-
rel^anged for a prebend of Westminster, and in 1733 he
• .quitted Westminster school In 1784 be was desirtas df
resigtiing Witney to his son (afterwards dean of Canter-
:. \ ' Bkv. Snt.-»Ward'ft OijmImiib Profei9on.-^NMhol«*s Attttbory, tnA Bowyer,
12.
hfityh bi»«.€<Hll(l i^t 4)q it^ witbolit i^ ptnmsMi of1riilNf|^
Hoadly, which be had little reason to expects (^ iqifitl-*
t/|t»o|i^ 'bQ«vev^<» td thai prelatr^i Lbipngh queen OtMRne
and lady Sniidot^ be received tbtt iaconte unwrntsff *^ If
Prw Freind can atb it|. 1 caa «rao« it.?' Dr . Fretmlfa laCNM
ti^ Udy Supdon are still e»isuog» aad prove ttnt be bad atf
^ttte scruple in asking, aa bisbop HoadUiji bad iti flaitt«l<«g
li* Udy9 (f^b^i by her infinence with qaeea Canriine, be-*
came for a* C99^derabfe. time %he sole aALtness 6t ebnitlb^
pr^efeiMD^&iits. Ift I74t4f Dn Freiiid cesigMed 4iia stadi- at
W'^Mi^^M in ^voi)r of bis sun,, and died AuffUsil^9i'lT9T:
9y Jaoa bi« wife, one of the twodaagfaaersol' Dk Samii«l
Detanfleb. |l prabeuciary of WesUBsaater, b^ bad ta^ soim)
CbarJieSy wh» iHgd iirlTi2Sf. and WiUiam^ hb auaiBe^flisr at
^yitney^ and aftiera^ards desui of Cancerbiory . . .
Pr,« Fmnd )»rro^. » good <bfal of ^oetii^, Ltuin mA
iCngliabf. Ibe ft>f m^r tboiiglvt preCe«nbip. His aamos <pieeea
are infjeri^ in Mr. Nicbel»'i celicoiianw Hearts a« oMiti
0f mMp^9>iQJI«bW learning^ biit bskL in ices esiteia^tieift
ihta l^bi'>atbt»r tba pbyaician/ oe tbe teore .of persMiA
(skMB^^r. Hi^^^n, I>r. Wiliiaiia Frdnd^deen tffCiiUlM^
b^ryi fOQie fWM^a^ars of mh<un may be faaad in ocrr m^
tborkyi died in I'^^fi*' . -
FR£INS«l£Mi][UI$ (iom), a leamad^ dassical ed«Mr^
m^ born in |603, an. tbe city o£ Ubn i«i Saitaibla, aiidafMf
jlU^yiqg l^ar* ii| |]^ unii/^rsitiea of Maiipui<g aa4 6ietoer^
joame tp Sirasbargb^ where sonvei paetibal attempts tti tb0
(German Jang^agp reeoaunended biiii*ao MatdtiastBenii^g'fc
j^r, who made him his libi^M'ian. Wilb this adi«iniag<^, M
applieicl tq tbos^ ^la^AJc^l pusmiu^tm which im^tkmefem'i
if e came aftecwarda to France, whan be was adntiitidii
among the bing> interpreter^ hot did 'nut remain 1iei<#
above rbne^y€a^% returmng ia^l^M to^Sivasborgbv * v^b^e^
he married the daughter oi his poison < Bemeg^ev^;^' ^6%
university of Upsal makaig bi«i ^very lifaefial.oifers^ W M*
cep^ tbo preifessorabip oi ek>qiiteeey ondHlied tUitfl
oiSce for five yic^cs. Qaeien Cbnetina;tiiieniiiivi«ed<bMi>to
bor ceupt, appQintadbim her UbraaantMidrJitseaf3ogm|rtiW^
vith 9OQQ cronAns salary^ and astaUe^bsH tharai^ af^Mie
country optagfeisiog witb him, be una obli|je4 toM|iiit ttHa
, profitable, ^ituatiofi in i 64 j^, and return^ hixn& Fi«ln)lb#^
9»HK» ^^ska ma^ of (^^lamver learning; fair;:]j>esi^%itkf^
* Kiob^ls't Bswjsr.r»To4a'# J)e«is of Csatsrlninr's^Ni^Uolf^^PMaai.
F R E I.Xr 8 11 E M I U S. HI
CfMdti jud Hebrew, lie #at familbr mtk tfkbbfl all tM
liviug languages of £uropey aod hit fame iniduced th#
elector Pabnitie, wben h« projected fbe' re&toiratioli of tike
v»W€tHty of Heiflkslberg, to appeiot him lioDoif*Ty pi«<^ :
Umpr^ mtiA dectoraJ coimseUor. He acoordiiigl j t^til^ved >
#tb/lHa faootly to Heklelberg in 1656, aod died ^er^ •
ia I66Q.
JFreie^emtos rendered anmny services to the repubRo of:
iMften^ fint bjr bk ednion of Flferusy wbotti be correiifi^^ .
amt expkiAed irery bappily. Hit lMher-in^la«»i Berffe|^^
gfitf CDfagod bim ifi tbis work ; and wat afeemriiMte so»*' >
pfimed* at Ibe grMc peseuaiion and jqpdgiti^nlt wbipb
Fjmosbeimiie bad sbewn in dbceirering^vbinbaMt^acirfiM'
all ibe ienmed hefoee bim. This wai^ ftpt* pn&l mbaid #he^
he waa a very ywmfg mao, in 16S>2» 8vf^ aMif fafis 4ft>ie8 ^
baw beeopviiiftaden^reiii tbe best editions ef this fluM^.
Sq bitye bbttotea upon TacitAls; ifrbieh, tboegh aboi^) tire
-v^tgy judicio^i i-elaiiog to «iieli. purticdlarra^ Lipsbisarld
tfae-ialbflr crilict eith^ kirew net or omMbed; Tbiii' veati
ilttUisbed in iB3S i»d« I6S4^ witb an «d^i«ab4e iftdex*
. B^ tidB wetfks by arbieh he has hkett mostdmuafg^isliitfiy
9m bk fitfttoea anppienxeots teQiiiftt«» CilitiMi aod Livy. '
Tbere vas a aapplenieikt^ indeed, to Quentaa Curtiiia' be**
t^m; but as that iwas notbing move dsaiy a tiaisc^aMtf dotn-
jM^atioik from. JuaiMa and Arrian^ (vfiriiout eicfae» jadgiMM
QET: md&9i FretfidbemiuB ibonght it expadiemtte diMi^ tipa
Qihr^e, .'jFoir.thift pttrpoie be^ iconsiilced ev^y tftn^kW^
Greek and Latin, ancient and modern, which C6mM be of
ttm koaat uary and executed bis task sc mueb ta €he apptfo-
iMksv aed eeia&ckUGiin ^ of the pnMicy tbat they aittie^C-
OMM«i 10 depLons ibbe Ios» of tbe tvo first boobs oi( ^is* eav
teatoiain^ bistsirian. His edition appeared at t9eiaib«l«gb^<
l^tfh S mis* Some, however, have stilt more' adnvhrlrd^
hi$V^i^npte<Miit to Liay, whieb is compeeed wMi iiqaat
JAidggafio* and Jieacoinf,.ai»d ntast haTebeen-d H^evaeleiii^
]bdH>i»& he Clero has printed this sttpptomeet wlcto tiie
miniate edkienl o£ Lifry at AaMteadam, 17IO* ' Hie de-^
jjentl tbe whole to be rery ingeoious and lesArned, biMf
tfciek^ tbat there is most parity and elegance im tbie fi^M
Hen be0ka of it; some speeches i» wbk;b are ineempiMM^;
lI'M^lax^ is, ifaaa tthose jusa books wevepubbshed'tfrtmp
,l|Utbor's life time; the others after his death. Besides
Wbat bas beei) mentioaed abovc; Fvein$h^U(mu wrvte i^^teti
^ I
118 F R E I R E.
upon Phflilrasy iiiieited in Hobtius^s edit. Amst. 1664,'
and other philological performances. '
FHEIRE D£ Akdeada (Hyacinthe), an el^ant Porta- •
guese writer io prose and verse, was bom in 1597, at Beja
10 Portugal, and became abb^ of St. Maiy de Chans. He
appeared at first with some distinction « at the court of
Spain, but bis attachment to the house of Braganza i^* ^
peded his advancement In 1640, when John IV. watf
proclaimed king of Portugal, he went to his court, aifd
was well received. Yet it was found difficult to advance »
him, for he was of too light and careless a character tobe .
employed in diplomatic business; and though the king^
-would have goue so far as to make him bishop of Visieu,
this, dignity he had the wisdom to refuse, well-knowing
that the pope who did not acknowledge his master as king,
would never confirm his appointment as bishop. He did
not choose, he said, merely to personate a bishop, like an
artor on a stage. He died at Lisbon in 1657. Notwith-
standing the levity of his character, he had a generctus-
heart, aud was a firm and active friend. He wrote with,
n^i^h success; his ^^ Life of Don Juan de Castro,^' is
eateeofied one of the best written books in the Portuguese
language. It was pubKsbed in folio, and was translated
into Latin by Rotto, an Italian Jesuit. He wrote also a
small number of poems in the same language, which hive
considerable elegance, and are to be found in a cpllectioti
published at Lisbon in 17 IS, under the title of <' Feoiir
Renacida.'"
FREITAG (John), a learned physician, was born ai
Nieder Wesel, in the duchy of Cleves, Oct. 30, 1581 ; Ktit
his relations being compelled, by the troubles of the tilhei^.^
to retire to Osnaburg, he began his classical studies the^ta
He was afterwards sent to Cologne, Wesel, and Heldist'adt J
but his. dispQsition being early turned to medicine, as a,
profession, be studied at Rostock, afterwards returni^cl to.
Helrastadt to attend the lectures of Duncan Liddiell and of
Francis Parco.viu;i; be likewise derived much advantag6
from .the. lectures of th& celebrated Meibomiu^, in whose
bouse he resided in the capacity of tutor to bis stfn, and
was soon thought fit to give private lectures to the younger
students on the practice of physic. He afterwards lectured
' Moreri. — Baillet Jj^^pmfiM des Savans. — Saxii OoeiDast.
^ • Mor«ri.^Dict; Blst-^^e moiv bf this family uBd«r. Andradai yol II. *
F It E i T A G. lid
in public as professor extraordinary; and in- 1604, at the^
^e of twenty-three, be obtained the ordinary professor-
ship in the universityi which office he filled during fonr^
yeaurs. He then took his degi^ee of doctor, and went to
the court of Philip Sigisround, duke of Brunswick Lunen*',
bqrg, and bishop of Osnaburg, who had appointed him
his principal physician. About 1622, Ernest, duke of
Holstein and earl of Scbawenburg, offered him the same '
office, with the addition of the chief medical professorship *
in the university which he had lately founded at Rintelir;
but his patron would not permit him to accept it. This
pnnce-bishop dying in 1623, his nephew, duke Frederic
Uiric, gave Freitag the option of being his chief physician,
or of renaming his professorship at Helmstadt. He con-
tinued at Osnaburg^ where the new bishop retained him
as his physician, and also appointed him one of his cham- *
berlains. He also served his successor in the same capa-
city, but was dismissed in 1631, on account of his refusal
to become a catholic. He found protection and patronage,
however, under Ernest Cassinrir, count of Nassau, and
the county of Bertheim, who procured for him the vacant'
professorship in the university of Groningen. He fulfilled
this new appointment with gr^at reputation, and continued
to distinguish himself by Ihe success of his practice till the .
decline of his life, which was accelerated by a complica-
tion of maladies. Dropsy, gout^ gravel, and fever, termi-
nated his life Feb. 8, 1641.
Freitag was a follower of the chemical sect, and also a
parusan of the philosophy of the ancients, to which in-
deed he retained his attachment with so much bigotry, that
DO efforts of his friends could ever prevail upon him to
change his opinion. He published several works. I . '* Noctes
M^dicse, sive de Abusu Medicinaa Tractatus,*' Francfort,
J616. 2. ^'Aurora Medicorum Galeno-chemicorum,< seu
de rect& purgandi methodo e priscis sapienties detoretis-
pbstliminio in lucem redacta,^* ibid. 1630. 3. <^ Disputa-
tio Medica de morbis substantise et cognatis qusestionibus,
contra hujus temporis Novatores et- Paradoxologos,*' Gro-
ningen, 1632. 4. ^'Disputatio Medica calidi innati esseu- ^
tiam juxta veteris Medicinae & Philosophiae decreta expli-
cahs, opposita Neotericorum et Novatorum Paradoxis,**
ibid. 1632. 5. '* De Ossis natura et medicamentis opiatis '
Liber singularis, &c.^* Groningen, 1632. 6. ** Disputatio
Jdedico-philosophica.de. Formaruin origlne,** Groningfin,
1663. 7. << Oratio panepTica de. persona et officio Phar^
idQ F JK JE i T A G.
5i,'* ^. ibW. -1633. 8. ''Bet^c^p et ^ii^'|lef
futatio n^so Sectaa ^eni^erto-P^racelsicsB/' Aiygij^RJ^a^ .;
16^6,* * , ,
F^EMINET (Martin), ^ celebr^t©;! French, painter 5,
WM ^oni at P^Ls in 1567. When he xras 3t\vdyi^ at
Ropife, the ^uffragc^ of that place were divided betvy^eu
Mjchf^ An|;eIo Caravaggi^, ^.nd Joseph of Arpino^ c9Ue,d
Giu£|epph)o; ^nd be succeeded in imit^ipgibe excellep-*
cic^s of both. He was a gre^it master of design^. f}tfi of the ^
sci|ence>s €onnecl;ed with bis art, perspective aad archueo*
t^re I but tbei'e is a bolduess in hi$ mannei% ^pproac^ng,
tp hardness, which is not filways approved. ^?Pry iV'
how.evier, appoiMed him bis chief painter, and L9^isXJtl.
hoiipyred him with t^e order of St. Michel. E(e P^M^f ^
th(^ c^ejix]^ in th^ chapel a^ Fontainbleau, an^ died at Pari^^
Ju^ 16, 1619.*
FREMONT. SeePEJlROT.
Fj?.ENCH (JOB^), an English physician, the son pf Job« >
French, of Brou^hton, nfar J&anbury in Oxfordsbirey.wjias
born there in 1^16, and entered Ne\j?-In,n-haU, Oxford, 4^
Jj^33, idb/^n he topk his degrees in arts^ He aftei^^.af d& .
sti,idied ^ie<^icine, and acted as physician ^ the par|^a- .
mentary am^y, by the patronage qf tb/e Fienaes, 10^9 of
great in^ueo^e ^ ^bat tingie ; he ^as a^^ oUte of the ItWQ
physicians to the whole army under general Ffiirfax. I^.,
lg.43, wKe,i? fhfi earl of Pen^h'oJ^? visiiei^ the wvev^iity if
Oxford, he was created M. D. ayid w^ al^pnt ihj^^ ^^9,^
ti^iip physician to the Savoy, ^pd one of tbe.c/?l))ege. l|e
w^nt abrQ^d afterw^^rds as phy^i^i^ tQ tb^ j^i^'^^^ ^rm^ ^.,
Bji^Upigpe, and died there in Oct, ^r Nov. 1667. ,Besi^ .
ti;ap$)^tio{is of SQime mjBdical j^r.orks f\:qixf P^'ac^el^^ f^^i
Qlj^ub^r, be published '^TJi^e A^l^ of Disjull^udou/' LoJ^d,^
1651, 4I;q.; apd ^^ TbP yprkstor/e .Spaw, 9? a Treatise v^>
Fpmr Ci^pos fl^4icinal wells : vi?. the ^p^Wf 9^ yii^rioUng ^
w]eU; ^h? ^ii>Mp^ i>^ st^lphpr wejl; the dropping o^.pef rU .
fying sfeil; and St. JVl^gnus-well, pear Knare^bpf;9W y^t
YQ^ksbiri^. 'jPoge^ber jvvitb the C9.u^es, yertiie^,. ^i^d n^ ^
tlietFeof," J-ond. lj?5J and 165f, 42pap, riepublisbed . ^ ,
Hi^lifax, I76P, lawp.? ..
rUENICLE DE ftESSV (BER^f ARp), a celebrated French .
m&thiin)a|:ici|in of tbe seventeenth pei^tury^ Yf^& the. cpp'*^
tc;i?)PPr#ry and compauipp pf Des jCarte^, Fermat, ^^i t^^
' Rees^i Cvcl(^papdia.-i-Mangret. — Haller Bibl. Med. Pract*
? Dioi Hr8t.~Pilkiiigrt09.-^D'Argenvfi1e, ^1. It.'
FRENICL£ D£ BESSY. 121
otiiei* Jearoed matbeomticUns of their time. He was ad^
nihted geometrician of the French academy in 1666 ; and
died fn 1675. He had many papers inserted in the ancient,
niemoirs of the academy, of 1666, particularly in vol. V.
of tb^t collection, via. 1. ".A method of resplving .pro-.
bieitis by Exclusions.'* 2, " Treatise of right-angled Tri-
angles.in Number^.'* 3. " Short tract on Combinations/*
4. ** Tables of Magic Squares," 5. ** General method of
making Tables of Magic Squares." — His brother Nicolas
Frenicle, a poet of the seventeenth century, born 160Q,.>
ac Paris, was counsellor to the court of the mint, and died
dean of the same court, after ihe year 166 1, leaving seve-;
ral children. Frenicle wrote many theatrical pieces; as.-
^* Pfilemon," a pastoral, 8vo; " Niobe," Svo; " L'En-,
tretien des Bergers," a pastoral, which is contained ia
'* Les Illustres Bergers," 8vo. Also a poem, entitled,
" Je&us ^rucifi«i" a *' Paraphrase on the Psalms," in
verse, &c.* . ^
FRERET .(Nicolas), ^n autlujr of profound learnings
and considerable abilities^ grossly misapplied, was born at.
PaiK in l6Sd. He was bred nominally to the laW| but bi«.
inclinations and talents not being suited to that professioji^^
lie devoted himself, from an early period^ to his favouri^te .
studies of chronology ^lud history. At twenty-five he w^..
admitted into the academy of i^^scriptions, where be ^fo^.f
duced at t^ same time '^ A Discourse on the "Qrig^n of;
the French." This treatise, at once bpld apd .^e^s^^^f^Kt
added ^to ,svme indiscreet conAersations^ 04;cai^ioii€^d hit(<
b^ing qon&ned in tli,e Bastille. I^ his oonfinement, h.e{
cfM;|ild ob^in v}0 book bnt the dictionary of Bay le, wliiichx
he consequently read so earnestly as almost to learn it Jby i
he^^. |i^ imbibed, at the same time, the scaptif^ism pf
Bayle^ ,^i^ even went beyond him ki the grossn^ss aii4 *
iq[)pu4enGe of his infide) sentiments, as clearly appe^ins ]^y,
S90^e of b^ 'Waitings* These were, i. ^^ JleM^rs of Thr^y^'
bi^lus to Leuqippe," in which atheism is re^i^ed to a ^ys-**
teija. 2, ^> Examination of the Apologift^ for C^ristia^ty,*^' :
a.pQ9tbmAp.us wprk (not published till 1767), 99 less, ^b-f-
no4ci0ns than th^ other. Be^id^ ^hese,. he was the •author
o^ 3. Several very learned memoirs in the voliw^s of the,,
aps^my, to jivhich bis name is preQx^sd ; and a few Ug}>(.
pid^Ueal^ofis of ao consequence* ile died, in 1749^ in hi%
> MorerL^Dict. I|iU,-rHutU>n'8 Dictionary.
122 F R E R E T.
61st year. His works were revived afterwards, and eagerly
disseminated by Voltaire and his associates in their hostili-
ties against religion and morals. *
FRKRON (Eue Catherine), a French journalist, ge*
nerally known for having been the constant object of the
satire of Voltaire, was born at Quimper, in 1719. His
talents were considerable, and he cultivated them in the
society of the Jesuits, under fathers Brumoy and Bougeant.
In 1739, on sohie disgust, he quitted the Jesuits, and for
a tinie assisted the abb6 des Fontaines in his periodical
publications. He then published several critical works on
fai/sown account, which were generally admired, but sonie-
times suppressed by authority. His " Letters on certain
writings of the time*' began to be published in 1749, and
were extended, with some interruptions, to 13 volumes.
Iq 1754 be began his " Anti6e Litieraire," and published
in that year 7 volumes of it ; and aiterwards^ 8 volumes
every year as long as he lived, which was till 1776. In
this work, Fr^ron, who was a zealous enemy of the modern
philosophy, attacked Voltaire with spirit. He represented,
faim as a skilful plagiary; as a poet, brilliant indeed, but
inferior to Corneillej Racine, and Boileau ; as an elegant^
bat inacburate histWian ; and rather the tyrant than the
ting 6f literature. A great part of this Voltaire could bear
with fortitude; but a very skilful and victorious attack
upon a ba3 comedy, "La Femme qui a raison,'* drove
him beyond all bounds of patience ; and henceforward his
pen was constantly in motion against Fr6ron, whose very
ifame at any time would put him in a rage, nor was Fr6r6n
more a favourite with the encyclopedists, whose principles,
he exposed.
Fr^ron, though very skilful in his criticisms, and of uii-
cominon abilities (as Voltaire himself confessed before he
was irreconcileably provoked] suffered by the perpetuat
hostihties of an antagonist so high in reputation. His
** Ann^e Litt^raire,*' being constantly accused by Voltaire
of partiality, began to be suspected, and. the sale in some
measure decreased. In foreign countries his talents were
not well understood. He is the hero of Voltaire's Dun-
ciad, and nothing more is known about him. He was, bx
truth, a man of great natural genius and liveliness, with
a correct taste, acute powers of discriminatioBi and a pe^«
» VU^ Hist,
F H E R O N- 12S •
ctrliir talent of entei*taintng his reader, while he pointed
out the faults of a work. He had an active zeal against
false philosophy, innovation, and affectation, and was
steddtly attached to what he considered as sound principles.
In private life he was easy and' entertaining. Such were,
tfae'real talents of this formidable journalist. It must be
owned, also, that he had hii partialities; that he was
sometimes too precipitate in his judgments, and too severe
ill his censures. Too strong a resentment of injustice
sometimes rendered him unjust. His language also was '
sometinteis over-refined, though always perfectly pure. The
academies of Angers, Montauban, Nanc}^, Marseilles,
Caen, Arrai, and the Arcadi at Rome, wer6 eager to have
bitn enrolled amons: their members. He died in March
1776, at the age of fifty-seven.
* Besides his periodical publications, FrSron left several
works. I. "Miscellanies," in 3 vols, comprising several
poeins, to \Vhich it has only been objected that they are
rktber over-polished. 2. ** Les Vrtiis Plaisirs," or the loves*
oif Venus and Adonis ; elegantly translated from Marino. 3. *
Part of a translation of Lucretius. He also superintended '
and retouched Beaumelle's critical Commentary on the*
Henriade, and assisted in several literary works.-^His son,
Stanislaus Freron, was one of the most active accom-
plices in the atrocities which disgraced the French revo- '
llition, arid appears to have had no higher ambitiotl- than '
t6 rival Marat and Robespierre in cruelty. He died at St.
Domingo in 1 802.^
■FRESNAYE (John VAuauEUN de la), an early poet of
France, fother of the celebrated Iveteaux, and the first
wh^ wrote satires in French, and an Art of Poetry, was
bom of a noble family at Fresnaye, near Falaise, in
1534; He wais bred a lawyer, and became the king's ad«
Vd^Cate for the bailliage of Caen, and afterwards lieutenant-
g^enperal and president of that city, where he died at the
a*ge of seventy -twa, in 4-606. He- wrote, I. *** Satires,'*
vi^hich though esteemed less strong than those of Regniei^
and less witty than those of Boiieau, have truth and na-
ture, and contain simple narratives, the style of which has
something pleasing. 2*. " The Art of Poetry.'* -Copious
specimens of this performance may be seen in the notes
of St. Marc, on Boileau's Art of Poetry. It has cousider»
' - . > J)ic\, Hist. ' • ' ■ ■■' '
IH
F KtliV Ar ^.
al^W cttftFit, I^ut fk merit wbnsb has been mf^^^ hy l«Mf
efforu. 3. Two book» pf Idyllia, and ibn^e of epigfl«ii9#
epiukpbsy and sonnets. 4< A poem oi> |he moi^r^by* AH
tb^^e wj^re ^spliect^ by hioaself m an edttioo of pOeiiM^
p4>blubed Ht Caen in 1605.'
FRESJ^S {CvkAfRVBS Du Canoe ihj), oommeiily eali«idi'
Dy Cange, a learued Fcenobqiafi, was desK^^niJed fjfifnnm
gjQod &afti^y» %ni born at Am^w in 161Q. Aft«r being
ta^gbt polite literature in the Jeanils oeJIege tb^r^^ be Vitnft
t9 study tbe law at Orleans^ and wfiaiswpru ^aecate ^ %hn
parliament of Paris in 163l« |i<d- pr.aciised so9>e ti«ie«ii'
tltfi bar^ but witboiH i\H^ndia»g to make k ihf bi»«Miies$ of.
bis life* He tben retn^*n^ to AmeiiSj wber^ be develj^
hioKHelf to study 9 >fid .r^n tibrougb 91II sorts of le^rjMn^
languages and philosophy, law^ physic, divinity, and hi^-'i
tory. In If 6#» b0.w.ent and eeitM &t (Paris; «knd soon
afier a pFQpoj»fti nm^ laid b^fone Coltief t« to €<^e5>t all i%\kef^
ai)tb€^s wbo H- 'diffsrjant itina^s b»d >wntten d3M» iNStory 9i-
F^E^cej and to form a body .ooi of the». Tbis QHnif««r
lill^ng tbe proptosalt andMi^v^iog JH Fre^M tbe b^«
cyi^li^ed &>r ^e Mnd^Haking, funnii^hed him wUb meip^i)!
and qiiinvspripta jha^ t\4§ pwpo««[^ I>n Fresne wroti^l^:
vj^ tbese inHerials, Md di^^w up a largie pf^hc^^ Mn*
t^ink^ tb^'iiMMne# of tbe ai^onit tbeir ctbaraei^r and imh*^
n^Ty tjti^ twe ill wb^ob !tbey ii^ri^i iand tbe order ii» wbinb
tbey ought in bn arfaiiged. j^ing iEHfj^rmed from :lb0
minisiief tbatbls plan w^ n^ appov^, a«Kl tbaft he tf^iat
adopt another, and convinced that if be followed tbe ordtfc
pr^esG^ibed^ die whole woxk would be ispeUed^ b^ frfpMy
t^d bia^mploy^s tbat sin^e b^bad motbeen bappy ^noiigb
tp ple^s^ tbose .19 ajw^boFiiyjf bis advif:e wa«»^ ibat.tbfDiL.
sjjikQuld looifi out i^oi.e of tl^. h^t bands in tbe kidgdem;*
Bpii a^ tk^ saw^ ijm^ b^ r^Hir««d them nil ^r liemoM^
(S^ ppugirgT),. Biping thjis difi^ngftged *fo» * lodWHtt'
aji^4 Ubori^di^ undartubin^^ be gnii^bed bi$ -Glossary .^* tovi;
LatbV'9r ^'' GIo^s^riMfl^ Mediae ^t injSiinfe Latinita^>''^
' Diet. Hist.<i-Moreri in Vaqquelin.
* The following? a^iecdote is rel.ited
of Mr. Du Cange : He seat for oertaiii
|i^^S«llert of Paris, aad aft/sr Tf^i/oi"
ii|g to an old tninW vhich stood ia 9
cdroer of bis cabinet, be told' tbem
tlMit it .coQtwiitd aiatermls mfl-
deqt to make a book, and if they
would undertake to priat it, h^ «s<t
ready to treat with them. With plea-
sure they embraced Ills offer | but>efft<¥
t|iey'ba:d seavetK^d €01* tfao mafMfiGiiipIV
tbey f^od only a heap of small bite, of
paper not larger than tbe breadth 0^
a kager^ Mid vhica ajBctted to IM^C
been torn to pieces as of no naoner 6f
iif^. Du Cans? Uoghed at their Um^
rR^E'S-N^
ti9
iAAilk i¥ii«Ye^eked with general cotetnendatiofi ; andthotigfr
Hadkrkkn Valechifl, in his prefhee to the Valesiatia, nV>te^
iftveraLiiiifttakes in h, it is nevertheless a very excfeHenif
and useful work. It was afterwards enlarged by the additlonT
«f more Tdluines ; and the edition of P^ris, by Carpentier^
ill i733y make? no less than six vi folio ; to which Car-
^etHS^ afterwards added four of supplement. Both bavef
bee6 -since excellently abridged, consolidated, and ina-
SJt^*, in 6 vols. 8vo, published at tfalle, \1T2 — ^^1784.
s tf»ext peribrmance was a ^ Greek Glossary of the middle
dge^** consisting of (furious passages atid remarks, mo3t
6f which are drawn from manuscripts very little knowtu
This wetrh is in 2 tok. folio. He was the author add edito#
$^ of several other performances; He drew a genealo*
gieal map of the kings of France. He Wrote the bidtx)ry
b( Conatantinople under the French emperot^, which wa$
flrinfed at the Louvre, and dedicafted to the kitig. Hb
puMisbed an historical tract concc^rnmg John Baptist'^il
h^adi some relics of which are supposied to be at Aniens:
He published, lastly, editions of Cinnamus, Niceph'brus,
Anwa Commena, Zonams, and the Aleicaddrlan Cbro-
nicbn, with learned dissertations and noties*
Du Cange, as be is more commonly^ called/ died ill
1688^ aged seventy-eight; and left four clrildren, on' whom
touisXIV. settled good pensions, in consideri^ion of thelir
fhther^s meint.
Though the general merits and abilities of this profound
Mid accurate etymologist have been oft^en recorded. Dr.
Sufney pays tribute to bis memory for the assistance
which he has fi^aetitly afforded musical historiatls; when
aiH4)lher resources failed. lu the slow progress of the art
«f muisic from the time of Guido, whose labours' were
^wholly devoted to the facilitatihg the study of canto fermp
%y the monks and choristers ; in the glossary ^* De la Basse
LatiiiYt6,^* 6 volumes folio, we find the derivatidn' and
^rly use of musical terms and phrases, particularly in
if^fy 9iMipoiitiviely anitred ttemtliat
t^ nuuMscript wa«. in Uie trnuk. Ai
Icirgth, one of tbem haring viewed
-wMk ptttt attemion tome of ibeit
tfirapf of pafver, he di9eofered some
«bser?ations whicH he knew to be the
4»Mk <rf Uto Canfe. fl» famKJ^toa,
that itwai not impotsible to place
them in nfimt Ipocn^Me at this btfinning
ef crer/ wurd which the learoed author
nodertook to e«ptain» he hid rang^A
Uiem a^babetically. With this kef*
and the knowledge he had of* the ex-
teative eruditieo o# Mr. Du Cange, da
did not hesitate a moneat ^e bidmoac|r
for the trunk and the riches it con-
tained; The treaty was concluded
without further explanation ; and such
WMi iht o«igiD of the faiBOus ** Qlos«
sariom Medio; & inQmae Latinitatis«"
126- F.R'ESNE.
France and neighbouring states; and there is •scarcdly.'a^
tero) connected with the music of the church, of which an
early use. may not be found, either in this Glossary, ^r-.ia
its continuation by Carpentier, 4 vols, folio.*
FRESNO Y (Charles Alphonsus du), a celebrated:
French poet and painter, was born at Paris in 1611. .Hiy.
father, who was an eminent apothecary i a. that city, intended
bim for the medical profession, and during the first year.
which he spent at college, he made very oon^iderabte
progress in his studies ; but as soon as be was wse4
to tbe highest classes, and began to contract a ta^te fot
poetry^ his genius for it appeared, and he carried all the
prizes of it, which were proposed to excite the emulatiae
of his fellow-students. His inclination, for poetry was
heightened by e;xercise ; and his earliest performai^es^
shewed tliat be was capable of attaining very oonsiderabte
fame in tbis pursuit, if his love of painting, which eq«alljf^
possessed him, had not divided his time and application*
At last he laid aside all thoughts of the study of pbysie^
and declared absotutely for that of painting, notwithstanding
the opposition of his parents, who by all kinds of severitj
endeavoured to divert him from pursuing that art, the pre-
cession of which they unjustly considered in a verycon-
temptible light. But the strength of his inclination^ do»
feating all the measures taken to suppress it, be took the
first opportunity of cultivating bis favourite study. . \
• He was niueteen or twenty years of age wbea he begtfh
to learn to design under Francis Perier, and baving-speUt
two years in the school of that painter, and of- 4iMiioii
Vouet, he thought proper to take a journey .into Italy,
where he arrived at the end of 1633, or the begii^ning #f
1634. As he had during his studies, applied himscrlf
very much to that of geometry, he began upon his coming
to Rome to paiut landscapes, buildings,- and ancient rtii«isi.
But, for the first two years residence in that .city, he hltd
the utmost difficulty to support himself, being. aJbandoned
bv his parents, who resented his having rejected their ad-
vice in the choice of his profession ; and the little ^ckbf
money which he . had provided before he left T^t^niSe,
proving scarce sufficient for the expences of bis journey
to Italy. Being destitute therefore of friends atid ui:-
quaintance at Rome, he was reduced to such distress, that
^ Moreri.— Diet. Hift io Cange.^-Chsttfepie.— Ssxii OnsBtet. .
F R E SN O y. lat
lib chief subsistence for the greatest part of that ttme was
bread, and a small quantity of cheese. But he diverted
the sense of uneasy, circumstances by an intense and inde*
fatigable application to painting, until the arrival of the
celebrated Peter Mignard, who had been the companion
of bis studies under Vouet, set him more at ease. They
immediately engaged in the strictest friendship, living to-
gether in the same house, and being commonly known at
Rome by the name of the inseparables. They were em-
ployed by the cardinal of Lyons in copying all the best
pieces' in the Farnese palace. But their, principal study
was the works of RafFaelle and other great masters, and th^
antiques ; and they were constant in their attendance tve^lf
evening at the academy, in designing after noodels*
Mignard had superior talents in practice ; but Du Fresnoy
was a great master of the rules, history, and theory of his
profession. They, commuuicated to each other their re-
marks and sentiments ; Ou Fresnoy furnishing his friend
with noble and excellent ideas, and the latter instructing
the former to paint with greater expedition and ease.
Poetry shared with painting the time, and thoughts of
Du Fresnoy, who, as be penetrated into the secrets of
the latter art, wrote down his observations ; and baying
91 last acquired a full knowledge of the subject, formed a
design of writing a poem upon it, which he did not finish
till many years afterwards,, when he had consulted the best
writers, and examined with the utmost care the most ad-
mired pictures in Italy. Wbile.he resided there he painted
several pictures, .particularly the ^^ Ruins of the Campo
Vaccino,'' with the city of Rome, in the figure of a woman:
a young woman of Athens goUig to see the monument of
her lover, &c. One of his best pieces is ^^ Mars finding
Lavinia sleeping.^' He bad a peculiar esteem for th^
works of Titian, several of which he copied, imitating that
excellent painter in his colouring,, as he d^d Caracci in bis
designs. About 1653 he went to Venice, and travelled
through Lombardy, after which he returned to France.
, He bad read his poem to the best painters in all places
. through which he passed, and particularly to Albano and
GuerciuQi, then at Bologna» and he consulted several meo
famous for tbeir. skill in polite literature. He arrived ^t
, Paris in l656, where he painted several pictures, and cour
tinned to revise his poem, on which he bestowec^ so much
attention as frequenUy to interrupt his professional la*
•lis F ft E is N O ir.
' bours. But, tbougb he wis ctepirdiis to se6 hU work pfloV
fished, he thought it JrjijiVoper to print the tdtln itithotit
a French transiatton, vtfhich was dt length ilikde by Die
''Piles, 'Du Fresnoy had just begun a confimerttar/upon it,
'v^benhewas sei2red with a palsy; and after languishing
four or five' months under it, died at the house of onfe of
'his brothers, at Villiers-le-bd, four leagues froni Paris,
-in- 1665, From the time of Mijrnard's return to Pslri^ ih
1658, the two friends continued to live together uatil deatti
separated them.
His poem was not published till three years after hh
death, at P^iris; 12mo, with the French version, and re*
HK^rkflr of Motis. pu Piles, and it has been iustly admired
for its eieganee, perspicuity, and the utility of the in-
iftruction it contains* In 169*4, Dryden made a prose
translation of it into Englrsh, Which he accompanied with
his ingenious pardlel between poetry and pilinting. It
was again translated into English by Mr. Wills, a painter,
who gave it in metre without rhyme. He attempted to
produce the sense of his author in an equal numbetdf
lines, and thus cramped hts own skill; and produced a
work imequal in itself, in whic^, however well he appears
lo baVe understood the original text, he fails to impress it
on bis reader. It is now almost totally forgotten. More
«mple justice has been done in our language td the talents
i>f Du Fresnoy, by our late skilful poet, William Mason^
M. A. ; by whom, in 1782, he was first clothed in an Eng^
)ish dress suited to his elevated pretensions. And stilt
greater honour was done to him by the hand of that extra*
ordinary genius of our isle in the art of painting, sir Joshua
Reynolds^ for whose more valuable remarks upon the mosi^
important points in the poem, Mr. Majjon was induced tQ
discard those of Mons. Du Piles. By the^ union of the ta«
lents of two mep so renowned in the arts of poetry and
painting, Du Fresnoy is reridefed for ever dear to the
English reader ; and the thorough knowledge be has ex-
hibited of the best principles of the art of paintihg, is be^
come more agreeably and more extensively diffused.*
FRESNY (Charles Hivieke du), a French poet, chiefly
celebrated for his dramatics writings, was born ^V Paris in.
1^4$. He had a good natural taste for music, painting,
sculpture^ art^hitecture^ and all the fine arts. He bad ,
> laft preft)MnliaMas<m'ttraii8lstieD»<-«M6ireri«'--^I)'Ar^nVB)e.
, F R £ B N Y. ia»
^lioa.tasle for laying-out gardes, and this prooured him
the place of ov^rfteer of.gardem to the kingi which he solA
f»r a moderate sum, aa a supply to his extravagancCy
*af^icb was uabounded. He was Yalet^de-ehambre to Lou»
Xiy. and highly in favour with him ; but his love of ex^
penue outwent even the bounty of bis master. ^* There
are two n>en,'^ said Louis^ '< whom I shall never enrich^
Fresoy and Bontems.*' These were bb two vaiets-de-
chaosibret who were well matched in extravagance. At
length) Fresny sold all his appointments at court^ and flew
tfQm thte ooiistraint of Venuulles . to the liberty of Paris,
where he became a %vriter for the stage. He is the person
wbo;is humourously represented by Le Sage in his^^ Diable
. JBieiteqx/' as macryieg his laundress by way of paying her
kilL ' He was twice married, and both times, it is aaid^ in
a similar .way. He wrote many dramatic pieces, some of
wtiich «j«ere long established* on the stage. These were,
^^tLaiReooociliation Normande, Le' Double Voyage^ La
Coquette, de ViUage, Le Marriage rompu, L'£sprit de
Gontradictiony Le Dedit." He was diso Ae anthor of
oamtatas, whidhiie set to music himseif ; several aongs^
aome^ which > were famous; a little work often reprinted,
43alkd '^ Les Amusements serienx et ecxniques/*' and
'^Noavelles Historiques ;*' all enlivened by asingnhtr and
gay fancy. He died, aged seventy^six, in 1724. D'Aiem-
Uisft has drawn a parallel between Desiouches and him as
comic writers. His works were collected in 6 volumes,
duodecimo.^
^BAEYTAG (FaBDBBic Gotthilv), an eminent literary
*ian, was the son of a learned schoolmaster, who is
▼ery highly celebrated by Ernesti, and was bom at Schulp*
forten, in 1 729. Ail we know of his personal history is^
that be studied law, and became a burgomaster of Nurem^
berg, where he died in 1776. His principal writings are^
1. ^^ Rhinoceros veterum scriptorum monumentis descrip*
tus^* Leipsic, 1747, 8vo. 2. ^^ AnalectaliterariadeLibris
raiioribus,'' iUd. 1750, Svo. 3. ^* Oracorom ac Rbetorum
Gnecbrum, quibus status honoris causa positse fuerunt, de^
caa^V '^id. 1752. 4« ^* Adpstratus litterarius^ obi libri partim
antiqui partim rari recenseatur,'* ibid. 1752-^1755, 3 vols*.
8ve. This is a continuation of the ^^ Analecta literaria,^
and Jboth^are of the highest value to bibliographers. They-
' I Diet Hi«t.—NieenB, voL XVII.<*-l(<»«ri.
^ Vol. XV, K
ISO FREYTAG.
aSbrd astrildngproof of awidnityy dose appUcatioil, mA
a dtsciiininatki^ judgoient: in appreciating die valise of
what are termed rate and eniio«is books. 5. ** Specimen
historian literate, qtio vironiin, fefninammque peiigAipuSt^
4iieinoria recoiitur,^* ibid. I7€5, Svo.*
f REZIER, orprobaMy FRAZER, (Amadevs Frawis)^
was bom at Ckambenri, 1682, descended from a distin-
g«ii<sfaed family of tlie robe, originally of Scotland. He
was intended for the oSioe of magistrate, but his fantiify,
in compliance widt hts inclination, permitted him to go
into the military service, from which he entered the corps
of engineers in 1707. He was sent by the conrt, in 17 it,
to examine the Spanish colonies at Peru and Chili; and
employed his talents for fartt6cations at St. Malo, at St.
Domingo 1719, and at Landau 1728, in which year he
also Yeceived the cross of St. Louis, and married. Freeier
was afterufards employed in Btetany, but rose no higher
than the rank of lieutenant-colonel, the various oooiinis^
sions in which he had been engaged having prevented his
being present at mote than two sieges; and the number of
sieges at which the officers of ^gineeti have been pre-
sent, are the steps by which they rise to superior stationc
He died October 16, 1772^ leaving two daughters nfar^
ried, and a grandson, his son's child. This son died be-
fore Frezier, on board a king's ship, in the storm of 17^S,
which sunk him with all his property. His works arei,
<* Tn des Feux d' Artifice," 1747, 6vo. « Voyage d^ la
Mer du Sad/' 1716, 4to. ** Theorie et Pratique de la
Coupe des Pierreset des Bois,'*' Strasburg, 1769, S vols.
4to ; an abridgment of this woric, by the title of ^'fii6mena
de Stereotomie,'* Paris, 1759, 2 vols. Svo.*
FREZZL See FOLIGNO.
FRIART, See FREART.
FRiSCHLIN (NtcoDEMUs), a learned critical andpoetii^*
cal writer of Germany, was born at Baling, in Suabia, in
i 547. His father being a minister and a man of letters,
taught him the rudiments of learning, and then sent him
to Tubingen, where he made so amazing a progress in th^
Greek and Latin tongues, that' he is said to have written
poetry in both when he was no more than thirteen yearn
of age. He continued to improve himself in compositions
of several kinds, as well prose as verse ; and ac twenty
i DWt Hist— Saxti Oiioma«t. * DlcU Bi^t
• FKI S C H LIN. :t31
*^fmLTs (M was made a professor in the unmrsity bf Tubin^
gen. Thovgh his turn lay principally towards poetry^ in-
•aonmeb, that as Melchior Adam tells us, be really coilld
make verses as fast as he wanted them, yet he was ac*-
quainted with every part of science and learning. He
Osed to moderate in philosophical disputes ; and to read
poblic lectures in mathematics and astronomy, before he
bad reached his twenty-fifth year. In 157d, his reputation
being much extended, he had a mind to try bis fortune
^abroad, and therefore prepared to go to the ancient uni»-
versity of Friburg, where he had promised to read lectures.
Bot he was obliged to desist from this purpose, partly be-
'oause his wife refused to accompany him, and partly be*
cause Ae duke of Wirtemberg would not consent to hh
going thither, or atiy where else.
Hitherto Frischlin had been prosperous; but now an af*-
ffAr happened which laid the foundation of troubles that
did not end but with his life. In 1580 he published an
oratiooin praise of a country life, with a paraphrase upon
VirgiPs Eclogues and Georgics. Here he compared the .
4ives of modern courtiers with those of ancient husband*
men ; and noticing some with great severity, who bad de*
generated from tbe virtue and simplicity of their ancestors^
mad^ himself so obnoxious, that even his life was in danger.
He made many public apologies for himself; his prince
even interceded for him, but he could not continue safe
any longer at home. With his prince's leave, therefore^
be went to Laubach, a town of Carniola, in tbe remote
part of Germany, and kept a school there ; but the air
not agreeing with bis wife and children, he returned in
about two years, to his own country. He met with a very
ungracious reception ; and' therefore, after staying a little
while,, be went to Francfort, from Francfort into Saxony^
and fvcMn thence to Brunswick^ where he became a schooU
iwster af^in. There he did not continue long, but passed
fifom place to place, till at length, being reduced to ne- ,
cessity, be applied to the prince of Wirtemberg for i^eliefi
His application wais disregarded, which he supposing to.
proceed from the malice of his enemies, wrote severely
against, tbem. He was imprisoned at last in Wirtemberg
caatie ; whence attempting to escjspe by ropes not strong"
enough to support him, he fell down a prodigious preci*
pice, and -was dashed to pieces among the rocks.
x; 2
Htt death haj^ned in 1590, and#«t'i»iMiiftll]r^Mfl
just)y lataented ; for he wim certainly tngeaioiiaaiid learned
in a great degree. He left a great maoy woi^ht of : ▼arioiii
kindfy as tragediei, cooiedies, elegies, tmnaktioiis of
Latto anid Grleek aothovs, with notes upon them^ i orations,
&c. These were poblisfaed 1598-^16079 in 4 toIs. ft^^
He faad^^Iso «rritten « translation of Oppian, but this wss
ne? er. p«iblisfaed. His scholia and torsion of ** Callimaelwis,**
with his Gredk life of that poiet^ are in Stephens's- edi^li
of 1577. 4to. While he was master of the school at La*
hacuoi, or Laubach, he composed a new grammar; mt
there was no gprammar estaat that pleased him. This was
more methodical, and shorter than any of them ; and, in-
deed, was :generalfy approved ; but, not oootemt witfaf gi^hig
a grammar of bis own, he drew up another pieeei eidled
^^'StrigilGrammMica,'' in which he disputes wiUi some
ItttleecriiBonyagauist all' other gfammarjims; and- this, as
was; natural, increased the number of lus enemies. With
all his parts and learning/ he -aeemattot a Httle to Imire
wanted prudence.^ .
FHI5CHMUTH (Jo»n), an eaMnent scholar, and in*
gen ious philologist, washorn i619,rRt Wertfaeim, in Fran-^
Cdi^ia. He was teacher and afterwards professor of lan-
E'uages at Jet>a, in-Mvioh ^ity he died August 19, 16S7^
eaving smne veryexoelieoD explieaticms of several dvfieuk
passages in vHoly^^ Scripture, and above sixty >pfailc^logiecd
and theological dissertations, aU much esteemed ;> printed
at different times at Jena/ in 4to.'
FRIBI (PA&L),'a very eminent philosopher atid mathe«
matician, was born in Milan, April 13, 1727» 'He was
first educated in' the schools' of • the Barnahite finabem fas
that metropolis; 'jand' so un<$ommon was his progress in
the classes, Ibat it was soon pcedioted by -bis teaebets and
s^sboolfellows, thttt he* would one day excel in police Ute«*
lature, in- poetry^ and in pulpit irioq^tience; natutej how*:
ever, bad more unequivocally designed' htm< to be whatrhe
really proved, a philosopher and 41 mutbetaMtieian. In*174d^
(the sixteenth of bis age) he embmced the moaastic M^
among the Barnabites>wf Lombardy, ^wherehepassediao
iupidly through ail the remainder of his studies, that W
bad the honour of beiqg appointed, while ^tUl in thetsft*
^ •
> Melcbior Adam, in titis^ Oernir Pb}loi.*-Bai)lftt ^9|te«ns«f^ioert«rwA.
XIX « jp?ct rilrt.
ierior orden^ to ibe profeiBorihip ^JF pUioiopbgr in th«
ooUege of Lodi^ and afterwards pvomottd^ in tiio san^
c^paci^, to tbo royal school of» Caiaie^ in M«»Dferrat$ as
a^niooesaar tothe late oelebirated'oardtDal Gerdil.
Edsi unfortunately posaessed a^ Tsotont aadatrabilarieiii
temper^ and* a lo%, disdamfttl^ andv independjmtefaaracter ;
and honoe be was never raited to eaiinent'Stations^in chundi
or state^ but was- perpetually involve in tbe most dia*
ai^reeable oodtesta with e?eiy peraon with whom he b»fh»
peeed' to be cooneoted; Ereii as soon- as he had taken
possession of« bi» chair in Gasale, be quarrelled with bis
coUeagueS) and was'OompeHodby bis Sardinian majesty lo
witbdrnw. His superiors, not cboesing* to employ fatbee
Fiiei any more in- tbe- sebolastio department^ sent him to*
Moaara, in the- capaoity of annual- preacher. His- meitt,
howererv as a^ soientifie man, bad already become so co4i«
apiouousy^ that in 1755, (tbe twenty^'oightb of bis^age) hs^
was requested by tbe superintendant of tbe university of
Pisa^tp^fiU tbe vacant obair of metaphydNcsand etbios< in
that Kterary corpemtton^ tben- in tbe zenith- of- its glory.
He had indeed given some specimens of bis knowledge in-
the. piuflosopby of the human mind by his essays- on morat
pliilosopby, published at Lij^no in 17J3 ; but he had ex-^
hibited before that time still greater proofs of- his superior
abilities' in mathematics' and natural philosophy, by his
two ezceilenl works ^^ Disquisteio Mathematilsa in eausanii
phy«icam figwrs et magnitiMlinis teUwis- nostrie,'' and tbe
/^Nova Electricitatis tt^ria/* &o. which were published
atMUan, theformerin 1T51, and the latter in 1755 ; aiid^
itvia earious that be was thus indebted for bis first step in
tfae higfaer patibaof Ikerary bonours^ to other pursuits than
tkoae which were bis ftiveuritef and which have so deser*'
vmily immortalissed bi» naase.
It vk, perhaps, equally curious, that even when nnQta-
physic» and e^ics had become his professed, avocations,
b# never «o much indulged in the study of fhem as to prp^
dtttte any other work in their several departments. He
maber availed himself of his situation at Pisa, in cuitivating
mMMiral science witb greatea ardour than before; and he
aisemodi ix> have the best opportunity for the purpose^
The atteran^ professor PereliA was still alive, and stili re*
tained his amiable disposition of communicating «o hia
friends tbese<viahiaMe dtiscovertes wiiich were the frmts of
hia long meditations, and which, Arem his great modesty^
lU F R I S L
bad nerer be^o published under bis own name. Bj Ibis
powerful assistance, and by bis own extensive learnin^^
Frisif whilst at Pisa, was enabled to publish the two to**
lumes of dissertations which appeared at Lucca under the
title of '^ Dissertationum Variarum,*' &c. 1159 and 1761^
and the two hydraulic performances relative to the pre*
servalion of the provinces of Ferrara and Ravenna, from
the inundation of rivers, which were likewise published at
Lucca, in 1762. Among his dissertations, the most re-
markable were that ^' De AtmosphsBra Ccelestium corpo-^
rum," which in 115% obtained the prize from the royal
academy of sciences in Paris, and that ^^ De insequalitate
MoiOs Planetarum," which in 176B received the honour
of the accessit from the same corporation. The last work
published by Mr. Frisi at Pisa^ was a tribute to the me«
mory of his worthy and beneficent friend Perelli, which
appeared in the 53d volume of the Journal of that uni-
versity.
The Milanese government, duly sensible of the superior
merit of Mr.. Frisi, and most likely jealous of so many ho-
nours received by him in Tuscany, induced him to return
%o bis native place, by tendering him the chsur of mathe-
matics in the Palatine schools of that metropolis. This
offer was made in 1764, and was soon accepted by Mr*
Frisi, who flattered himself that he abould there be of
greater assistance to his family than he had been in a fo-
reign place ; it was bere he wrote his two capital works,
** De gravitate universal!," in three hooks, and the " Cos-
mographia Physica et Mathematica," in 2 vols, both of.
which were afterwards ptiblisbed at Milan, in 1768 and
1774. Many years had now elapsed without his being in-
volved in any of those quarrels which were the result of
his temper ; but as be was threatened with an event of tint
kind soon . after his return to. Milan, he was advised by
his friends to escape the storm by a temporary peregrina-
tion^ He consequently made the tour of several European
countries ; and it was during this excursion, that he at*
tained the friendship of some of the greatest characters in .
those times, especially in England and France, and ac«
quired many literary honours ; but the danger of incurring
new evils was inherent to his nature. The famous perio-
dical work entitled ^< The Coffee-house,*' was at that time
publishing by some of the most eminent Milanese literati,
i^mong whom was Mr* Frisi himself, who had already beeii
F B 1 S 1. 1^
»
jafpolmed royal censor of aew Ulerary poblicatioofw Ip.
this capacitjf be did moi scntple to give his approbakioD U>
a peraiciotts work wbicb waa soppoeed to bare is$«ied from
ibe above-iBentioned society^ and when tbe book wa^
afterwards suppressed by eccJesiastical and civil antbority,
be bad tbe itpprndeacey or rather tbe efirontery, to be-
cofBe its apok^ist. Sensible, perhaps at last, of tbe dan-«
gers to which be bad exposed binoself, be resolved ta
spend some years in retireDoent A new field of exertions,
bowever, was opened to bim in his retreat, wbicb prored
nore beneficial to society, and more bonoiunUe to biin*
Jielfy than any he had be Core cakivated. His uncoa»DioR
.talents in bydronymics were already celebrated . in Italy,
and as many bydrostatical operations bad been projected
at the time by tbe several Italian governments, be becacne
the chief director, and almost tbe oracle of sncb under*
takings. Tbe Venetian senate, and the late Pius YL also^
wished in latter times to have his opinion on the projects^
wbicb they had respectively adopted for the coorse of the
river Breiua, and for the draining of the Pontine noarshea.
But. even in these honourable commissions, be disgusted
every person in power with whom he had to deal, and ibe
necessity of applying to a man of his temper was frequently
tbe subject of regret. In >777, the Milanese government
.recalled bim from obscurity, and appointed him dirc^ctor
of tbe newly- founded school of arc hi tec lure ^ and from ^his.
period he became as active in ibe republic of letters as
.ever. He published in the same year, 1777, his ^^ Course
-of Mechanics,^' for tbe use of the royal school; in 17B1
bi^ ^^Philosophical Tracts,'' and from 17a2 to 1784, bis
/•^v, Opera Varia,'' ^ vols. 4to ; and in the interval from 1778
to 1783, be wrote tbe eulogies of Galileo, Cavalieri, New-
:ton,. tbe empress Maria Theresa, and of count Firmian.
His eulogies on Galileo and Cavalieri have been pronounced
.by Montucla^ ^^ two finished specimens of scientiBc bio*
'gcapby.'* Frisi died Nov. 22, 1784, a man of unquestion*-
.aj^lelearniDg, but, unhappily for himself, of an impetuous'
«nd turbulent dbposition. '
^ FRITH, or FRYTH (John), a learned preacher and
martyr, was tbe son of an inn-keeper.at Seveno^ks, in
lilent, where be was . born (or as Fuller says, at Wester-
.bam, in tbe same county)* He was educated atKing^^*-
> Saldiriq'f literary JqxuraaJl, toI. 1L from Fri»i'g MnniNTsi, by Counf Vckt'i.
&A\egjBf Cambridse, where he procseeded B. A; but afiM^
wards went CO Oxrord, wzs aAmitied ad amdetnt aRdnpori'.
ftccount of (lis extraordinary learning, was chosen one of
die junior canons of cardinal Wolsey^s new college^ now
Christ church. About 1525 be was instructed in the prio'^
ctples of the reformation, according to the Lutheran sys>^
tern, by the celebrated Tyndale. These be openly pro-
fessed, and with some other young men c^ the same per«^
suasion and boldness, was imprisoned by the commissary
of the university. The hardships of this imprisonments
proved tatai to some of his companions, but he obtained
his release^ and about 1128 went abroad^ where be re*
mained about two years, and became more seriously con«
firmed in bis new opinions. On his return, he was nar^
Vowly watched by the lord chancellor, sir Thomas Morey
whose resentment was said to have been occasioned by a
treatise which Fryth wrote against him. Simon Fish, of
Gray*s-inn, had written his ^^ Supplication of the Beggatis/*
against the begging friars, and against indulgences, kcd
(See art. Fish) This work was highly acceptable to Henry
VIIL as favouring his quarrel with the pope. The lord
chancellor, however, who was a more consistent catholic
than bis majesty, answered it, and Fryth answered More^-
denying the doctrine of purgatory. His opinions on the
sacrament were also highly obnoxious, and after a strioi
search, be was betrayed into the hiands of the civil power
by a treacherous friend, and sent prisoner to the Tower.
He was several times examined by the lord chancellor^
M^o uniformly treated him with contempt and cruelty, but*
refusing to recant, he was ordered to be burnt, which sen*
tence wai executed in Smitbfield, July 4, 1 533, in the
prime of his life. He had a very remarkable opportunity,
some time before, of making his escape, the servants who
Were to convey him to the archbishop^s palace at Croydon^
offering to let him go. But this he refused, witbaiove zeal
than prudence. He was, according to all accounts, « scbo*
lar of great eminence, and well acquainted with ttte learned
languages.
His works are these : ^^ Treatise of Purgatory; Antithesia
between Christ and the Pope ; Letters onto i^e fiiithf^rt
feUowers of Christ's Gospel, written in the Tower, 1 5%^ ff
Mirror, or Glass to know thyself, written in the Tower,*
1532; Mirror or Looking-glass, wherein you may behold
Ihe Sacrament of Baptism i Articles, for which be died.
FRIT I|. 157
wuHum m ICsirgsle^pmoOf June St, ISSSy Aoswcnr to
^ ThooM More*s Dialogues concerning' Heresies ; An-
Mwer to John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, &o.** all which
treatises were reprinted at London, 1575^ in MiOj with the
works of Tyndale asid Bamesi He also wmte some trans-
FRIZON (P£TEB), a doctor of the Sorbonne, bom in
the diocese of Rheims, was penitentiarf of that church,
and afkerwaids grand-master of the ooH^ge of Nav^arre nt
Paris. He died in 1651. He pttblisbed in 1629 a histoiy
of the French cardinals, entitled^* Gallia Pnrpurata,** 1639,
fot. M. Bainze has pointed ont a great aaitibett of fiailts
in thb work, in his <* Antifriaonios,'* and his *< Bistoiy
of the Popes of Arignon.'* Frison also published' an edi<^
tion of the Bible of LooFsin, with a method of distitigaish^
iog the Catholic French tnmslations of the Bible from the
Fiotestant, 1621, fol.*
FROBENIUS (John), an eminent and learned Gerncian
printer, was a native of Hammelburg, in Franconia, where
he was from his childhood trained to literature. After-
wirds he went to the otiiversity of Basil, where be acquired
the repatatton of being uncommonly learned. With a
view of proaioting ilteful learning, fcM* which be wad ^ery
awloos, he applied himsdf to the art of printing ; and j
beoomittg a master of it, opened a shop at Basil. « He
waa the first of the Garman printers a4ki brought the^
art t» any -perfection ; and, being a man of great probky
and piety, as well 'as skilf, bewas, What very few have
bessK^ pandcolviy choice in the a«ehors he printed. Hd
would nerer soffer libels^ or any thing ihat might hurt thef
reputation of another, to go through Ms press ror the sakef
of. profit ; but very justly tbooght all such' pfactioes dis-
graceful to his art, disgraceftil t<l letters, and kifinitely
pernicious to rehgion and society. Tlie great reputation
and character of this printer was the principal mofive which
led Erasmok to fix his residence at Basil, in order to have
his own worics printed by him. The connection between
Erasmus and Frobenius grew very close and intimate ; and
wasaconnectbn of friendship afid the sincere^t cordiality.
Erasmus loved the good qualities of Frobenius, a^ much as
Fiobenius could admire the great ones of Erasmus.
1 Fox's Acts Mid Monuments*— Burnet's Reformmtion.— Clark's Ecel. Hifltoiy.
-^Fuller's Abd Redivivas,— Tann^s Bibliotheca. * Konri.— ]>iot. Hist.
iSS FRQBENIUS.
There h an epistle of Erasmos extant, which contsiw
ao full an account of this printer, that it forms a verj cu*^
riouft memorial for bis life. It was written in 1 537, on theocu-
casion of Frobenius's death, which happened that jrear ; and
which, Erasmus telU us> he bore so extremely ill, that he
really began to be ashamed of his grief, since what he£ek
upon the death of bis own brother was not to be compaved
to it. He says^ that he lamented the losa of Froben, noc
so much because he had a strong afFeetion ior him, but
because he seemed raised up by Providence for the pto'«
motiug of liberal studies. - Then be proceeds to describe
bis good qualities, which were indeed very great and na^
merous ; and concludes with a particular account of his
death, which was somewhat remarkable. He relates, that
about five years before, Frobenius bad the misfortune to fidi
from the top of a pair of stairs, on a brick paveniei>t ;
which fall, though be then imagiiTed himself not mnoh
hurt by it, is thought to have laid the foundation of his
subsequent malady. The year before he died, he was
seized with most exquisite pains in his right ancle; but
was in time so relieved from these, • that he was able to go
to Francfort on horseback. The malady, however, what'*
ever it was, was not gone, but had settled in the toes- of
his right foot, of which he had no use. Next, a numbness
seized the fingers of bis right hand ; aud then a dead palsyi,
which taking him when be was reaching something frosii
a high place, he fell with his bead upon the ground^
and discovered few signs of life afterw^ards. He died at
Basil, in 1527, lamented by ail, but by none more than
Erasmus^ who wrote his epitaph in Greek, and Latin*
Both these epitaphs are at the end of his epistle.
A great number of valuable authors were printed by Frop>
benius with great care and accuracy, among which were
the works of Jerome, Augustin, and Erasmus. He had
formed a design to print the Greek fathers, which had w»t
yet been done; but death prevented him. That woxk,
however, was carried on by his son Jerome Frobenius and
bis son-in-law Nicolas £piscopi«s, who, joining in parr^
nersbip, carried on the business with the same reputatioUy
and gave very correct editions of those fath^s.'
FROBISHER (Sir Maktin), an enterprizing English
navigator, was born near Doncaster, in Yorkshire, of low
^ Mor^ri. — ^Jottin's Erasmus. — ^Patttaleoms Prosopograpbia, part III. p. 94,
95.-^Saxn Onomast
F R O B I S H £ R. U9
]»f0iita^ but it i» Dot kuowu in wbmt year. Being brought
up to Dangalion, be very early displayed the talents of aa
eminent sailor, and was the first Englishman that attempted
to find out a north-west passage to China, He made offers
of this to several £nglisb mercbants for fifteen years to«
gether ; but meeting with no encouragement from them,
he at length obtained recommendations to Dudley earl oif
Warwick, and other persons of rank and fortune. Under
their influence and protection he engaged a sufiicient
number of adventurers, and collected proper sums of
money. The ships he provided were only three ; namely,
two barks of about twenty*five tons each, and a pinnace of
ten tons. With these he sailed from Deptford June %y
1576 ; and the court being then at Greenwich, the queen
beheld them as they passed by, ^' commended them, and
bade them farewell, with shaking her hand at them out of
the window.^' .
Bending their course northward, they came on the 24tfa
within sight of Fara, one of the islands of Shetland ; and
on the lUh of July discovered Friezeland, which stood
high, and was all covered with snow. They could not.
land by reason of the ice and great depth of water near
the shore; the east ppint of this island, however, they
named *^ Queen Ehzabeth's Foreland.'* On the 2dth they,
had sight of Meta Incognita, being part of New Green*
land i on which also they could not land, for the reasons
just mentbned. August the 10th, he went on a desert
island three miles from the continent, but staid there only
a few hours. The next day he entered into a strait which
he called << Frobisher's Strait ;" and the name is still re*>
tained. On the 12tb, sailing to Gabriel's Island, they
came to a sound, which they pamed Prior's Sound, and
anchored in a sandy bay there. The 1 5tb they sailed to
Prior's Bay, the i7th to Thomas Williams's Island, and
the 18th came to an anchor under Burcher's Island. Here
they went on shore, and had some con)Diunication with the
natives ; but he was so unfortunate as to have five of his
men and a boat taken by those barbarians. They were
like the Tartars, or Samoeids, with long black hair, broad
faces, fiat noses, and tawny ; the garments both of men
and women were made of seal-skins, and did not differ ib
fashion ; but the women were marked in the face with blue
streaks down the cheeks, and round the eyes. Having
endeavoured in vain to recover hi& men, he set sail again
140 F R O B I Sf HER;
for EnglftU'd the 26th of August; ftiid, ncHwitlMtaftditi]^' t
tetrible storm on the 7tb, arrhr^d safe at Harwich dq^the
iad of October. "^
He took possesAoo of thatconntiy in the queen of En^-*
laad*9 name; aiid^ in token of saefa .possession, ordered
bis men to bring whatever they conM' first find. One among
the rest brought a pteee of black stone, moeh like seat-
coal, but very heavy. Havihg at his return distributed
fra^mentB of it anoong his friends, one of the adventurer's
wives threw a fragment into the fire; which being taken
out againi and quenched in vinegar, giitiered like gold ;
aad^ being tried by some refiners in London, was ^litfd
to contain a portion of that rich metal. This circumstance
nking prodigious expectations of gold> great numberi'
earnestly pressed Frobisher to undertake a second* voyirg^
tiie^ next spring. The queen lent him a ship of theroyat
navy of 200 tons ; with which, and two barks of afeout 90
tons each, they feU down to Gravesend May 26, 1577»
and there received the sacrament together ; dn act of rey
Kgion not so frequently performed as it ought tO' be, among
inen exposed to so many perils, and more particularly
under the protection of heaven. They sailed i¥oai' Wat^
wich on the 5 1st of May, and arrived in St. Magnus SountiP
at the Orkney Islands, upon the 7th of June ; fir^m whence
they k-ept their course fijr the space of twenty -«x daysy
without seeing any l«Dd; They met, howeirer, with greats
drifts of wood, and wbol^ bodies of trees; which were'
either blowa^ off the eliflb of the nearest lands by violent
sbormBf or vooteA up and carried by floods into the sea.'
At length, on the 4tb of Jlily, they discovered Friezelahd';;
aioag the coasts of which they found islands of ice of in-^
Gsedible bigness, some being 70' or 80 flsithoms^ tind^r^
water, besides the part that stood above water, and tiMfriS^'
tb«i half a tmle in circuit. Not having- been able safi^Ijr
to land in this'piaee, they proeeeded for Frebisber's Straittj
aiid^oQ the ii7^bof the same month otade the North Fore*
land in them, otherwise called HaH^s Island; as a4^ af
snafler island of die same naime,, where they bad'inf their
laat voyage^fiMMMl the ore, b«t could not now get apiece"
so large as a waliiun. They met with some of it, however,
i»r o^r ad^oetit islandis, but not enough to merit tfa^tr**
attention. . Th^ sailed abeuv to make what dhKxyvet^ecr*
tbi^ eould> and gave «ames to severs^ bayv and isl^ ; ad*^
J%dmwi^M Smin^ 8mitl^*s Matfd> Beare^tf 9wmi, Lei^
F S O B I S H S K. 141
^est^Ps Isle, lAnne countess of Warvrick's Soiind and
Jj^laodi York Sound, &c.
The captain^s commission directed him in this voyage
only to search for ore, and to leave the further discovery
of the north*wQst passage tiil another time. Having,
therefore, in the countess of Warwick's Island, found a
good quantity, he took a iading of it ; intending the first
.^opportunity to return home. He set sail the 23d of August^
and arrived in England about the end of September. He
was most graciously received by the queen ; and, as the
gold ore he brought had an appearance of riches and profit,
and the hope of a north-west passage to China was greasy
increased by this second voyage, her majesty appointed
commissioners to make trial of the ore, and examine
thoroughly into. the whole affair. The commissioners did
so, and reported the great value of the undertaking, and
the expcfdiency of further carrying on the discovery of the
north-west passage. Upon this, suitable preparations were
made with all possible dispatch; and, because the mines
newly fb^nd out were sufficient to defray the adventurevs'
charges, it was thought necessary to. send a select nuoiber
of soldiers, to secure the places already, discovered, to
make further discoveries into the inland parts, and to search
^ain for the passage to China. . Besides three sbipd a«
before, twelve others were fitted out for this royage, which
weiie to return at the end of the summer with a lading of
gold ore. They assemblexl ai Harwich the 27th of May,
and sailing thence the 31st, they came within sight of
]friezeland.on the 20th of June ; when the general, going
on shore, took possession of the country in the queen of
England's name, and called it West-Englaad. They met
with many storms and difficulties in this voyage, - which
jTietarded them so much, that the season:. was too far ad*
vftnced to undertake discoveries; ao that, after getting as
much ore as they could,^ $bey sailed for £nglaod, where,
4fter a stormy afnd dangerous voyage, tbey arrived about
the beginning of October.
It>does not appear bow captain Frobisher employed hiia*
self .from this time to 1585, when he commanded the Aid,
in sic Francis .X>rake's expedition to the West Indies. In
i588, be bravely «xerted himself against the Spanish Ar«
inada, commanding the Triumph, on^ of the three largest
ships in that service, and which had on board the greatest
number of men of any in the whole English fleet July
143 F R O B I S H £ R.
^26th^ he received the honour of knighthood, from' the
hand of the lord high adnniral, at sea, on board his own
ship; and when afterwards the queen thought it necessary
to keep a fleet on the Spanish coast, he was employed in
that service, particularly in 1590, when he commanded
one squadron, as sir John Hawkins did another. In 1594»
he was sent with four men of war, to assist Henry the
Fourth of France, against a body of leaguers and Spaniards
then in possession of part of Bretagne, who bad fortified
themselves very strongly at Croyzon near Brest. But iti
an assaiUt upon that fort, Nov. 7, he was wounded with a
ball in the hip, ot which he died soon after he bad brought
the fleet safely back to Plymouth; and was buried in that
town. Stow tells us, the wound was not mortal in itself,
but became so through the negligence of his surgeon, who
only extracted the bullet, without duly searching the
wound and taking out the wadding, which caused it to
fester.
He was a man of great courage, eTtperience, and con-
duct, but accused by some of having been harsh and vio-
lent There is a good painting of him in the picture gal-
lery at Oxford. '
' FROELICH (Erasmus), a learned medallist, was bom
at Grat;? in Stiria in 1700, and entered the society of the
Jiesuits in 1716. His reputation afterwards procured him
the professorship of belles lettres and mathematics at
Vienna, where he employed his leisure hours in the pur-
suit of medallic history. He died in 1758. His works are>
i. ^^ Utilitas rei nummariae, et Appendiculie ad numos
coloniarum per CI. Vaillantium editse,'* Vienna, 1733, 8vo.
2. ** Quatuor Tentamina in re numaria vetere," ibid. 1737,
4to. 3. ** Animadversiones in quosdahi numos veteres ur-
bium," ibid. 1738, 8vo, reprinted at Floi-ence in 175I,,
4. *^ Appendicul^ duee * novs ad numismata antiqua a CI.
Vaillantio edita," ibid. 1744, 8vo, reprinted at the end of
** Opusculum posthumum de familia Vaballathi,*' where-
there is also an eulogium on Froelich. 5. " Annates com«
pend. regum et rerum Syrrae," ibid. 1744, folio. 6. ** Re-
gum 'veterum numismata,** ibid. 1753. 7. *' Dubia de.
Minnisari, aliorumque.Arnieniae regum numis et Arsaci-
darum epocha nuper viilgatis pi'oposita," ibid, 1754. 8%
1 Bi<*g. Brit.— »la Pednant's Introduclioo to his Arctic JZoolofy, art fOOM ttf'
JDark^ on tMe errors in the original map of Frobisber's voyages.
IF R O E t I C H. H%
^ Diplomatorittoi Garstensium emendatum, auctum, et
illustratum/* ibid. 1754, 4to« 9. ^^ Casultt S. Stephani,
re^is Hungaris, vera imago et exposition* ibid. 1754, 4to.
10. '^ Ad numismata regain veterum anecdota aut rariora
^ccessio nova," ibid. 1755, 4to. 11.** Notitia elementaria
-antiquorum illonim, quae urbium liberarum, regum et
principum, ac personarum illustrium, appellantur," ibid.
1758, 4to, a work which Mr. Pinkerton pronounces ** most
excellent and useful," although not altogether without
iatilts. He particularly mentions that the list of Greek
cities of which we have coins is defective in about a third
of the number; and he censures, in strong terms, the
plan of splitting the series of kings of every realm into
different epochs. After Froelich's death was published,
^i already mentioned, the ** Opusculum posthumum de fa-
milia Vaballathi numis illustrata,^* with an appendix to the
'^^ Numismata antiqua,'* edited by Joseph Khell, 1762, 4to.
Saxius gives us the title of another work by Froelich
printed the year of his death in 4to, " Specimen Archon-
tolograe Carinthi«." *
FKOISSART (John), an eminent and ancient French
historian and poet, was born in Valenciennes, about 1337.
OF his parents we know only that his father, Thomas Frois*
sart,. was a painter of arms, and although our historian it
titled knighty at the beginning of a manuscript in the
abbey of St. Germain des Prez, it is thought that the
copyist had given it to him of his own authority. His in*
ftncy announced what he would one day be: he early
fhanifested that eager and inquisitive mind, which during
the course of his life never allowed him to remain long at*
tached to the same occupations, and in the same place ;
and the diiferent games suitable to that age, of which he
gives us a picture equally curious and amusing, kept up
in his mind a fund of natural dissipation, which during his
early studies tried the patience and exercised the severity
of his masters. He loved hunting, music, assemblies,
feasts, dancing, dress, good living, wine and women ;
these tastes, which almost all shewed themselves from
twelve years of age, being confirmed by habit, were con-
tinued even to his old age, and perhaps never left him«
The mind and heart of Froissart being not yet sufficiently
occupied, his love for history (illed up that void, which
^ l^ict Hist.-«Saxu Ooomait— Plnkertoa's Bstty on Medals, Praface, {>• xt.
144 F R O I 8 S A R T.
tiif passkmfor pleasure left ; aad became u> him an ioe^
baoatible source of anuaeoieDt
He bad hiut just left #cbool, and was scarcely twenty
years obt^ wbeo at tbe iotreaty of *^ his dear lord and mas*
ter air Robert de Napmr, lord of Beaufort^" be undertook
to write tbe bistory of the wars of bis own time, more pat*
ticiilarly of tbose wbicb ensued after tbe battle of Poitiers*
Four y^acs afterwards, haying gone to £ogland, be pre*
)Seoted a part of this bistory to queen Pbilippa of <Hajinault»
tbe wife of ]£dward III. However young be might tb^i
be, be had already travelled into the most distant provinces-
of France. Tbe object of bis visit to England was to tear
himself from tbe pains ef an attachment which had tor-
mented him for .a long time. This passion took possession
of bis heart from bis infancy.; it lasted ten years, and
•parks of it wece s^ain rekiiodled in a more advanced age.
The history of this attachment may be s^ien in our autho«-
rity. .It appears to have been first childish, and then ro*
mantic, and for bis feelings in either state, we have only
poetical evidence, and from that we leam tha:t he bad
more mistresses than one. He had made two jouraies to
England, but on which occasion he presented his bistory
to queen Pbilippa is not certain. It was well received^
boiwever, and probably gained him tbe title of Clerk (se-
evetary or writer) of tbe chamber to that prineess, which
be ^as in possession of from 1361. She is said fiequeatly
to have amused herself^ in that age of romantic gaUanjtry»
by making Froissart compose amorous ditties; but ^a
occupation must be coinsidered solely, as ^a relaxation that
no way impeded more serious works, since during tbe %ig»
years he was attached to tbe service of queen Pbilippa, be
travelled at her expence to various parts of Europe, the
object of which seems to be a research after whatever
might enrich bis history.
Of all the particulars of Froissart^s life, during bis resi-
dence in EogUnd, we only know that he was present at
tbe separation of tbe king and queen in 1361, with their
son the prince of Wales and tbe princess his lady, who
were going to take possession of the govertuaent of Ac^
quitaine ; and that be was between Eltbam and, West^
minster in 1S63, when king John passed on his return to
England. There is in his poems a pastoral which seema
to allude only to that event. With regard to his travels
during the time he was attached to tbe service of tbe
F R O I S S A K T. 145
<|^en, be employed six months in Scotland, ^d pen^
trated as far as the Highlands. He trayelled on horaeba^k
with his portmanteau behind hiin, and followed by a grey-"
hound. The king of Scotland, and many lords whos^
names he has preserved to ns, treated him so handsomely^
that he could have wished to have returned thither. Wil«
Itam earl of Douglas lodged him during fifteen days in his
castle, of Dalkeith, near Edinburgh ; but we are ignorant
of the date of this journey, and of another which he made
into North Wales. It may be inferred, however, that he
was at this time no ordinary character, and that he must
have possessed talents atid accomplishments to entitle him
to so much respect.
He was in France, at Melun sor Seine, about April 20,
1366 ; perhaps private reasons might have induced him to
take that road to Bourdeaux, where he was on All Saints*
day of that year, when the princess of Wales was brought
to bed of a son, who was afterwards Richard H. The prince
of Wales setting out a few days afterwards for the war ia
Spain, Froissart accompanied him to Dax, where the prince
resided some time. He had expected to have attended
him during the continuance of this grand expedition *, but
the prince would not permit him to go farther; and shortly
afi^r his arrival, %efit him back to the queen his mother.
Froissart could net have made any long stay in Englaitdi
Ance in the following year, 1368, he was at different Ita-^'
lian courts. It was this same year, that Lionelduke of
Clarence, son of the king of England, espoused Joland,
daughter of Galeas II. duke of Milan. Froissart, whb pro-
bably was in his suite, was present at' the magnificent re-
ception which Amadeus count of Savoy^ surnamed the
count Verd, gave bkn on his return : he describes' the
feasts on this occasion^ which lasted three day s ; and doea
not forget to tell us that they danced a virelay of his com<*'
poution^ From the court of Savoy he returned to Milan^
where the same count Amadeus gave him a good cotardicj
a sort of coat, with twenty florins of gold ; and from thence
to Bologna and Ferrara, where he received forty ducats
from the king of Cyprus, and tt^en to Rome. Instead of
thehiodest equipage he travelled with into Scotland, he
wasiUQw like a man of importance, travelling on a hand*
UPBCMOf horse attended by a hackney*
; It was about this time that Froissart experienced a loss
which nothing could recompense, the death of queen
Vol.. XV. L
149 F B O I S S A B T,
PhiU|E]|pa, ivbicb todk flaoe ia 1369» He ccdonposed a lajr
on ithU oielancAioly event, of ^hiob, tbowmfoci be was not
SLyvk^QBfk'^ for Jke Bays, in ancMher place^ that in 4.3id*S k
was twentynseveo yea«» siiice he had seen Eiigland. Acf
CQrcUng to Vqssiim and BuUsgit he wiote the Ule of queen
Bbilippa ; but this aasertion is not foundod on any proMia.
Independently of the employment of cler^ of the chamhcr
to the queen of EngJaQd, which Froiaaart had held^ he had
tieon ako of .the household oS Edward III. and even of that
of J.ohn, king .of frmtioe. Having, however^ loeA his pa^^
U-ooeasi be did not return to Englantd, bat went into hie
own country, where he .djNtaioed the Iiv,iug of Leatiaes. Oi
all that he performed during the time he eKeccised this
jQunistry, he testis us notbiog asnore than that the 4avern-
keapees of Lestines had &ye hundred feancs ,q£ his money
in the short space of time he ^as their rector. It is msa^
taoned in a MS journal of the bidiop of Chartres^ chan-i
eeUor (to the duke of Anjou^.tbat accoixLing to letters sealed
Dee. 12, 13Sd, this prince caused to ihe aeised i&y^sis^
%u4rfis of the Chronicle joi Fxoiasait, cector of the p«rkh
church of Lestines, which tbe faistoriaB had sent to ha
illuminated, and then to he forwa^rded to the bis^ of £og««
land, the enemy of France. Froissart attached kimsiiiS
afterwards to Winceslaus of LuxAmbourg, dake <of Bra*
bant, perhaps in quality of secretary.. I'hia pranoe had. a
taste mr poetry; he had made by Froissart a coUecdan of
his songs, rondeaus, and vireiays, and Froissart adding
aome of his own pieces to those of the prince, forined a
sort of romance, under the title of ^^Meliador, or the
Knight of the Sun f^ but the duke did not live to see tb€
eompletion of the work, .for he died in LS^4.
* Almost immediately after this event Feoiss|ir( found aoo*'
dber patcon in Guy count de Blois, who soadehiai^iflerfc
of his chapel; and he testified his gratiittde by a f^i^stoad,
and epithalamium on a marriage in the family. Hofiassied
the years 1S85, 13S6, and, 1^87, sometioBes in the Blaisois,
aometimes in Touraine ; but the count de Bikns haviag
•ngaged him to continue his history, which be left iin**
finithed, he determined in 138i to t|ika a^hwitagfi 4»f die
peace which was jui^ concluded, to visit tbe court of iGas*^
ton Phoebus count de Foix, in order to gain full h
tion in whatever related to foreign countries, and the
distant provinces of the kingdom. His health and age still
ftUowfd him to bear gr^at fatigue i his memory was 4ut£«^
r R O I S S A R T. 147
ctetidy strong to retiim whatever he should hear; and his
jadgneBt dear enough, to point o«t to him the use he
sboitld make of iL In his journey to the count de Foix,
km met on the road with sir E^aing du Lyon, a gallant
knight who had served in the wars, and was able to givfe
luin moch information. At length they arrived at Ortes
in Btmm^ the ordinary residence of cbe count de Fois*^
where F4X>issart in^ with a society suited to his views^
i^oaiposed of brave captaiiiis who had 4istiog«ished them-
selves Hi coiirtiats or tournaments. Here Froissart used to
entertain Gaston, after supper, by reading to him the to*
Inanoe of ^ iMeliador," which he had brought with him.
After a conuderable residence at this court, he left it in
the suke of the young duchess of Berry, whom he accom*
panied to Avignon. His stay here, however, wm uiyfor*
tanate, as he was robbed ; which inctilent he madethe ^siA-
ject of a long poem, nepresenting bis loss, and his expend
si^e turn. Among other filings he says that the composi--
lion of his works had cost him 706 francs, but he r^rel3te4
not tbis OKpence, for he adds, ** I have composed many a
history ^hich witt be spoken of by posterity."
After a series of travels into different countiies, for the
sake of obtaining infonmation, we find him in 1390 in bis
owB country, soiely ocnqpied in tbe'cotnpletion of hSA
history, at least until 1392, when he was again at Paris.
From the year 1378 he had obtained from pope Cloai^mt
V^. the ireversion of a csiDonry at Lille, and in the ctil^
leeaon of bis poetry, which was completed in 1393, and
elsewhere, he calb hiobelf caooa of Lille ; but popie Cie*
meat dying in 1394, he gsrre up his eHpectations of the
reversion^ aad began to ^qualify himseif as canon and treii-
sumr of the eoUegiate churoh of Chsaoay, which be pro-
bably dwed to ite ^iendship of the coant de Slois. In
1395, -after an absence . of twenty^seviaB yeanrs, be returned
to England^ where he was reconwd with marks of high
fvvour and affection by Richard IL and the r<yfal fatfiiiy ;
tod here he went on c6Uectiog infornia)tion for his history,
and had <the iibnaar to <pissenthis *^ Meliador'* to the king,
%ho wBssnuchdtslighted with it. After a .residence of tbree
wnoiths, he was dismissed with mai4cs of princely favoui",
which foB dxteaireared to retarn by his arffec&iot^te and
grateful lamentation on the death of his royal patroo,, at
3ie end of the fourth volume bf his histpyry.
The time of the death of Froissart has not been decided
L 2
148 F R O I S S A R T.
by his biographers. He relates some events of the year
1400, and by some is thought to have lived considerably
beyond that period, but nothing certain can be affirmed.
He probably ended his days in his own chapter, and was
interred in the chapel of St. Anne in the collegiate church.
Although he was die author of SO, 000 verses, his poetical
character is forgotten, and he is now celebrated, and most
justly, as a historian. His Chronicle, which is divided
into four books, comprehends the period between 1326
and 1400, and relates the events which took place not only
in France, but in Flanders, Scotland, and Ireland, with
numerous details respecting the papal courts of Rome and
Avignon, and collateral particulars of the transactions in
the rest of Europe, in Turkey, and even in Africa. . Hit
reputation' stands high as a faithful and diligent narrator of
what he saw and heard. By the French he has been
charged with gross partiality towards the English; they
bring! against him the crime of making Edward, and his
son, the Black Prince, the heroes of his history. But it
cannot be denied that, they were the heroes of the age in
which they flourished, and therefore an impartial historian
was obliged to represent them in their true colours, and to
make them the leading characters of the day. Mr. Johnes,'
to whom the public is indebted for an admirable editioiv of
Froissart's Chronicles, has successfully vindicated the cba*
facter of the historian from the charge of partiality : through-^
out the whole work, he says,* there is an evident disposi-
tion to give praise to valour on whatever side it was em-
ployed. The historian mourns over the death of each
valiant knight, exults in the success of every hardy enter-
prize, and seems carried away almost by his chivalrous
feelings, independently of party considerations. Till the
publication of Mr. Johnes's translation, the best edition of
the^^ Chronicles'* was that of Lyons in four Tolumes folio,
1559 ; and Mr. Johnes has since gratified the public . wish
by an equally accurate and well illustrated edition of
Froissart's continuator, Monstrelet. ^
FRONTEAU (John), canon regular, of the congrega-
tion of St. Genevieve, and chancellor of the university ^f
Paris, was born at Angers in 1614. His father, wa^ a no*"
tary x>f that place. He was first educated under a private
1 life of Froissart) by St. Palaye, translated and edited by Thomas JohneSy
esq. M. P. ISOl, 8to, a work which supersedes the necessity of referring to any
other avtbority.
F R O N T E A U. 149
ecclesiastic in the neighbourhood of Angers, and is said to
have made such rapid progress in these' his early studies,
that in less than five years he could readily translate into
Latin and Greek. On his return -to Angers he studied
three years in the college of the oratory there, and was
afterivards sent to that of La Fleche, where he completed
his classical course. In 1 630 he took the habit of a canon
regular of the abbey of Toussaint, at Angers, and made
profession the year following. Having dedicated his phi-
losophicikl thesis to father Favre, this led to an acquaint*
ance with the latter^ by whose orders he came lo Paris in
I€S6, and in 16*37 was chosen professor of philosophy in
the abbey of St. Genevieve* His first course of phiioso^
phical lectures being finished in 1639, he was employed
to lecture on divinity, which he did with equal reputation,
following die principles of St. Thomas, to which he was
much attached; but his lectures were not dry and scholas*
tic, but enlivened by references to the fathers, and to
ecclesiastical history, a knowledge of which he thought
would render them more useful to young students : and
besides his regular lectures on theology, he held every
week a conference on some subject of morals, or some part
of the scriptures. Jansenius having published his *^ Au*
gustinus,'' he read it^with attention, and thought he dis-
covered in it the tf ue sentiments of St Augustine. Some
time after, the Jesuits having invited him to be present at
the theological theses of the college of Clermont, and
having requested him to open the ceremony, he delivered
a very learned and eloquent discourse, which was at first
well received, but having attacked a proposition concern-
ing predestination, he was suspected of inclining towards
innovation. In a conference, however, with twp fitthers
of the congregation, he explained his sentiments in such a
manner as to satisfy them. In 1648 he was made chan-
cellor of the university of Paris, although with some oppo*
sition from the members of the university, not upon his
own account, but that of the fathers of the congregation
in general, who had rendered themselves obnoxious to the
university by the erection of a number of independent
seminaries.
• After passing some years in the quiet prosecution of his
studies, he encountered some opposition in consequence
of the five propositions condemned by the popes Innocent
X. and Alexander VIL He was now suspected of favour**
lao FRONTEAU.
iag the Jan^enUts, and af asserting tbal ncr one e6uAd sign
the formulary witbaut distinguiahing the fact fioa the
right This induced him to quit his office of regent ia
1 ^54, and aeeept of the conventual pricey of Benay, ini
the diocese of Angers, Here, however, he did not con*
stantly reside^ but preached frequently in some cathedrab^
a«id performed the duties of his office as chancellor of
the university, until 1661, when happening to be at Benay,
he received an order from the court to remain there untii
farther orders. This was occasioned by the afpprobation
be had given to a French translation of the Missal of M.
Yoisin, which at first be did not choose to revoke. It does
not appear^ however, idiat while he i^eiltured to express^
liberal notions, he had the courage* to. maiataiat them;
against the authority of his superiovs, for he soon concededr
every pointy and odered^to sign the formuhiry att>ove<-
tiaentioiied, virfaicb he had hitherto refused^ aikl accord^
iiigly was permitted to return to Paris in 166^, where the)
sircbbishop of Sens bestowed on him the office of pvioiK
our6 of St. Mary Magdalen> of Moiitargis ; but t&is he en^
jo3^d but a very few daysy being seized with, a diaorder
which carried him ofTy April 17, 1662, whom only forty <^
eight years of age. He was a man of extensive reading \w
ecclesiastical and profane history ; and as a preacher wa»
lively and eloquent. He obtained much reputation for his.
discourses when bestowing the degree of master of antSy
which was his province for fifteen years. He was an abler
linguist, not only in the modern, but ancient, and partis
cularly the Eastern languages. Dupin, who gives him in-
other respects a very high character, observes, that ho'
never attached himself so closely to any subject as to»
handle if. tjiorougbly, but was always making discoveries,
starting conjectures, and formjng new ideas, and giving
his subject a turn altogether uncommon.
His works were, 1. ^^ Summa totius philosophiee e D.
Thomas Aquinatis doctrina,'' Paris, 1640, fol. 2. " Tho^
mas a Kempis vindicatus per unum e Canonicis regulari*
bus congregationis Gallicanae,'' Paris, 1641, 8-vo. The
purpose of this is to prove that Thomas a Kempis, and noti
Gerson, was the author of the celebrated " Imitation,^' &c»
and it produced a controfiersy, of which some notice will
be taken in our article on that writer. 3. " Ivonis Carno^
tensis Episcopi opera,'' Paris, 1 647, fol. This edition oS
tlie works of Ives de Cbartres gave some offence to Souchei^i.
F 11 O N T E A U. 151
^kose notes- he hadb adufited; and he WM o}>lig^d to d\^)d
himself iiy a letter adcbeMecf to cbe bishop of Pay. 4.
^ BissertmiD pfaiiolegtca de virginkate hotiorata, e^uditiay
adortHOai^ foecunda/' 'MA. 1651. 5. '* Antitheses Aiigus^
tini et Calvin V ibidi 1651, 16nio. In' this be give^- the
pMrallel paarfagerof St. Aueu^in and Galvin on the subject
ef grace. The general of the coagi^gation^ thinking it
iiight tiekm smne noise in the world, stippri^sed ail the
cofiiea except one, from which a friend of Fronteau bad a
new edition printed. %, '^Kalendarium Romanum," tzk^n
froto an ancient MS. and- illustrated by a preface and two
diasertrntiDiiB,' on festiral days, and saints' days, ibid*, \651tf
tro^ 7. '^ Oiutio in obituni Mutthaei Mol^,'* ibid. 1656,
4(0. Mol6 w«B Keeper of the seals. He pnblished also
TarioiiB epistles and tract* on subjects of ecclesiastical his«
tory. His own liiiie was pubNshed in 1663, 4to, undet* the
tkte ^ Joiin, Frontonis Memoria disertis pei^ ainkos visrosque
ebMrissini09 encomiis celebrata.^ ^
FRONTINU8 (Sextus Jones), a Roman writer, who
floiivisbed^ in (be first cetitary, and was in high repute
undM Vespasian, Titus^ Dotniti&til> Kerva, atid Trajan^
was a man of consular dignity, a* great officer wIm> com^
manded the Rooian armies in' Englainl, and elsewher^^ with
aucoess ^ and he is mentioned m high terms of panegyric
by all the writers of his time. He vma city- praetor when
Vespasian and Titus were consuls. Nerva made hihi- tVL^
lairor of the aqu«educts, which occasioned^ htm to write' his
treatise, << &e Aqoseductibus Urbis- Roins." He wrote
also << Tres libros Stmtagematum," or, coiKierning' the
strattatgems used in war by the most eminent Greek and
Romam commanders ; and afterwards added a fourth, con-
taining examples of those arts and maxims, dii^oursed of
ki' the foro»er. These two works are still extant, together
with a piece *' De Re Agraria ;" and another, <* De Limi^
libuB." They have been often printed separately, but
were all published together in a neat edition at Amsterdam
in' 1^661, with note» by Robertus Keuchenius, who has
pieced' at the end the fragments of several works of Fron-i*
cinos that are lost. This* eminent man died in the year
10^6, under Trajan, and was succeeded as augur by the
younger Pliny, who mentions him with honour. He for*
bade any monument to be erected to him after his deaUi^
' Dupin.— Niceron^ toLXXL — Moreri,
l$9 FRONTINUS.
declaring, that every man was sure to be remembered
without any such testimonial, if he had lived so as to de-
serve it His words, as Pliny has preserved them, were
these: '^Impensa monumenti supervacua est; memoria
nostri durabit, si vita meruimus.'"
FRONTON (Du Due, or Le Due), known by the name
of Fronto Due^us, a learned Jesuit, was the son of a
counsellor of Bourdeaux, where he was bom in 1558, and
made a Jesuit in 1577. He studied with unwearied appli^
cation the Greek tongue, and became one of the ablest
translators and editors of Greek works in his time. He
published notes and corrections, both on the text and on
the translations of many of the works of the Greek and
Latin fathers, particularly St. Clemens Alexandrinus,. St.
Basil, St. Gregory de Nazianzen, and St. Gregory of Nyssa,
Zonaras, Balsamon, &c. But his principal work. is. his
edition of the works of St. Chrysostom, 6 vols, foU. Paris^
1609 — 1624, and reprinted there in 1636, and at Franc-^
fort in 1698. He was also engaged in controversy, and
wrote against Philip du Plessis Moroay. He died at Paris,
pec, 12, 1624. Dupin informs us that he was as much
esteemed for his prudence and modesty as for his learning
and judgment, that his merit was equally acknowledged by >
catholics and protestants, and that there was scarcely a
learned man in either communion with whom he did not
correspond. ^
FROWDE (Phiu?), an English poet, was the son of a
gentleman, who had been post-master in the reign of queen
Anne, and the grandson of sir Philip Frowde, a loyal officer
in king Charles I.*s army. He was sent to the university of
Oxford, where he had the honour of being distinguished
by Addison, who took him under his protection. While
be remained there he became the author of several pieces
of poetry, some of which, in Latin, were pure and elegant
enough to entitle them to a place in the ^^ Mussb Angli*
canae.*' He wrote likewise two tragedies : " The Fall of
Saguntnm,'' dedicated to sir Robert Walpole ; and " Phi-
Jotas," addressed to the earl of Chesterfield. Neither of
these were very successful on the stage, to which they were
thought less adapted than to the closet* He died at his
lodgings in Cecil-street in the Strand, Dec. 19, 1738 ; and
* Taciti Agtco1a.«~Vos»ius dc Scient. Math.— Fabric. Bibl. Lat. — A list of the
editions of his woi|is is given in Dr. Clarke's Bibliographical Dictionary.— Sax^
O^omast. * Moreri in Dae,— NiceroQi yol. 2Qpcyi|l.
F R O W D E. 15S
in the London Daily-Post had the following character
given him : " Though the elegance of Mr. Frowde's writ-
ings has recommended him to the general public esteem,
the politeness of his genius is the least amiable part of his
character ; for be esteemed the talents of wit and learning,
only as th€iy were conducive to the excitement and practice
of honour and humanity. Therefore, with a soul chearful,
benevolent, and virtuous, he was in conversation genteelly
delightful, in friendship punctually sincere, in death Chris-
tian ly resigned. No man could live more beloved; no
private man could die more lamented.^' ^
FRUGONI (Charles Innocent), an Italian poet, was
born November 21, 1692, at Genoa, of a noble family,
which ended in him. He was persuaded by his tutors to
enter the order of regular clerks of Somasquo ; but that
confined life was so contrary to his gay temper, and fond-
ness for pleasure, that he obtained leave from the pope to
quit the order, and remain a secular priest Frugoni then
setti^ at Parma, where the different sovereigns procured
him all the conveniences of life; but the infant don Philip
showed yet greater attention to him than the rest. He
gave him the titles of court poet, inspector of the theatres,
and secretary of the fine arts. He died at Parma, Decem-
ber 20, 1768. His poems are much esteemed by the Ita-
Kans, and his songs, in particular, were.the delight of his
contemporawes. An edition of this author's works was
published at Parma in 1779, in lOvols. 8vo. They con-
sist of every species of minor poems. '
FRUMENTIUS (St.), a Romish saint, is usually called
the Apostle of Ethiopia, on account of bis having first pro-
pagated Christianity in that country, in the fourth century.
He was the nephew of one Meropius, a philosopher of
Tyre, who being induced to travel to Ethiopia, carried with
him his two nephews, Frumentius and Edesius, with whose
education he had been entrusted. In the course of their
voyi^e homewards, the vessel touched at a certain port to
take in provisions and fresh water, and the whole of the
passengers were murdered by the barbarians of the coun-
try, except the two children, whom they presented to the
king, who resided at Axuma, formerly one of the greatest
cities of the East. The king, being charmed with the wit
and sprightliness of the two boyssi had them carefully edu-
1 9iog. Dniin.-!!i-Clbber'8 Lirei. * Diet Hist, ,
I5i F R U M E N T f U S.
^ale(i> dBd; when' ggown up, nsftde Ed^us bib eu^^b^rer^
and FrtimQotms, who was the elder, bis ti«|i9«irev fttid- se^
Gffetavy of s^aie, eHtr«9tiDg bim witk ali the fmbUe ivriti^s
and ac€<Hui43. Nop were t^ey lesfrbig^y boiiaiii^ after
tbe kiag's d^s^hr ^y tbe q^e<H)| who ym»i veg^et dump hits
son's {Biiion^y. Frumenuusr bad tbe priacipal maoageioenfc
of affairs, and soon tui^ned bi^ attention- to bi^er objecto
tb^n tibe p(^ii^s of tbe • <$oaatvy. He met wttb some Re^
luan ii>0FobaB€s wbo traded tbere, died hating by theiv
«ieans disQQVQred soi»9 Cbmtians wb(r wejfe in the king-»
dom, be encouraged tbem ta associate for the purposes of
feUgious wQcsbip ; aind at length erected a cbiir^k for their
u^e; and certain natives^, ii^trueted in^ the gospel, were
converted. Oa the young king's accession to the goveto**
pieat,^ Fri|aienti;us, though Wiib much f^lneli8«ic0 on the
part of %be king and bis aiatber, obtained lea?e to return
%Q bis own country, £desiu» accordingly mtumed to
Tyre I buf; Frunoentins-, on bis; ai^rival at A^ssaadvia^ ceon
taunicated bis advenitures tx> Atbanasius ibe bishepy and
informed bim of tb^e^ probability of ce^veftiii^ tbe counttjr
%o Christianity, if rai^isianaeies' wc^e aent tbither. Ola
pature consideration, Athansisi.'Oft' cold biiii> that none
was so fit fine the: office as faijBiaelf> He consecrated him
therefore ficst bisbopf of the Indians^ and Frumentras re^
^^ning to a people who- had bee^ ae(|Maint<id with bis
iniegmy and capacity, preached the- gospel with* moeb
aiAQcess, and erected many churches, akhou^ the em"*
peror Constantius endeivv^eu^redtO' introduce Ariant^mv. and
^tmally ordered that Frumentius. should be deposed; and
an AriaiL bishop: appGanted;bittr the country was happily
put q( his reach. Frunpentkis is sdipposed to bate died
about the year 360^ The Abyssinia^^ boi»eur Mmas the
apostle of tbe country of tbeAxuufiite&», which- is tbeniase
eon sid arable jiart of their enipire. ^
F{IV£ (TjKOfiiAis),. an ingenious artist, was anative e£
Ireland,: where be w^ born in 1710. He came very earlj^
ta London^ when he practised portrait-paiatiog in oil^
crayons, and in niuMature. In 173^^ be bad the honour oS
painting bis royal highness, Frederick prince of Wales^ ai
All! leoglh> now in Sadler's<>hall, Gheapside. But- biisl
geniiis was* not confined to this arty and k is said that be
was the inventor and first manufacturer of porcelain ia
k Butler's SaiDts.-*Milae('j( Cb. Eist, . >
F E Y E. 153
Ifiigbinid, aod lliat be spont flfi^iaii yeani of hit life m brings
Hig tl^ to p«r£ectioB at a mairafectory at Bow,, ducing
whiQb, bis opi)k9t4tutio» being iiapaired by coastaady work*
V)g ia fornnce^, 1^ ^ettped ioto Waller, witb little bopje. of
reeovery. Here, however, bis healjth^ wa,s perfeetly re-«
at^red, ^nd bet returned again to London, and resumed hin
pFQfessio% to which he now added the art of mezzotiatat
eageaving, ai^d had coiisider^le employment and aoceess^
botb asr a patpter and engravet*. He' died o( a decUnei,,
bpongbt QU by intense application, ApnUt 9, 1762.
. I«* the first e&habition in- 1760 there was a balf-leogtb
poc^r^it of the famous singer, Leteri^ge,, which was^ painted!'
by! Fiye, and possessed very coosid^able mevk ; and in
tho exbibition of tb^ following year be. also bad pictures iur
all tbe different processes of oil-colours, cvayOns, and mi*^
ijiature. Qf bis mezzotiato productions,, there ares siit
heisKis ais large as life ; one of tbem ihe porti^tof the artist
bkni^elf ; to which, may be added two oilier portraits o#
Mieii^ majesties,, the ^ame size with the former, but iitferiop
i» exeoutioi). He bad issued pcx>posals in 1760 for twelve
beads in the above' maaneff, btU we presume bis iHness and
sfibsequent death prevented bis^ completing more than six ^
ip, these, however, be shewed rather more inidMstry thanl
JMdgnaaiit; fiw no branch of efigraviug,. whether in mezzo-
tinto, or in strokes, can be suited to the display of portraits)
of such niiagnitude. ^
FBYTH. See FRITH.
FUCH8, or FUCHSIUS (Leona«d), an eminent Ger-
man physician and botanist, was bora at Wembding, iu<
BsMi^aris^ in 15Q1. After a cla^cal education aJb Haalbfun»
a0d £rfurt, be went in his nineteenth year to Ingoldstad«,
where he pursued the study of the learned languages under
Gapnius and Ceporinus, two eminent professon^ who hact
embraced the doctrines of the reformation, which they
imparted ta their pupil. He received the degree of master
of arts in 1521, and having also studied medicine, was
admitted to his doctor's degree in 1524. He first praC'-^
tised at Munich, where he married, and had a large family,
and in 1526 he removed to Ingoldstadt, and was made
professor of medicine; but his religion occasioning some
trouble, be settled at Onoltzbach about two^ years after-
wards^ under the patronage and protection of George,
) Edfvards's Paiiitcrs. — StroU*6 DIctieaary.^Geut, Mag. vol. X^IV.
156 F U C H S.
margrave of Bayreuth. Here he was very suocessful as a
practitioner, and published some treatises on the healing
art. In 1533, the management of the university of Ingold-'
stadt being committed, by William duke of Bavaria, to
Leonard Eccius, a celebrated lawyer, acquainted with the
meri^ of Fuchs, he procured his return to his former profes-
sorship ; but his zeal for the reformed religion was still too
prominent not to give offence, especially, we should sup-
pose, to John Eccius (see Eccius), then a professor there,
and he returned to Onoltzbach. Two years after, how-
ever, he found an honourable asylum in the university of
Tubingen, which Ulric, duke of Wirtemberg, had deter-
mined to supply with protestant professors, and where he
provided Fuchs with an ample salary, and every encou-
ragement. In this place he remained until his death, May
10, 1566. He died in the arms of his wife and children,
full of faith and fortitude, having in the course of his ill-
ness been observed to experience no relief from his suflfer-
ings, but while conversing with his friends on the subjects
of religion and a future state, which made him forget every
thing else, and he expressed himself with all his usual
energy and perspicuity. He was interred, the day zlter
his death, in a burying-ground adjoining to the town,
where his first wife had been deposited but little more than
three years before.
Some botanical remarks of Fuchs, relating principally
to the Arabian writers, are found in the 2d volume of the
^* Herbarium" of Brunfelsius. But the work on which
hiis reputation in this study chiefly rests, is his " His-
toria Plantarum,'* published at Basil in 1542, fol. with
numerous wooden cuts. A German edition appeared the
following year. In this work he chiefly copies Dioscorides,
adding a few remarks of his own, and falling, as Hatler
observes, into the common error of the writers of his time,
who expected to find in their own cold countries the
plants of those more genial climates where the ancients
studied botany and medicine. The publication of Fuchs,
l;hough nearly on a par with those of other learned
men of his time, would probably have been long since
forgotten, were it not for the transcendant merit of its
wooden cuts, inferior to those of Brunfelsius alone in exe-
cution, and far exceeding them in numbers They chiefly
indeed consist of pharmaceutical plants, which though
mere outlines, are justly celebrated for their fidelity and
F U C H S. 157
elegance. These original editions are become very rare ;
but copies and translations of them, various in merit, are
common throughout Europe. Amongst the poorest of
these is a French duodecimo, printed at Lyons, under the
title of Le Benefice Commun, in 1555, for which our
author is certainly not responsible, and it is rather bard in
Linnaeus to class him, on account of some such spurious
editions, under, the heads of monstrosi and rudes in his
*^ Bibiiotheca Botanica," though indeed he there properly
stands amongst the usitatissimi with respect to his original
edition. By some of his writings, especially his " Cor*
narus fureus," published in 1545, against Cornarus, who
had attacked his << Historia Plantarum'' in a work entitled
.". Vulpecula excoriata,'" he appears to have been vehement
in controversy, but in his general character and deport-
ment he is said to have been dignified and amiable» with a
fine manly person, and a clear sonorous voice. His piety^
temperance, and indefatigable desire to be useful^ were
alike exemplary. As a lecturer he was peculiarly admired
jftnd followed, especially in his anatomical courses. The
famous Vesalius was present at one of his lectures, in which
he found himself criticized. He afterwards familiarly ad-
dressed the professor, saying,. '' why do you attack me
who never injured you ?*' " Are you Vesalius ?" exclaimed
Fuchs. " You see him before you," replied the former.
On which great mutual congratulations ensued, and a
strict friendship was formed between these learned men.
Fuchs was so famous throughout Europe, that the great
Cosmo duke of Tuscany invited him, with the offer of a
salary of 600 crowns, to become professor of medicine at
Pisa, which he declined. The emperor Charles V. also
bora testimony to his merit, by sending him letters with
the insignia of nobility, which honour also Fuchs for
some time declined. He was indifferent to money, as well
as to all other than literary fame. ^ His great ambition was,
whenever he undertook in his turn the rectorship of the
university, to promote good order, industry, and improve-
ment among the students, whom he governed with paternal
assiduity . and affection. Two colleges were always under
bis immediate care, one of them founded by duke Ulric
for. students of divinity alone, and more ampiy endowed
by his son and successor. ^ . .
' Melcjiior Adam in vlt. German, medic. — Niceron. rol. XVIJT.— Ualler
BibWBot.«-p"Tbe latter part from £>r. Smith ']Xi Rses's Cydo^ae I. — Saxii Oaomast.
158 FU E S S L I.
FUE»»U, w FUS8LI (John Gasfard), a Swim «^^,
•nd a man (^ considerable learnit^, was born at Kuhod
in 1706. After acquiring the elenients of panttng from a
very indifferent artist, he left his country in cbe .eigiite^h
year of bis age, and going to Vienna, associated Mms^lf
wdth Sedelnieier. Gran and Meitens were lus firincipal
guides, if he could be said to have any other guide tbali
bis own genius. He became well known at court, bat hbi
love of independence indaced him to refuse very advanta*
geous offers. He would not, faowerer, have probAVy ever
left Vienna, bad not the prince of Sohwarzenburg per^
amaded him to go to Radstadt, where he beoaine the fa*
irouarite of the court Among others whose portraits be
painted was the margrave of Doutiwdi, wbo bad a gneat
affection for him, and advised him to go tx> Ladmgsbmrg^
wfaicfa be did with letters of recooMneiidation to the duke of
lA^irtemfaerg, who imroediateiy took bim into bis serviceL
Mem be ipassed liis time very agreeably, making occasional
excuMions to paiiiit the portraits of persons of diat&nction^
until the war of Poland, when the Entrance of the French
itit» Gerowny threw every thing into confusion. The dobd
bis patiron at the same time felt sick, and was reteeiretl to
Sbtttgas^d, but on Fuessli's leaving him ie go to Nuremberg^
bis highness pnese-oted bim widi a gold watch, andceopiestwd
bjn to ireturu when the state of public %1h.m wa^ changed*
At Narembei^ he had a strong desire to see the ceMbrated
9<itiflt Kupeski', of whose teanners lie had imbibed an un<
>&voiirable impression, bwt he vi«s agreeably, disappointed^
and <they beoatne friends from dieir irst inberview. Alter
semaimng <six «iontbs'at Nuremberg, the dtvke of Wirmsi'*
beiig died, and flbere being no i«»(Medfate prospect of
peaiee, FuesG^i returned to his own country, and in lV4d
married. Akhougb bis wife was a very amiable woman^
be €ised to «ay that maniage was inoom|>atible with the
cidlavation of the fine arts : if, 4)owet^, ne {ete ibimself
^oadionally disturbed by domestic cares, be bad tbe hap'^
piiMsss t(5 comnMtmcate bis art to his three sotis^ How
dolph, who settled at Vienna ; fleiity, at present so well
known in Ekigland ; and Caspar, who died in ikm vigour of
life, an entomologist of fidelity, disccinafination, and taste.
Fuessli's talents and repuution procured bfan tlve ^friend-
ship of the greatest artists of his time, and Mengsisentbiiii'
his treatise '^ on the beautiful,^' which he published with
a preface. Winkelmann, especially, lived in great intimacy
E U E S S L I, 119
with bim. HU ^aiaito for poetry adso procured tiftn the M-
quaifttance and oorreeqpMidence of Keist, Klop^took^ Wie-*
land, Boidaier, and Sreidi^guer, nor was he'les^ ^j^cted
by many pcnoas of the first distinction in rKtifa, and iAs
house was freqoeoted by all the Uteratr of his titne, whom
he .delighted byliis eonversation-talents. Nor 'was be in-
considerable Bs a patron of %he arts. He -gav^e lessons
gratis to aiany young persons, and made Qollections tt
acfiifit them in Hkeir studies and travels, eniiploying 4iis
interest .with the gr«at only fot the b^6lit of •genius an4
tidents. la 174^ and i742 he had ihe'iiiisforttune to lose
bifl two friends Kupeaki and Rngefidas, both whose li^^fii
he iwnate, mikd this employiaaent seems to have suggested to
him ^ Tbe Lives of the Artist of Switzerland/' which he
wKOtB with great elie^mce and oritwcai discrimination^ ' H6
pnUhsfacd Bbo a ^^ Catalogue raisenn^ of the best £ngirav«-
i^ga." ttis awn collection was uocon^monly lich^ in the
finest apecioienA of that art Of his paintitigls, hiis son ap«-
peals to the series of consular portraits, which he painted
M&ef his return «to 24iiriob, engraved in ■mez-Eot^to by
Pi-eisler and odaers, as a lair-^est of his style and ta^te.
He died at Z«rich, May 6^ 4 784. His lives of Rngendas
and Kupexki were pnidis^faed at Zurich in 1756 ; his Swiss
Artists in 6 yols. 1769 — 1779 ; and his Cat^dogue of £n-
graMcrs and their works, in 1770. Besides these he pub <»
l^ed <^ Winkelmann's Letters to h^is' friends in Switzer«»
land," 1778^ and Mengs f' On Beanty," in 1770.*
FiJGGEM, (HuLDRic)^ an eminent benefactor to litera*^
ta^rcy was born, at Aiagsbnrg in 1526, and deserves a place
in ithis woitk for his affection to learning and learned men^
His family was coninderable for its antiquity and opulence ;
and Th^anus informs ms, tihat when Charlei V. changed
the gOFernment ^f Augslnirg, in 1 548, he nominated the
£smiiy of the Fuggers among Aose who thenceforward
were to be raised to the dignity of senators. Yet this iU
hotrious family, as all the genealogical writers of G^ro^any
notice, sprang from a weaver, whe> in 1^70, was made
firee of 4;he cky of Augsburg. Huidric bad been ehamb^er'^
lain to po^ Paul liL and afterwards tuiDed pix>testant.
He laid out gr^eat suras in purchasing good manuscripts of
ancient authors, and ''getting them printed; and for thi^
. ■• .
1 Meister'g Portraits of Illustrious Men of Switzerlancl. — Pilkin^on's Diet, bj
fuseli.
IM F U G G E R.
purpose be for some time allowed a salaiy to the famom
Henry Stephens. His relations were so incensed at him^
for the money he expended in this way, that they brought
an action against him, in consequence of which he was
declared incapable of managing his affairs. Thuanus, and -
some other writers observe, that this sentence proK^ounced
against Fugger plunged him into a deep melancholy, which
accompanied him almost to his grave ; but it is asserted ia '
his epitaph, that he was unmoved at the shock, and that
he was soon after restored to his estate. He had retired to
Heidelberg, where he died in 1584; having, bequeathed
:his library, which was very considerable, to the dector
Palatine, with a fund for the maintenance of six scholars. '
. FULBECK (WiLUAM), an English law-writer, was the -
son of Thomas Fulbeck, who was mayor of Lincoln at the
time of his death in 1566. He was born in the parish of
St Benedict in that city in 1560, entered as a commoner
of St. Alban hall, Oxford, in 1577, and was admitted ^
scholar of Corpus Christi college about two years after. In
1581 he took his baehelor^s degree, and the liext year
became probationer fellow. He then removed to 01ou<» .
cester-hall (now Worcester college) where be completed
the degree of M. A. in 1584. From Oxford he went to '
Gray^s Inn, London, where he applied with great assi-»
duity to the study of the .municipal law. Wood says, he
bad afterwards the degree of civil law conferred on him^ :
but where he had not been able to discover, nor is the
place or time of bis death known. From an extract from
bishop Kennet, in the new edition of Wood, it seems not
improbable that he took orders. His works are, i. ^^ Chris- -
tian Ethics," Lond. 1587, 8vo. 2. "An historical coUec-^
tion of the continual factions, tumults, and massacres of
the Romans before the peaceable empire of Augnstur
Caesar," ibid. 1600, 8vo, 1601, 4to. 3. " A direction or
piteparative to the study of the Law,*' ibid. 1600, Sto, ^
afterwards published, with a new title-page, as ^* A pa-
rallel or conference of the civil, the canon, and the com-
mon law,** ibid. 1618. 4. " The Pandects of the Lawsc^
Nations; or the discourses of the matters in law, wherein
the nations of the world do agree," ibid. 1602^ 4to. *
FULBERT, bishop of Cbartres, who flourished tbvi^di -
the end of the tenth and beginning of the eleventh cen»
1 Bayle in Gen. Diet.-- Moreri. ^ Atb. Ox. new edit, by Blist, toI. I.
FU.LBERT. Ml
i»vf, H cetebmtdd^ in di* Bomkh cburch. hi^ory, for hU
leajruiiig: and .^iety* Some authors rank bkn among tiae
obAMeliofB of Fraoce^ under the reigo of king Robert, but
be .was ooly cbanaellor of tbe church of Cbartrefl, at the
^aine time that he was rector of the school. He bad been
himself a. disciple of the learned Gerbert, who was aft^-
wiMxls pope Sylvester IL in the year 999. Fulbert came
frooi Rome to France, and taught in the schools belonging
to tbe ehurcb of Chartrea, which were then not pnly a^-
' tended 'iiy a^gteat concoocseof scholars, but by his means
cotitrilHitedi *gceatly to tbe revival of learning and religion
.in Fraooe and Getisaoy ; and most o£ the eminent men of
Jiis time thought tt :aQ bpnour to be able to say that they
had been his scholars. In 1007 he suc^ceeded to the bishop*-
ric of Chartxes, and the duke William gave him the oCBce
of treasorei^ of St. Hilary of Poiuers, the pro6ts of which
fulbert eoipbyed in rebmlding his cathedral church. He
was di^inguisbed in his time for attachment to eoclesias'*
tical discipline, and apostolic courage; and such was- his
cbaraoter and f(ime, that be was higiily esteemed by the
priocea and sovereigns of his. age, by Robert, king-wf
£rano^ Canute, king of England ; Richard II. duke of
Norsaandy ; William^ duke of Aquifcaine ; and the greater
part of due contemponuy noblemen and prelates. He
ooDtimied bishop of Cbartreafor twenty-one years and^x
months^ and died, aoeordii>g to tbe abbe Fleuri, in 1029;
))ut others, with more probikbility, fix that ^vent on April
10^ Iil£d.. -. His woidLs, which were printed', not very jcop-
raetljy-. by Charles do ViUieis in 1608, consist of letters,
jemuos, and some Lesaer pieoes in prose and versa His
eermonsy Dopia thinks^. contain little worthy of notice;
bttt hia letters, which .amoumt to i84, have ev^r beencon«>
eidbfcA as curious inemonals of tbe history ^nd sentimknla
of the Junes. They pnohre, boweyer^tfaat although Fuibett
laigkA ceatribute imuihito the propagation of learnings he
liad.nat advanced in liberality <^f sentimemt befove bis eon^
teospctrams. Tfaera^ate klso two other letters of pur pre^-
I^M .m texiatenoe, t|ie one in D'Acheri's ^Spictlegium,^
and tbe etheit ia Martcbae's <^ Theaaufus Anecdo^ocum/!
both lUoatratiKe of his jentimejota, and the aentimeflilM of
liisage.^ ■*. ''"' 'V ■
■ ■
Vol, XV. „ .' M '■,
/
:t49 F V htH. NTI US.
<- FUC&ENTIUS (St.) an ecdcriastical writer^ was bortt
««t Tri^pu^ or Teltepte, almit tbe year 468. He waa^of
^ti iHastrioits family, ibe son of X^taodiusi and grandson of
«6brdiiuius, b. senator of XIarttiage. Claodias flying early,
^laft hit^ son/ tiben very youag, to. tbe care of bis widoar
4tfariana. He was^prof^eriy educated in the knowledge of
tbe Latin and Greek langaages, aiid made sucb progvess
in- bis studieS) that while yet a boy be oooid repeat all
•Udm^r^^tod spoke Greek with fluency and puritjr. A
^-sooft^MiR) was capable of an enploymeni l^e was.florade
^procuiMor or receiver of tbe revemies of ;fais province,
•l^at tbit/ situation dispteased him, because of tbe ^geur Ji6
was forced to use in levying taxes; and therefore^ not-
withstanding th^ tears and dissuasions of bis mother, he
leA%he wortd, and took the monastic, vows under Fanstu^
a bishops pcfrsecuted by the- Ar ian faction, who bad founded
•amon^tery in that fietghbourbood. The continued peiw
%eeu^orl^-^'tbe Arian)$ soon separated ^htm and.Faustus^
■and not long after, the incursions of the Moors obliged
btid to r^fttre into tbe country of l^cca,: where be 'Was
^«Mpp6d';litid' iddprisoned. ^ Afterwards .be resolved tO'gls
imp'kgfpt; but in bia voyage was dissuaded by Euhitos
IfMici^^of • Synccilse, becniase tbe monks of theJEa^Jiad
aeparated from ^ibe-catholic churcbw He consulted >alaei 4
bikn^ ^Africa, who bad retired: into; SiciW:L-aiid. tlal
bishop- iidvised him tatetumtobis o«sn. country^ after 'jUc
bad floade^'a jciorney • tO' Home.- - Kintg Tbeodorie wasJoii
that 'city wb^u be arrived* tbere^ ^iKfaicbi.waES'in:.:tbeijDetHp
509. After be bad visited tbe sepulcbfts of )tfa€^ apostles
he returned to his oWAcoaatfy^ wterebebuiltamoQaatesjr:
:, Africa was -tfaeii tiiider the dominion^ TbrasimondJciiig
<it tbe Vandals, an- Arian, and ^a- cruel enemy tortba^JBa^
tbolics. He had forbidden tdotdain catboliC' bishsfiaiii
Ibe room of tbdse who. died : but thelusbops ofAfricainaeNt
determined not to 'obey m^ order iWbieb tbneaieadd the
extfnction of orthodoxy^ Falgentios,«nder.tbeaeoeiresMii^
atalices, wished to avoid being ia bishop ;<aad wbeitideeiyftd
for the see of Viata in the year JiOuT^ fled aodicainB^^isd
BimMslf, but being soon diseoviaaad^ iaaaappotomdl>isbjDp:
of Rnspe .much against faiS wilb ^< X)n tUa efevatfaoJi^ im
not^ange either his habit or manner of lining,. I>tttiiised
the same austerities and abstinence as before. He still
loved the monks, and ddighted^b retire into a mohasti^jr
as often as tbe business of his episcopal function allowed
him time: * Afterwaidi be bad tbe same fate 9fiA aboiit
two buiidred aod twenty catholic bishops of Africa, Wboioi
•rThrasimond banished into the island of Sardinia^; and
tfaough be was not tbe oldest among tbem, yet tbey pw4
mocbi respect to. bis learaiog, as to employ his pen in alt
:tfae^wfittaga produced in the name of their body. Slo
:gfeat' was his raputation, that Tbrasimond had a curiosity
to see and hear^bim ; and having sent for him to Carthage
be proposed to him many difficulties, which FulgeotitU
-sohed to h|s aaltsfactioo : but because he -confirmed the
oatbolicf, and convefted many Arians, tbf^r bishop at
•C^rtbage. prayed the king to ^nd him back to. Sardioif*
Tiairasimond dying about tbe year 523, his son Hilderlc
Tdcalbsd the catholic bishops, of whom Fulgentius was one»
.Ueretamed, to tbe great joy of those who were concerned
«i«ithjbim, led a most exemplary life, governed bis olergy
well, iafkd performed all tbe offices of a good bishop. He
'dmd in theye8v.53S, on tbe first day of the year^ being
>lib«^ sixty«>five.
. His^wDrks, as. many of them as are extant, eonsistin^pf
4octriaal treatises and some epistles,- bave^ oftff^ beOft
panted j but the last and completeat edition is in one^or
liime^ 4to^ Paris, i684. Fulgentius did not only foUqir
Hboidoctrine of St. Austint but be also imitated bia.slyji^
I2is language, indeed, is not q^iite so pure ; but be ba^s^spt
tUe same play of .words as St* Austin. Jie had a quick and
aubtler-^IHrit, which eaaily comprehended whatever be ap^r
pliediximaelf to learn ^ aod be had a clear aod copious way
of seiqag it off; too copious indeed, for he often repeats
tbe^Mme .things in different words, and turns the question
iptany.differeDt ways. He was deeply versed in tb^e holy
fcripturea, andas well read in. the fathers, particularly St.
. Au9^ : but,. as he loved thorny and scholastic questiopi^
Jbetenetimesintrodttcedtbem in thedUcussion of mysteries,^,
. jt F0LOE.NTIUS PLANCIADES (Fabius), who is somer
tnwnr. Gonfoonded with tbe preceding St. Fulgentius, ia
dujppoaed so bave^beep bishop of Carthage in the sixth ceii^
ttuy^ Jiiiit some think not before the eighth or ninth. He
ia^ili^Autbor of three books of my thoIogy,< addressed to
one €at08,:<a priest. They were first published in 1 4:999
dr JttiUn^ in, folio, by Jo. Bapt Pius, who added a cpmmei>.T
- ''•b
. 9r J>upUi.««CMet vqU l.'-»|fortri.-r-Miiner*s Ch. HUt. vqI. HI, p. l.-»S^xii
M 2
1*4 F U L G E N T I \J'S.
taiy. Jerome Commelin reprinted them in 1599, with tlie
works of other mythologists. There is likewise a tr^tise
by hitn ** De Prisco Sermone, tiA Cbalcidiuin," published
by Hadrian Junius, at Antwerp^ 1565^ atbl^ mth Nonius
Marciellus, and afterwards reprirtted with the " Auctores
Lingoae Latinse," Paris, 1586, '^nd eVse#fiere, Hiswoirfts
are now rather curious than valuable, as they bear the im-
press of the dark age in which he lived.*
FULGOSO (Baptist). See FREGOSO.
FULKE (William), a eeleb^ated English divine^ abd
tbaster of Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, was bdrn in Lbn-
Uon, and educated in St. John's college, Cambridge, of
"which he was chosen fellow in 1564. He wds a youth of
•great parts, and of a very high spirit. When a boy at
school, he is said to have betrayed great anger and mor-
tification oh losing a literary contest for ^ silver pen> with
the celebrated Edmund Campian, and as the latter was
edjucated at Cbrist*s hospital, this incident s^fns to prove
that Fulke was of the same school. Before he becamj^
fellow of his college, be complied with the wishes of his
father, by studying law at Clifford^s-inrt, but on his return
To the university, his inclinations became averse lo thitt
ptirsuit, and he was unable to conquer them*, althoug^b his
rather refused ro support him any longer. Y6ung Fultci?^
however, trusted to his industry and endowments^ ^ifd
soon became a distinguished scholar in mathematics, lat|-
fruages, and divinity. Having taken orders, bis early io:^
timacy with some of the puritan divineis induced him to
preach in favour of some of their sentiments respectiW
'%., the ecclesiastical habits and ceremonies. This occuft^
about 1565, and brought upon him- the censure ctf the
chancellor of the university, which, it is said, proceeded
to expulsion. On this he took lodgings in the tdi^ t)tf
Cambridge, and subsisted for some time by reading W!r
lures. His expulsion, however, -if it really took ' pIiK^^
which seems doubtful, did not lessen his general teputai^
lion, as in 1569 there was an intention to choose him o^as*-^
ter of St. John's college, bad not archbishop Parker ihleP-?
fered ; but about the satne time he found a patron in Ihb
earl of Leicester, who was more indulgent to the ^ritana^
and who received Mr. Fulke into his bouse, as hi^ domestic
> Mof^rL-^^Baillet Jugemeib;^ — Clarke's BIbliograpliicar Ijictiobarjr.—
Onomast. in Piaaciadea^
'■\
F U L K £• 4€5
clmpUJn. It was noyf also that he fell under the cUarge
^of being qojDcerned in some unlawfal ixsarrkges, and ip
such circutnstanpes thought ii his duty to resign his feUow*
$hrp9 biU baring honoutably accjuitted in an examination
before the bishop of Ely, he was immediately re^elect^cl
by the college.
In 1571 the earl of Essex presented him to the rectory
of Warley, in Ebs^x^ and soon after to the rectory of Ke^
dington^in Suffolk, ^nd about this time he tpok his doctor^s
degree at Cambridge, and was iiicorpprated in the same
'at<?X'ford. His degree at Cambridge w^s in consequence
qf tt mandanitu from the earl of Ks>;i^ex, that he might be
iquati£ed to accompany the earl of Lincoln, who was then
gom'g as ambassador to the court of France. Upon bis
ratbrh be was chosen master of Pembroke-hall, and as
IfVood says in his Fasti, Margaret professor of divinity^
but Buker, in a MS note on Wood) sayf he never held tha
ktter office.
Irt' (5S2, Dr. Fulke, with other learned divines, was
<$ngaged in a' public disputation with certain Roman
catholics, in the Tower, and had to contend again with
liiif old school-fellow Campian, but was more ' success*
ipL Be died in the month of August, 15^9, and was
l)orie4 in the chancel of the church at Kedington^ where
if «in inscription to his memory, partly in Latin, and partly
tn English. His was married, and had a large family, to
niiomne appears by his will to bare been able to bequeath
cohsiderable property. To Pembroke^hall he beqireatfaed
a^ piece of plate, to be called Dr. Fulke's cup, and used
only at commencements and solemn feasts.
*^' His works, chiefly controversial, ve, I. " Anti-prog**
nosticon contra predictiones Nostradami," &c. 1560. ^»
*^'Sermon at Hampton-court," 1571. 3. " Canfutatbn
^f a libelle in forme of an apology made by Frocknam,**
l^K 4. ♦* A goodly gall«y, or treatise on meteors,^*
li7i. 5. f< Astrologus ludus," 1571. 6. ^ Metpomaxia^
shts Liidus geometricus," 1578. t. ^ Responsio ad ThoK
Stapletoni cavillationes," 1579. B. ^^ A retentive against
the motives of Richard Bristow; also a discovery of the
dangerous rock of the popish church," 1 580. 9. *^ A de*
fence of the translation pf the Holy Sicnptures in ^nglifcb>^^
1583. 10. ** Confutation of Will. Allen's treatise in de*»
fence x>f this usurped power of the popish priesthood.*' But
die work by which be is best known, and is still remembered
U6 F U L K E.
with high esteeni) is his Comment apon the Rh^ims Te«ta«
ment, printed in 1 580^ suid reprinted in 160 i with this title':
** The Text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, trans-
lated otit of the vulgar Latin by the Papists of the traiterous
Seminarie at Rhemes.4 With arguments of books, chapters,
tind annotations, 'pretending to discover the corruptions of t
divers translations, and to dear the controversies of these
days. Wberennto is added the translation out of the ori*
ginai Greeks commonly used in the Church of England ;
with a confutation of all such arguments, glosses, and an<-
notations, as containe manifest impietie of Heresie, Tlrea^
SOD, 'and Slander against the Catholike Church of Go3,
and the true teachers thereof,- or the translations used hi
the church of England. • The whole worke, perused and
enlarged in divers places by the author*s owne hand be*
fore his death^ with sundry quotations and authorities out
of Holy Scriptures, Counsels, Fathers, and History. More
^ amply than in the former Edition.'' This work was pub-
li$he4 again, 1617 and 1633, in folio, as it was befot'e,
Und proves that in power of argument and criticism, he
was one of the ablest divides of his time, and one bf
.' the principal opponents of the popish party. One otb^r
" woric has Men attributed to him,^ we know not on tvhat
; authority, which was published iinder the name of Mr^
■^ l^ttdley Feoner; entitled "A brief and plain dechratioh,
' containing the desires of all those faithful ministers Who
[ seek discipline and reformation of the church of Engla^,
which n^y serve as a just apology againrst the fiilse accli«
^sations and slanders of their adversaries,"^ 1584. Ha^ifig
^ never been molested oti account of his opinions, unless
when at college, there seems no reason why he should n6w
publish them under another name.'
FULLER (Isaac), was an English painter of some'^note
ih the reign of Charles IL but of his family or masCefs^^e
bave no account, except th^t be studied many years-^in-
France under Penrier, who engraved the antique stat^l^s.
In his historical compositions he has left little to admil-e,
his colouring being raw and unnatural, and not compen-
sated by disposition Or invention, but in portraits his peticil
was bold, strong, and masterly. In the latter he Was
inucb employed, particolariy at Oxford. His own porti^is
• • Folkr*9 Wbrtbi€fl.~Wood*s flNa^Vrooi'S P<n{laiii;--5ti7iw^ PsrkcCi
^ U t L E R. \^
lA^lie gallery there is touched with great force. >Qd cli%*
nei:9r. The akar^piece of Magdalen was f^sQ by hihi,
hut baa not been much approvcnl.. As an iimiuitio^ qi
{^icbel Angela, itfaUs far sbortof the sublinpe* .aitbpMgh
tomeueiea wild ioiaginatton of thai great artist; ^or is the
v^kwrbig harmonious. Some of the figureSt bpwever, ar;^
<;orrectly drawn ; and be has at l(Mat imitated the temper
of^MMiel Angelo with success, in introducing iKBong tb^a
daoinedt the portrait of an hostler at the GreybQund-inny.
Mar the cdlege, who bad offended him. Th6 picture^- it
ia.well knowoi was honoured by Addison in an elegant
Latin poem* At Wadham college is an altar*clotb by
Fuller ki a singular manner, and of merit ; wbicK i^ just
brushed over fpr the lights and shades, and |be coloufi
9)elted in with a hot iron. Soon after the restoration, be
- 9ras engaged in painting the circumstances of king Charles
:JV$ escape^ which he executed in five lars;^ pictiires*
These were presented to the parliament. pf Irehin(r> where
^ ihey remained for many years in one of ;^be jcooms of t^
' pariiameot house in Dublin. But some time ib tfie^Wt
ceiiturj the bouse undergoing a thorough f€y[>4^^,' tb^fo
7 fHctur^s were not replaced, but lay neglected, until tli^y
: were rescued by the late earl of CUnbrassil, i^ho obtained
^possession of them^ and had them. cleaned ap.d rempyed to
^ hi^ «eat at Tullympre park, co. Down,, wbefe^^ey, we^ a
'^ i%yv jean ago. Lord Orford speakjs . aligbtingly ^^^ thf^
jwbiobhe had never seeuj and probably with as pii'uc^ujp*
. liee aa of Fuller's altar«piece at All-spuU Qpllege^ y^^ph
^ )be qever could have seen, for Fuller bad no picture there*
'Fuller died in moomsbury-square July ij, 167^, ,andl J[fft
X ^-m^f w ingenious hut idle mao, chiefly i eopployed^Jia
coach -painting, who died youpg*'.. ./. . i-, y
^y, FULLER '(NiCHaUA))*a le$irned r^Englisb .;c(iv^iM^' and
^tic^ . was bom at Sfoutbampton; in. l jlS*?, .and e^uca^fl^at,
tbjpiree-!Scbool in that town* H^ di^ nof g^^^^re^^ly theuice
$0 tbe university, but was. tak^^n into ih^ .family o£ ^e
bishop of Winchester,rDr. Robert^orne^^ wbereapeyn^ing
tome time in study, be was made^ ^t, length, t^is.secj^etafy,
, an4 afterward^ coiutipifed in- thiajt ^office : by' his sifcy^^r^
2>r^; Watson. But Watson. dying fiUo in about tbr^ y^^^f
J Fuller leturnpd bomjQ, with a re^qlutioh to., ^^Ilavy ||ij|,'^u-
TC¥ FULLER.
iAei. B€f6te he wa:^ seeded tb«t^, ht wfts itivitdd MrJbr
Ultof td the sons of a knight in Hampisbit^ev ivfae'iii hf& W^
dbtn^nied to St. John's college, Oxford, in 1 584^ Hi^
^iipits leaving hiin in a little ttoie, be removed htfntoil'>Mi
Hart- ball, whend he took both the degfrees in aitsy-anifc
tten retired into the country. He afterwards took onAeri^
attd fvas pr^sent^cl to the rectoi^ of Aldington, or AHIng-
ifon, near Am^sbovy, in Wiltshire. He aftervf avUte bedatnn
a prebendary m the church of SaUsbufy*, aftd- recidr ct
Bishop^s-Waltham, in Hampibire. He died in 962^
He Wa^ extremely Jearned in the sacred tongues, 'aad,' a»
Wood quaintly says, '< was so bappy in pitching npon ti^^
Al diffieultiei, tending to the uivder^tanding of I'be Sorip4
ture, that he surpassed aH the ciritics of bis tiiae *^ « ttts
^ iMfstetlanea Tbeologica,'* in four bbokS) were puUiriied
iil*9t at Heidelberg) 1612^, Svo, and allber^atds at Chelb#di|
ifi 16 1 6, a^d at London, in' 1617, 4to. These miscaila^
tii^ coming into the hands of John Drusitis, in HoUand,
he charged Fuller ' with pt&giari^m, and with talung hM
b(tet notes froEti htm without any ackaov^ledgment^ Buff
Fultei', knowing himself gniltless, as having n^ver ^een
Btui^ius^s worics, published a irindioation o4f himsetf ailt
l^^yden, fii 1'622, together wirii t\^'<^mot*e books' Krf<< Mi«c
6elkuiea Sacra,'^ Leyden and Strasburgh, 1*6^50, Atso, AH
A^90 mlsceltnnie^ aVe printed* in the ^ib volume ef tb^
Gtitici 8a6ri^'- and dispersed t*roughoutf^ool*s "^Synop^
eritieonuh." The»e are sotac maniisertpw of Filler in
. die Bddhsian Kbrary at Oxford, which shew bis great skift
in Hebrew and in philological learning ; as *»* An Eteposi**
lioM of rabbi Mordecai Nathan's Hebrew Rtx>t9, wf th miMi
«|^o«i it," Imd *< A LexicM,*' wbtdi he kift^ded to. ha(?A
published with the preceding.'
FULLBR (THOi$lA8), an Engli^.histo^nan and^ diiine^
#fts the son bf the ret. Thomas Fuller, njtntster of 8ii
Pdti^r's, in Aid-v^incle, in Nonhamptorishit^, «nd fimt
^ ^ fa the Aatn«y MSS. his ^r^aeittii* K1kU»|) seit fMr iiAdi, $rid ibe pqi^ fpstm
tmo to the prebend m thus tneotioned. wait jafrayd, aod knew i>pt Q'hat bwf±
. After noticing that bishop Andrews he had doiie. tie maies him siri
aatde ft poiM to prefer *' m^eAiose per- dftwa m dittli^ and, aatr |fae •4<MKf
|qqa tbat were si^Jfed to poor fiTin^t ^^ Woq^h^ v^ i|i a dii^ ^ ip^tftHkio^
and did delilescere,'* he adds that the and induction* or the donation of t
Biyh<yp ** m^de h bis idnq[u}rv to and prebetid, «4iicht«a^ Ufs ^y:*> letrert'
#ut such men. Amoosstsereral others, written by eminent persunsj &e* 3 :roif«
aeerAmesbury^ in Wilts, was one. The
1 Ath. Ox. rot I.— Poller's Worthies. ,
FULLER M»
ill' 1$08. Tk^ cfattf ^assWfaMe lie had in tte tv^U
iMotR of learoiiig wtB from his fether, under wtiom he
ntde sa extraordiDary a pragress, Uiat he was sent at
tmhre yeara of ago to Q,«eeit*s-coUege, in Cambridge i
SiL/D«yenMty «rho was his mother's brother, being t^^i
QMister ol ity aUd soon after bishop of Saiisbuiy^ He look
his degrees in arts^ that of A. B. in 1024^5, and th^t of
A. Ml 18 ISMy and would have beeu fellow of the colleges
iNit tbera l>eiag already a Nonfaaniptonshire man a fellow^
fafe was prohibited by the statutes from being chosen, ami
eteho«gh be might bare obtained & dispensation^ ho pre4
liayred reneiring to Sidney-coUege, in the anme universityi
He hud uot been long there, before he was-ehoseti uii^^
iriHer of S«» Bennetts, in the town of Cambridge, aud sooi»
tocmoie a very popular preacher. In 1631, he obtained m
fellowship in Sidney-college, and at the same time a pr^
bend m the chUreh of Saltsbury. This vear also he issued
Ms 0rst pablieation, a wofk of the poetical kind, now bet
Kslle koi^wn, eatiitled ** David's Haineus Sin, Heartie Aor'
fMadtances, and Heavie Punishment,^* in a thin 8yo.
< He waasooti ^er ordained priest, and presented to tb^
aectory of Broad Windsor, in Dorsetshire ; in 163^5 fad
eame again to Camsbridge, and took his degree of B. Dl
after which, reMirning to Broad Windsor, he married abbui
M9Bj and had one son^ but lost bts wife about 1541:
&uniig hfs retiretnent at this Irectory, be began to eom'^
plete several works he bad planned at Canibridjge ; Imt
gnlwing weary of a country parish^ a^nd uneasy at the un<*
settled state of publie aflairs, be remOTed to London ; and
distieguisbed himself so much in the pulpits there, that
he. was inviited by the master and brotherhood of the Savoy
to be their lecturer. In i640, he published his *^ History
pf the Holy War ;** it was printed at Cambridge, in folio,
Stid'was so favourably received, that a third edition ap-<
peared in 1647. On April 13> 1640, a parliament was
ealled, and then also a convocation began at Westmiusteri
In Henry VIL's ehapel, having licence granted to make new
entionSi for the better government of the church ; of thi4
eowrocation he was a member, and has amply detailed its
proceedings in his ** Church History." During the com*
piien^ement of the rebellion, and when the king left Lon-*
dimn in 1644, to liaise an army, Mr. Fuller continued at the
(Savoy, to the great satisfaction of his people, and thd
lieighboUJing nobility and gentry, labouring all the while
tn r u L L E &
m pn^fte a»4 io paUic to aenrc the timg. To tlw
oo tke aonhfcnoTf of lut ioaagonooD, MaoA 27, l€Mp
be pfeacbed at Wesunimter-ebbejr, on tliistezt, S Smm^
jcix. 30/. ^ Yea, let km take allt to that ay kmi tbe Jung
mmn in peaee ;^* fffaidi being primed^ gnre great ofleaae
to tboie wbo were engaged in the opposkiooy and brangbft
the preacher into no tirall danger. He sdoo found that
be nHut espect to be •tlenDedaod ejected* as olben bad
heeo4 yet desuted not, till be cstber vat, ortbongbt baair
erif wnettlrd Tbts^appeamfepai what be aaja im-ikm
preface to-, bis 'Mioty^ikate^" ifriu^b was printed i»Ailin
that saaie ye^r at Cainbrtdge-^ Tbis is a coUeeuoD of cbn^
sacum, moi9l ess^aand liresy ancient, ibr^gn, and'doit
neitie. Tbe second edition of 1648^ cootaba ^ Awdm-
QSCtti^ or tbe onfonuoatc^ politician/' originaHy piialed
by stsdf io 1 646, 1 2oio.
In 1643, refusing to tabe an oath la the.pariianMM^
milesa with such resenwa as tbey would ooi admit, be
obliged in April of tha^year U> convey, himself to the
at Oxford, wbo received bim g^ly. Aa bu majes^ bad
beardof bis extraordinary abilities in the pulpit, be was
BOW desirous of knowing them peraoqally ; juid acoordtng^
Fuller /preached before him at St. Mary's chnrcb< Uis: foe-
tone opoO' this occasion was very singular. . He bad he*
fore preached and published., a- sermon in London^ ^npon
f* the new^moolding cbusob-refurfuation,". wliicb caosttd
him to be censored as too hot a royalist^^ and now^. fropi
bis seimoD at Oixfetd,,. be was thought tobe too luhewnnw ;
which oan« ooty be ascribed to hiamodeiatiou,. . which <be
woold . sincerely have ioeulcated in earii party, aa the
only means of reoonoiliQg both. During hia stay bere^ he
resided in Lincoln college^ but was not long, after seqoes-
tered, andloataU bis^boobs and.manuaoripts. This Ices,
ibe heaviest he cofldd ^sustain,, was - made up to hint partly
by Henry lord Beaucbamp, an^ partly by Liosel.Crao^-
field, earl of .Middkae^,. >wbo gave him the remains of his
father's lihaary. That, .however, ,he might not lie undiar
^ the suspicion of want of zeal or courage in thoToyal ca«ie,
be determined, tp . join tbe;anny.;. and. tbereforc^ '
well recommended to air Ralph Hopton, in 1643^ be
admitted by him in.<|uaUty of chaplain. For this emplay-
ment be was quite at liberty,; being 4^nved.Qf ftUi other
preferment And. now, * attending the. army from plaoaito
piacf, he cQustwtl^r exercised .bi^ duty . ia. c^aplwi; »7^l
FULL EJR« 171
ftaftd proper intervals for bis beloved .studies, whickr he
eoiployed chiefly in making historioal collections, and
especially in gathering materials for bis '^ Worthies of Eog*
laad,^' which he did^ not only by an extensive correspond*
eftce, but by personal inquiries in every place which the
army had occasion to pass through.
:; After the battle at Cberiton-Down^ March 39, 1644^
lard Hopton drew on his army to Basing^house, and Fttller^
being left there by him, animated, the garrison tp so vi*-
gorotts a defence of that place^ that sir William Waller vaa
obliged, to raise the siege with considerable loss. But the
«ar hastening to an end^ and part of the king^satmy being
^siven into Cornwall, nnder lord Hopton, Fidler, with the
^sve.of that nobleman, took eefnge at Exeter, where he
jresun^d his studies, and preached constantly to the citi*
zens. During his residence here he was appointed chap-
Jails to the infant princess Henrietta Maria, who was bora
HSt Exeter in June 1643; and the king soon after gave
^m a patent for his presentation to the living of Doi^chee-
hstfi in Dorsetshire. He continued his attendance en the
prinMss till the surrender of Exeter to the partiamenl^ in
\ April 1646; but did not accept . the livmg, because he
determined to remove to London at the expiratixm of the
war. He relates, in his ** Worthies,'* an extraorctinafy
circumstance which happened during the siege- of Exeteii:
*M When the city of Exeter, he says^ waa besieged by the
paurliament forces, so that only the south side .thereof to-
. warda-the sea was open to it, incredible numbers. of- larks
^ were found in that open quarter, for multitude .19^ jqu^s
in the .wilderness; though, blessed be God, unlike tfaem
'- in the cause and edSect ; as not desired with man'e^estruo-
tien, nor sent with God's anger, as aimeared by their safe
, digestion into wholesome nourishment* ^ Hereof I was an
veyecand mouth<witness. I will save my credit in not coe-
- jecturiog any^ number; knowing that herein, though I
^ should itoop beneath the truth* I should mount wove
belief. They were as. fst.as plentiful; so that being sold
for two-pence a dospeu uid under, the poor wbe could have .
: no cheaper, aiid the riob no better meat^ used.to make pot«i
: titge of them, bottieg them down therein. Several. causes
' were assigned hereof, &c. but the cause of causes wasthe
-Divine Providence ; thereby providing a .feast for many
' npoor people^ who otherwise had been pinched > for pqo<*
-: l^lttOQ*'^ \^hUe ber^> ^ every where lA^f he vae intijph
112 FULLER.
coiirlsed on aocbunt of bis inbtructive and pleasant coriver*
sation, by persons of bigb rank, some of whom made hita
very liberal offers ; but whether from a love of study, or a
spirit of independence, he was always reluctant in accept*
ing any offers tb^t might seem to confine bini to any oo^
family, or patron. It was at £xeter, where be is said to
hav<e written hi» *^ Good Thoughts in Bad Times/' aud
where the book was published ifi 1645, as what be calls
*^ the first fruits of Exeter press.'' At length the garrLion
being forced to surrender, he came to London, and me<
but a cold reception among his former parishioners, and
f^nnd bis lecturer's place filled by anotber. However, it
was not long before be was cboten lecturer at St. ClemeutX
near Lombard-street ; and sbortly after removed to St;
Bride\ in Fleet-sttieet* In 164*7 he published, in 4tp,
'^ A Sermon of Assurance, fourteen years agoe preached
hib Cambridge, since in otber places ; now, by the impor*
tvnity of his friends, exposed to public view.^ He dedi-
cated it to sir John Danvers, wbo bad been a royalist, was
tben an Oiiverian, and next year one of the king's jud^s;
and in the dedication he says, that *Vit bad been the plea-
s^iveof the present authority to make bim mute; forbid-
ding bim till further order tfa^ exercise of bia public
preaebing.'* Notwithstanding bis being Ibus silenced, be
wa% about 164B, presented i» the rectory of Waltbam, in
Essex^ by the earl of Cs^rKsIe, whose cliaplain be vsas jus^
before made* He spent that an^l the following year betwixl
London and Waltfaam, employing some engravers to adorii
bis cppious prospect or view of the Holy Land, as froni
mount Pisgab ; therefore called bif ^* Pii»gah*sight of Pa^
lestine and the confines thereof, witb tbe bistory of tliet
Old and N^w Test^qsent ^ct^d tbereon," which he pofrr
lished in 16J(X It is an handsome folio, embellished wi^h
a frontispiece and ipany other copper* plates, aiid dividefl
into five books. As for his ** Worthies of j^ngtaud,*' on
wbiefa be had been labonring so long, the death of the
king for a time disheartened him from tbe co|Uinuance of
that work : ^ For what sball I wrile,^^ says be, ^ of the' '
Worthies of England, when this horrid act will bring siich
an h^my upon die whole natioii as will ever clivud and
dSMtken ail iu flMrmery and suppress its ftitnre ftsing ghN^
ri^sT* He Was, tb^refore^ bqsy till the year lastineii*'
tieo^, in preparjnfT that book and olhem; qad.sbc neplt
ymc'h^ rather employed l^fauelf in pnfaUshing^6Qle'|Mur;>,
r u L L I ft m
Ucolir Ktes of retigidiu refbraier8> anartytv^ KsMl^sMri^
bisfatopt^ doctors, Md odmr leained divinds, foreign aiid
dom^tic, tban in augttieatitig his said book iX ^ Engliih
Woftbiei'^ in gerievai. To this collection^ which w«b tze-
cdted by sereial hands, as he tdls os in the p^fiscey^He
gave the title of f' Abel Redivivus,'^ and ptiblishiieda^in^tb,
1651. In. the two or three following j^ara be ^nwtdd
sereral Sermons dad tracts upon religioos subjects* Abovt
1654 he married a sibter of the vkscotot Baltioglasse ; and
the next year she bhUiigfat 'hin a son, ivbo, esweUaBthte
c«bec' b^fore-m^ntwliedy Mrtiired bis father. In 1>^$1,
tiotwiihstahdiiig Ci*oiii[wieiPs prohibition of all persona fron
preachioe, or teaching schooli wbp had been «dberedMa tt>
-the late Kinc^y be 'contoviied preaching, and bxerdng his
bbarUable disposiiidR towards. those AHttisieta who wepo
ejected by td^ usurping powers^ and not oaly relievitd
'Such fro^ what 'he (Couid spare out of his own slender
estaiey Smk procured tmaay contributions for them from bis
auditories. Nor was bis charity confined to the clergy ;
fend among the laity H^hom be befriended, there i^ ah
iWsbhce upon recofd of a ^^ptkiti of the army wh6 Ws
quite destitute, and whom he entirely snalnlkiheduntit he
died. In 1656 be published in.folio, "The Cjiurcb His-
tory 6f BritiiiV, ' from the birth of Jesus 'ChHst to the year
1648;**; ip* which are subjoined, "The Wstory of the
Uhiv^rsity of Caihbridge sinc6 the conquest/' and ** The
Histoty ofWaltharh Alitjey in Essex,* founded by king
Hai-oT(V* ■ ilis Cliurch Sistory was anirtiadverted tipoti
by Dr.' Hey 1 in in his ** Examen lflistoi*icum ;'* and this
di'efw frbfh bur Author a jfeply : after which they had
no further controversy, but were very well reconciled*^
Abo^t this time he was irtvited^ according to his biogra-
pher, to ^bother :IiVihg in Iftssex, irt which he continued
"his ministerial 'la1)ouTs until his siettlement at London.
G6orge,,lord Berkeley, one of his noble patron^, having
in 165^8 made faita his fchaplaih,' h^ took leave of E*ssex,
and was Jjfesented by bis lordship to the rectiory of Cran-
ford ih Middlesex. It is said also that lord Berkeley tdok
^^ Iiv tikft liiitcrft 4iia s))|}eiitfhi» tyy<ii»eri|)fnmi whtth •w atMiMaiJ*t»
jrbHAi rteke bit (M^ vpkimt i it i« obr> bis {^articular friends »ud beBe£actor«.**
lenrabje tbst he has/ with a4ihiral/ie This swells the bulk of it to at least
«i»iintrtfDoe, teftro^idecl *4wHv^ title- the airnotlnt of fhHy sheet*. -H^y^tn;
|nf«9 btuMct «k8 ftterfti ooti t»d Wbo t«ICcB notice of ^haiKs mattei*^ -«q«
** at maoy particidar dedkations* and tures him forValking io this uQtro^
n* 7 U L L £ K.
.ham dvertalli^ Higue, and iftttodiiced him to Charles li.
Itis'cefCiiiiy however, that a short time before the resto-
'ratioDy Fuller was Te*admitted to his ieottire in the Savoy^
and on that event restored to hit fvabend of SaHriMiiy.
lie viVB chosen ehapiaui vxtraorcBnary to the king ; crested
.dficlDr of divinity at Cambridge by a mandamos, dated
AogttstS^ lesoi and, had he uv^ a twelvemonth longer^
would probably have been ratted to a bishopric. But upo^i
his retoni &om Salisbury in Augnst i6ai he was attacked
by a fidveiv of which he di^ the 15th of that month, liii
fnneral was attended by at least two handled of his bredb^
rea; and^a sermon was preached by Dr. Hardy, dean -of
Rodiesteiv ^^ which a great and noble character was given
of him.^ Hei was baried^ in hit chnreh at Cranferd, on the
BOrthwyipf'theehanceUof which is his monument, with
ihefoliowidg inscription :
' "v ]ft<y>6btTlloxitts fVjdler/^ coll^ S^dnekuBK) in scsdendf
€antsbrigieiiS0>! S6. T. D. higm ecdesi^ rector $ ingwyf aeittidiia>
mimKinmMUiitBXe, moruminelatate»omiagenft.dpmni (kiitorift
H^seaeitfQ^} uti varia ^i|s suminii swyianimitiSte composita testantur,
^elebenriniiu^ Qui dum viros Jktf^sR illustrea opere postjiumo ini«
mortaliti conaecrare meditatvis est^ ipse immortalitem est cobsecu-
tua, Aog. 15, 1661.**
. In 1662 was published in folio, with an engraying of
him prefixed^ his ^' History of the Worthies of £ng1fiQd.\[
This work, part of which was printed before i^he authj[)r
died, seems not so finished as it would probably have he^
if he had lived to see it co«npIetely published : yet it ';C^r-
tainly did not deserve the heavy censures of Nicolson..
Whatever errors, may be found in it, as errors undo^bte^^
may be found in all works of that nature, the charac^rs of
memorials there assembled of so many great men,, will
always make it a book necessq^ to be consulted.
Besides the works already mentioned in the course ,^.o£
this memoir, Fuller was the author of several others ;ofi^
s;naUer nature; as, I .^^ Good Thoughts in bad 'time$.V;,
2. " Good Thoughts in worse times.^' These two pifcpV
printed separately, the former in 1645, the Utter in 164T,,
were published together in 16^, and have very recently,
been reprinted by the rev. Mr. Hintoh, of Oxford. ! Be
afterwards jpublished, in 1660, 3. ^* Mixt ContemplationV.
in better times.*' 4. "The Triple Reconciler; stating'*
three controversies, viz. whether ministers have an exclu^.
sive power of barring communicants ffom theiacrament;
f tr X L E It Its
1i4ieti»r any person uocH>dmiied -may lawifoHy preaeb'; siAl
wbeiher tlie Lord^s Pirayev ought not lo be uaed by all
,Cbnitiaii% 16M^'' 4vo. $• ^* The tpeeoh of birds, alio
ef Aowens, partiy mora)^ partly mjtsttcai, 1660/^ 8vo. A
wofk eiitided ^^ T. FifUer^a^T-rtaiia; or tbree-fold RomaDaia
jof;^Mariaoa,- Paduana^ aadrSabimf/* MM^ \2tno, is attrh-
jbuted to faim i& some catalogues, .lie published also m
fM»t many MKfDOtw, sepavately ia«d:in ^umefc r
' Dff.iFuUJeriies ifthis penM'^aU adid«ii^ll**iiisidei biitfiD
wny iDoKniog te c»r|mlanoy ; 'bie eakofdcoNoe wa» florid';
'>m§A bis bitir <dE a. ligihit colour «rtd ceiliii^, iHe laas . a- kind
Imtbguiid to taoth fafft wtvtSi 'a tendeiy Esther tor both >bia cliH*
dioiiv a^good ftbtid>aiui uetgU^emv aod 4k <#eH<?briiav0i
eiwIiBed penon^io eTery*xeapoet.>f Be ma ibiaost agrees
abk eompaatoD, bavisig a^ great '•^eat'^^il, )idiieb'lHa
cottid not suppress in bis most seriona ceaspoMtons, hut It
.suited^ the age heiived in^ aad^boweyer introduiced^ waa
always. iwdo! subservient to soase gopd porpeee* All Ma
fmUs^i tewaaeF^^'ntnaiaotiseaefenred'to the a^eof Jamea
£-d«d CbfaErtesi FMler 1ias left ^eiioagb* to doni^ittee tia
tbat he \^oald haVe been adinitied a legitimate tidt in anV
ag^.' He had all the rich itnfagery of bishop Hall, but witE
more familiarity and less elegance*
; ' Of the' poiArers of iiis memory, such wonders are related
as'^ not qttit^ credible/ He could- repeat iW^' hundred
sMLH^ Words aftelr tVi^ice bearing, and coufd make use of a
^dnoton verbatim, if Kebntte heard it. Hedndercook,in pass«
ii^^rcim Temple-bsir to the farthest part of Cfaeapside, to
tironf bis return every Mgn as it stood in' order on both sidea
^ the way, r^pe&tihg tbem either backwards or forwards :
atid te 'did it exactly. His mainner of writihg is also re^
ported to bave- been strange. HeWVote, it is said, near
the margin the first words of everyline down to the foot df
.die paper ; then, by beginning at tbe head agun, would
^ perfectly fill up every one of these lines, and without
3 places, interlineatiof^s, or contractions, would so connect
je ends and beginnings, that the sense wbtfld appear as
Cdmj^lete, as if he bad written it in a continued series after
<dkid ordinary maoTier. Thi% however, he tnight sometimes
dtfHo amuse his friends; it never could have been hia
}fraiiifcice. ^ •-
^ It^yas' sufficiently known how steady he was in the in-
tieT^sts of the church of England, against the innovationa
of the presby terians and independents^ but his z^al against
176 JT U L L fi ft.
'Ibese WW mixed n^ith -greater eomptuion tbm it ihitH*-
wavds tbe;p«piatf : and tlm caited bim up many ftdver*
ca^ieSt who charged him with purilEatkitftt. He uted to
^call the cootroversm concernkig eptseopacy, and the iiew-
;&^led argumentft agauisi the cEunch ef Enghmd^ <^ inaects
. of ft day ;'' and t:afetuUy aroidad pdemteal dispntes^ ^^
.iftltoipetber of sir Henry Wetton'a epiaion^ ^ diaputandi
pruritus, ecclesiM scabies/' Tbeiactwas, ihat he lored
« yioua' and good men of all deoofloinationty and it is this
Qaliid^ar. which has given a vidue to his works Mtperiorte
:thoBe:of his oppo<»Mtii.> Fwr the many enrors wMGh/occttr
iok his historiea^ it is auf«ly ea^. to find an apology io this
:§iagle circumsttooey.that the w^die of 4hem were compilidd
.wd pehlisbed within aboat twenty yean, dmting which he
;.«ia4 obliged <toi remote ^fmm place to plaee in quest: of
rliieiliry k^iswre^ and freedom Irom the cruel seDeriliefl of
> the times^ His <^ Church History'' is the most ineecreet
»-0f all bi» worhsf and Strype has pointed oat a great many
^errof3fkitbe transcription of historical docmneniai to whit^
ipei^aps Fuller had nottbe eatiest access. Htti ^ Wordbte^'
• was a posthumous publication, by hi» Son, tod although
<}es» perfect than he could haire made it, bad bis life been
spared a few years longer, with the oppoctAinitie^ which
tbeYeturn of peace might haire afforded, yet it contains
^any intocestiog memorials ; and he was the second (see
Samuel GiiARkE) nvho pubUsbed what may be called Ehg^
lish biography. This work has for many years been riBtttg
in. price and estimation, and the pnbKc has lately been
;grati&ed by a new edition, in 2.vols«4to, edited by Mr.
:Nichals, with many improvements and additbns, from the
communications 'of his literary friends. '
FULLER (Thomas), an English {Aysician, but peiixapB
lietter known for a very useful work on morals^ was born
^une 2^ 1654, and was educated at Queen's coHege,
Cambridge, where be took hb degrees in medicine, that
«f M. B. in 1676, and that of M. D. in 16ai. He does
4iot appear to have been a meinber of the college' of phyj*
aieiaus of London, but settled at Sevenosk in Kent, where
he waa greatly esteemed. He was a great- benefactor to
the ^poor, and a zealous assertpr of their rights, hafing,
not long before his death, prosecuted the managers' n[ %
• Life of T. Fuller, l«mp.— Biof . Br,iti--Pcck*8 Desiderata, ^1. II.— L».
*i EoTuons.— -Hutchins's BoHetsbirfr, 2d edit.— Ce&sura Lit. vol. I and UH
IrttttBi. iTf
}»jr sir: WiUiaoiiSe^Qke .(ftnfouaciHng .ef . the plscie, • and m
l4kt>lor,ii iiiiifj<>r of I^^on) lad obiigcxi tkew ta produce
tl)6i|s wi«gao«0b»)\iii ehwmr^Md. to '.he. subject fo# the
future, to AH whuilV eksoli0n. Here 'Dr. Ktillet died; Sepc
ijfcy^l^^ nTbie imoml ifi^nki: which he pob^shed ms^en<<
ti.tted ^^lyliKid^liprad piyitf^ntieiiy; ordimrctionft, eouoaels
ap4 oautioiifi^' tendiogi to prudent miuiageoieiltof ^air»of
W^W0»liO^\jmf lUcioift QQmpi\^ for the. u^of bitf
9P»# ;<Te tliiiifi.bejiddedt what imy;bejreckoned a. second
"^(K^^W)! }9^:lbe iitle of *f Jniroduoiiio, itc.;; or tbie aft of
Tig^tfitbiakingt Mfit«ted and improsred by sueh- notions as
9<^rQfl9eoi^ apdL<^perieiice bai^e left:!|s. .in their writings
i«iPi^*^.|0:erii4ic8^i» error, .and plain. knowledget'' i7ai-2^
i;^fl^^.liisjraei^fml: works were^ l. ^^ Phtrmacopiefa extem^
pqraQ^' .170Sf^od ai7l4» jSrOv 2. << Pbamiacoptseia Bate*
Bp^'':}.l 1^4 i9aH>«: 3^ ^' PliariDlLCopG&iavDoaaeatica/' 1 723^
^^y». *• '^Offtriipitiv^^ fevers, measles, aiKl:sm«lk-po»*'* 1780,
^o, TbejE§ i^/ W4>iher work eotitled ^ Meditina Gyoii>as-*
ticV^^iWbi^b* bM been.vSQnietiBies attributed to biro, but
»vas jmiitJ^n by ^ Fraqpis Fuller, M. A^ of St. John's college,
Ca«mbri4g^>»^Qd publitbed ie 1704.^
:^ULLO.{(P£T^nK ao called from the trade of a fuller^
vf)gi/ij^r b^' esiptcisfid in bis monaatio state, intruded bim^
self iii<^>^.'tbe .$ee;of Antiocl^ in the fifth century, and
aftf;r jhfiviDg- b^en. aevfyal times deposed ^nd condemned
oii,4^c9gpt(pf tj3^bJltt^Ae#s of bia opposition to the coun«
c\\ .9$ ^haife4on, vjr#a .atjladt fi;Ked in it, in the year 482,
by ifaj^ au^l^irity of ! the emperor Zeno, and tbf9 favour of ^
A^c^is, ,bis^p. of ConstaiM^inople. Among the* innov4- -
.tiqoq w,bidi he introduced to exciita discord .in the- church, -
vf^ afi, :«Llt^a^pn in the. | famous bynm wbich jtbe Greeks
ca^ed Tfis-^iQik After khe words -^ O God most holy,-
AfiJlh^ ord^4. the. foUqwiog. phrase to.be added in the •
^a^tern cb^r^esft ^^ who /has suffered for us upon tlie
crp^.'': fUis design inj this was. to raise a new sect, and'
al>o itQ fix more dffply in the. minds of the people^ the
.dopt;;i|ie^of ojn€ nature in Christ, to .which be was zealously *
atf^cbed. . Hi^ adversaries, and especially Fceiix, the >Ro- '
tpaifi pontiff^ interpreted this addition in a quke different -''
mj^nner,. and- charged him with, maintaining, that all the
three persons of the Godhead were crucified ; and benca^
) NfcboUS B«wy«r. . , - .-.•
Vol. XV. N
t78 M }S L to.
UtMtoiri^rl^fiiiWMllttd'Th^oilawUtef. to pot m enA
to the coiKibrersy, - the emperor Zeno puUtdied iYi the
jedt 462 the << HeDotieoii," or decree of /ettioti^ ^U\k
we« designed «5 recbnelile the ^eftiei, iLiid FuUe signed it f
blit the elfeeti ^of the ccmtest diitutbed th&dmroh for k
long^'tiitie iduk his deaths wfaioii lieppeoed iiMthe yUkV t86/
FULMAN CWiuJAM)v en ^fingi^sh aiili^af^; wits th^
son of A tmtefermen at Pembtirit^ <ia/Keiit^ where he w«i#
born in'N^vv 1639^ And his earif ea^aSity beiog^ Ittttaum t<y
the celebrated Dr. flammohd, who #es itiii^ter of thM
pkcey he took him with biib to Oxfonl durieg^l^e uaorpa-
tien. There he procured him the pltM ef ' oborifttet in
Magdalen college, and at isber^ame timefiad him edbcitted
at die school belonging to that college. In tee? he foe^
eame a candidate for a soludandiip 4n Corpus Ctiristi^i^olo
lege, and succeeded bj^ his skill inr cUssieallearning.'- Tbit
next year he was* ejected by the 'parli^onckitary 'iAsit6rs^
along wiUi his eaity patron, Dtv Hammond^ to ivbem,
howeirer, he faitUbily adhered, and was seirviceable to him
as an amanuensis. Dr. Hatfitnond afkerwardii proeufeS llim
a Uitor'i; place in a lamily) wh^re he reiUdMedun^Hiftl!^
restoration, and then resiidhittg hffik soholaJfsMp at ^ollege^
wai dreated M. A. abd obtiH^ned A fdlbWsbip. tie Was^
several years aft^ fif^sented by bin coUe^^ to ttMS r^itfb&rf
of JVieysey Hamptto,= ^^^ f^irf<^<i, in Gleueest^t^bire;
on which ijte l*esided during hilB ttfe, etilplo5tiAg4iis thine
that was not oeeupied in piiof^^en^ duties> ih the s<^dy
€^* hrstory hikd antiquittef^ partiteterly vi4mt regarded his
own country. He died June t9y IBS9^ iMoiHding to
Wood>^ but Atkins mentions Ir» successor, Dr. ^ei^, with
the date 1^97. Wood informs m that Mr. ^Fnlmitn AMde
iaT^e c^ottections of Iristory, h^ p«Misfeed Mle. Wb hkfire,
bdwev^, of^his, i; ^ Academic Oxonienii* Holitia,*^ 'Ox^
ih0d, i^WSy 4to, re^nted at London in IVTS, with lul-
dkiotis .tfnd >cdtrecktons from Wood's Lathi history, the
sheets of which he comtntintcated to Mr. Falinan as they
«atoe from the pnes^. 2. ^« Appendiic to the Life of Ed-
tSinud Stanton, D. D. whierein sonie passages are further
cleared-, *#hieh were not ftitly held forth by the former
authors,'* LoAd. 1673. This is a cehWre of some pteiti^
culars i^ Mayow*s Life ^f Dr. Stanton. 3. ** Correctrbn^
fti^d Observations oh the first part of Burnet's History of
• F U LM A Ni ' 179^
tlie Refonnfttion,'^ bot a ctistinct publication, btkt cotfl-^
mmicated by the antfaor to Barnet, who published them
at the eqd of bis second volume,' and, according to Wood,
not completely. Fulman abo collected what are called
the '< Work» of Charles I,- ' but happening to be taken ill
about the intended time of publication (1662), the book-r>
seller employed Dr. Petinchief as editor. It contains,
however, Fulman^s notes. Many of his MS collections
are in the Hbrary of Corpus Ghristi college* He will occur,
%0t be noticed hereafter as editor of Dr. Hammond^s works. '
FUMANI, w FUMANUS (Adam), an accomplisl/ed
scholar and Latin poet, was -born at Verona, and not at
Venice^ as Fusearini asserts. He studied Greek and La«
tin with astioniibing progress, under Romulus Amaseus,
and the extensive learning he afterwards acquired made
kirn known -arid- respected by all the eminent scholars of
bis time. On the death of one of his particular friends.
John Matthew Oiberti, bishop of Verona, which happened
in 1544, he composed a funeral oration, which is said tor
have been very eloquent, but which he was not able to
deliver ndthoutsucfa continual interruption from the tears
tad sobs of his audience, as prevented its being beard with
any other effect. At this time be enjoyed a canonry at
Venice, which he kept all his life. Navagero add Valerio,
the two successive bishbps of Verona, and both cardinals^
had the highest esteem for Fumafii; by the interest of thd
former he was appointed setretary to the council of Trent.'
He died advanced in age in 1587. He published " D*
Basilii Moralia, et Ascetica," translated by him, Leyden,
1540, fol. but is best known by his Latin poems, the chief
of which is a system of logic, in Latin verse, on which,
notwithstanding the unpromisdtl^ nature of the attempt,
Tiraboschi bestbiVs very high praises. This carious work
remained in mknuscript until 1730, when it was published
in the Padua edition of th6 works of Fracastorius, 2 v^ls.
4to. There ard bther poems by Fumaili ih the same coU
leC:tibn, both in Greek aitd Latin, and some in Italian ;
but in the latter he is not thought so successful.* *
FUNCCIUS, or FUNCK (John Nicolas)^ a native of
Marpurg, and a celebrated critic in the Latin language,
was born in 1693. He was educated at the urtiversity of
Rintlenirt Westphalia, and was a writer of several philo-
^ Atb. Ox. vol. II. ♦ Tiraboschi— Morer^.—Nrceron, vul. XIT,
180 FUNCCIUS.
logical tracts in Latin* - But the^most celebrated part of
ht$ works consists ajF several treatises which he pi^lished
successively on the history of the Latin language, begins
ning with its original fonsattoOi and pursuing it through
the several ages, from youth to extreme old age. Hia
treatises *' De Origine Latin» Linguss," and ** De Pueri«
tia Latinte LingusB,^ were published in 1720. He died ilk
177a,*
FUNCH, FUNECCIUS, or FUNECIUS (John), a ce-
lebrated Lutheran divine, was born in 1513, at Werden^
near Nuremberg. He adopted the doctrine of Osiander,
whose daughter he married, and particularly becaoie a
strenuous advocate for Osiander^s opinions. on the subject
of justification. He was a minister in Prussia, and wrot^
a ^^ Chronology,^' from Adam to 1560, publidied at sepa-
rate times, but completely at Wittemberg, 1570, fol. witb
various other tracts. At length being oooviQted of giving
Albert, duke of Prussia, to whom he was ebaplaiu^ advice
disadvantageous to Poland, he was condemned, wi^ sw^
others, as a disturber of the public peace, and beheaded
at Konigsberg, October 28, 1566. He is said to b«(v^
composed the foUowitig distich a little before his execution ;
*^ Disce meo exemplo^ mandato munere fiingi,
£t fuge^ seu pestem^ rif tirokuv^myfioavitnf^*
•
That b, ^^ Learn from my esiample, . to mind nothing but
the employment allotted you ; and avoid, as you would tb0
f>Iague, all desire of meddling in too many things.'- He
eft a Commentary on '< Danid's 70 Weeks," in German,
fol. and one on the ^^ Revelations,*' 4to.*
FURETIERE (Antony), aa ingenious and learned law-
yer, was born at Paris in 1620^ and, after a liberal edu-
cation, became eminent in the civil and canon law* He
was first an advocate in the. parliament; and afterwaids,
taking orders, was presented to the abbey of Cbaiivoy,
an& the priory of Chuines. Many works of literature rj^*
commended him to the .public; but he is cbieAy Jcnown
and valued for his *^ Universal Dictionary of the French
Tongue," in which he explains the terms of art in all
sciences. He died in 16 86. He. was of the French aca-
demy, but, though a very useful member, was excluded
iu 16^85, on the accusation of having composed, hb j die-
^ Prrcedinff edit, of thii Dictiooarf .
^ Mclchior Adam de yitis GeriDaooniin Theolo^.^-Moreru^-Qen. DtoL
F U RE T I E R E. ISl
ti.otiary, by taking advutage of that of the academy, which
was then going ott. He justified bimself by statements,
in which he was very severe against the academy; but
mshed, a little before his death, to. be re-admitted ; and
he offered to give any satisfaction, which couUi reasonably
be expected from a man,- who owned he had been carried
too far by the beat of di^j^utation. His dictionary was not
printed till after his death, in 2 vols. foL Basnage de
Beauval published an edition at Amsterdam, 1725, 4 vols.
foL This dictionary wi^ the foundation of that known by
the name of Trevoux, the last edition of which is, Paris,
2771, 8 vols. fol. Hi,s other works are: "Facta// and
other pieces, against his brother academicians. *^ Relation
des Troubles arrives an- Ro'iaume d^Eloquence;** a tolera-^
bly g<>od critical allegory. ** Le Roman Bourgeois,'* 1 2mo
or 8vo ; a book esteemed in its time. Five " Satires'* m
verse, 12mo> which are not valued* ^^ Paraboles Evan-
geliques/' inverse, 1672, 12mo. Therein also a "Fure-
tteriana,*' in which there are some amusing anecdotes. '
FURIETTI (Joseph Alexander), an Italian cardinal
and antiquary, the descendant of a noble family of Ber-
gamo, was born there in 1685. He studied at Milan
find Pavia, and made considerable progress in the know-
ledge of the civil iand canon law. He went afterwards
to Rome, where he held several ecclesiastical preferments,
and in each was admired as much for his integrity as know-
ledge. Benedict XIV. who well knew, his merit, was yet
averse to raising him to the purple, on areouut of some
disputes between them which took place in 17#0. Yet it
is said that Furietti might have received this high honour at
that time, if he would have parted with his. two superb
centaurs, of Egyptian marble, which he found in 1736
junong the ruins of the ancient town of Adrian in Tivoli,
and which the pope very m^ch wanted to place in the mu-
seum Capitoliuum. ' Furietti, however, did not elrase to
give them up, and assigned as a reason : ** I can, if I pl^^ise,
be honoured with the purple, but I know the court of
Rome, and I do D6t wish to be called cardinal Centaur P*
In 1759, however, Clement XIII. a year after bis acces-
sion to the papal dignity, sent the cardinal^s hat to him^
< which he did not long enjoy, dying in 1764.
Furietti collected and published at Rome the works of the
celebrated Caspar Barsiza of Bergamo, and of bis son
i
» Diet. Hist. — Moreri,
1^2 F U R I E T T I.
Guintforte, inoit of Which were never before printed, in a
bandsome 4to vol. 1723, with a learned preface ind life.
He published, likewise, at Bergamo in 1712, a fine edition
of the poems of Fonuua ; but what obtained him most re-
putation among scholars and antiquaries, was his treatise
dn the Mosaic art of painting, entitled ** De Musivis, vel
pictoris MosaicsB artis origine, prpgressu, jcc/* Rome, 1752,'
4to. In this he describes a rare specimen of Mosaic which
be discovered in 1737 in the ruins of Adrian, and which,
according to hihi, is mentioned by Pliny, as being the
work of the celebrated artist Sosius. This exquisite spe-
cimen, with the centaurs belonging to Furietti, was pur-
chased after hh death by pope Clement XIIL for 14^000
Roman crowns, and deposited in the museum. '
FURIUS, called Bibacctlus, perhaps from his excessive
drinking, an ancient Latin poet, was born at Crerqona
about the year of Rome 650, or 100 before Christ. H*
wrote annals, of which Macrobius has preserved sotpe frag<»
mehts. They are inserted in Maittaire^s ** Corpus Poeta*
rum.'' Quintiiian says, that he wrote iambics also in a
very satirical strain, and therefore is censijr^ by Crenau*
tins Cordus, in I'acitus, as a slandering ar)d abusive writer.
Horace is thought to have ridiculed tl^e false sublime of
his taste; yet, eccprding to Macrobius, Virgil is said to
have imitated him in many places. But some are of opi-
nion that the " Annals" may be attributed to Furius An-
fias, or Anthius^ s^ contemporary poet, whose fragment's
are likewise in Maittaire's collection. ^
FURIUS (Frederick), s\;rnaraed Coeriolanu^. was a
native of Valentia in Spain, and flourished in the sixteenth
pentury. He studied at Paris under Talseus, Tiirriebus,
Md Ramus, and afterwards came to Louvaih, where he
published a treatise *^ On Rhetoric,*' and another In which
he asserted that the scriptures ought to be translfited into
the vulgar tongue* ft was entitled " Bononia,'' sive dc
Jibris sacris in vernaculam linguam convertendis, Jfcc."
Basil, .15^6, Svo. It was written, however, upon too libe-
ral principles for the council of Trent, and was accordingly
inserted in their " Index Expurgatorius." It otherwise
would have brought him into trouble if he had not foubd a
protector in the emperor Charles V. who was informed df
his learning, piety, and candour. This monarch sent hina
^ Diet. UUt, s Vossius de Poet. Lat. — Satii Onom,
in(^ ii}iQ.Netii9rUinds,, iwd p1ma4 him wi^hia aoft Philip,
wbQ^ made biija bi^.bi^tpr^ap.. Fqrius repaioed . with tj^s
.priiipi^ during l\is lifej^und bftviog aQCOinfMatiied bim.toi.the
stat,ea . of Arff9gon, di^d M V^IladoUd in 159^. H^^ ap--
pears tq b^ye ^fn[;4py6d ^ia u^mpst endeavoura iu ardoRlo
paqify th^ troul;>)e$ io tb^ Netbi^rbnda^ He wrote anokhtr
work ^^ Del C^oseio y Conseiero^^' which was. muoh
ey^eepii^d} and twice tra(i»)ated iato Latin, 1613 aad 1669,
Syo. *
FURNEAUX (PHiyp), a learned dissentiog clecgyniaii,
was bjqrp at Totiiess iiv Deyonsbire in Dec 1726, aad n^as
educated in the free-scbool of that to.wn ^ the. same tinie
with £>r. Kennicott, who was a few years biw senior^ knd
between: tbem a friendship commenced v\duch contkitted
through life. From Totnasj Dr. Furueajnx came to Loq-
doQ for academical studies among the dissenters, which he
xopoplejted i.o 1749. He was aoon ;»fter qrdaiiied, sad
chosen assistant to the rev. Henry Read, at the meetings
hpuse in St. ThoQULs^Sy Soutbwark, and joint Sanday even-
ing lecturer s^t Salters'-ball meeting. In I753hesuceeeded
ibe rey. Moses Lowm^^n^ as pastor of the congregation .«t
^Clapbam, which he raised to one of the most opulent .anil
considerable among the protestant dissenters. . He vet*
pained their favourite preacher, and highly esteemed by
all classes, for upwards of tweiHy*three years, but was
deprived of his usefulness in 1777, by the loss of his men^
tal powers, under which deplorable malady (which was
hereditary) he continued to the day of hia deatb^ Nov, 2S\,
1793. His flock and friends raised a liberal subscription tm
support him during his illness, tQwhicb^ from s^itioients
<^ personal reject, as. well as from the principle of bene-
volence, the late lord JVIan^field^ chief justice of the king^s
bench, generously jcontributed. Dr. FurneauK (which title
he had received f^om some northern uniyerfnty) united te
strong judgment, a v^ry tenacious memory ; of wbicdi fa«
gave a remarkable proof, when the cuse of the dissenters
against the corporation of London, on the exemption they
claimed from scrying the office of sheriff, was heard in tfa«
house of Iprds. He was then present, and oarried aw^
and committad to paper, by the strength of his memory^
without notes, %he very able speech of lord Mansfield;
with samuch accuracy, that hi» lordship, when the copy Wa»
1 Qen. I>ictf-?iMor«ri.
•/
f
lU FURNEAVX.
iubmitted le^ his ezanination, : could discover but ^o or*
three trivial -errors in it. This circumsUDce iiitrodviced
him to the acquaintance of that great man, who <:oooeii^d
ft high regard for him. Dr. Fameoux pubKs bed but little^
except a feir occasional serntons; the most considerable of
his works was that entitled ** Letters to tbef horn Mr. Jus^
tipe Blaokstooe, concerning his exposition of the act« o£^
rtoleratiiMi, and some positions relative to religious liberty,
in bis Commentaries on the Laws of England/* illQ, 8vo.
This is said to have induced the learned commentator toi
aker some positions in the- subsequent edition of his valo*
4ible work. - To the second edition of Dr. Furneaux^
^' Letters'' wns added the before-mentioned speech of lord
Mansfield, la 1773 he published also << An Essay on
Toleration,'' with a view to an application mi^de hy dis-*
senting ministers to parliament for relief in the matter of
subscription,, which, although uosucces^ul then, was afHsr^
Ifards granted. * • - :
FUR$T£M&£RG (Ferdikakd D£), an eminent prelate^
the descendant of a noble family in Weatpbalis, was bom
at Bilstein in 1686. He studied at Cologne, where he
contracted an iutimat^ friendship with Cbigi, who was
then nuncio, and afterwards pope. During the cardinal*
ate of Cbigi, be invited Furstemberg to reside with him,
whom he raised to the bishopric of Paderbom in 1661^
when he himself was seated in the papal chair, under the
title of Alexander VII. The high repatation of tlie bis»bop
attracted the notice of Van Galen, who appointed him bis
coadjutor, and whom he succeeded in 1676, when he was
declared by the pope apostolical vicar, of all the north of^
£urope« He was ^ sealous catholic, and anxious for the
couYersion of those who were not already within the pale
of the church; but at the same time he did not neglect
the cultivation of the belles lettres, either by his own
cflForts or those of many learned men whom he patroniaed.
He died in 1683. As an author he collected a number of
MSS. and monuments of antiquity, and gave to the world
a valuable work relative to those subjects^ entitled ^ Mo-*
numenta Paderbornensia." He also printed at Rome a
collection of Latin poems, entitled ** Septem Virorum
4llustrium Poemala." In this work there were many poema
9f hia own, written with much purity. A magnificent edi«
I ^rot. DuyentertMasasiae^ fok V.— Gent. Hag. toIs. LL and I4II11
F U R S T E M B E R G. 1*
tion bf tta«ie' p<)6ms wtt published in the satiie^ yMt hi
which be died, atibe LxMivre^ at the expenee of the king
of France.*
FURHTENAU (JoHN^HmMAN), an eminent pbysician>
^as born at Herfordenv In Westphalia, in the month of
May, 1 S8S; He began the 4»tudy of medicine at the age
of ergbteen, and attended with diligence the schools of
Wittemberg, Jena, and Halle, and became a licemiate ia
medicine in the last^mentioned university. About 1709 he
returned to Herforden, and immediately obtained a con*,
siderable share of practice ; but having conceived the de-
sign of visiting the Low Countries^ he commenced hit
joirney in 171 1> in order to hear those great masters of
his^ art, who at that time flourished so numerously in jhe
cities of Amsterdam, Leyden^ Utrecht, the Hague, Detft,
and Port. Having profited inuch by their insuuetions^
whether in the chair, in hospitals, or in private communi-t-
cation, he returned to his native place at the end of a yiear^
aiKl recommenced the practice of his profession with the
same: ardour as when he quitted Halle, but with mom
knowledge and greater-resources. Nevertheless he again
interrupted hid practice by another journey in 1716. He
married in 1717, with the intention of seuling at Herfor-*
den; but became a professor. in 1720, at Rintlen, where
lie died April 7, 1756. He left several works : the first of
these was frequently ^re-printed, and bears the title of
" JDesiderata Medica.'* It includes also " Desiderata Ana-
tomico- Physiologica ; Desiderata circa mbrbos et e5mm
^igna; Quae desiderantur in Praxi Medica; D^sidi^rata
Chirurgica.*' 2. •* De Fatis Medicoruni, Oratio Inaugu-
ralis," 1720. 3. " De morbis Juriscohsultofum Epistola,'^
1721. 4. ^' De Dysenteria alba in puerpera Dissertatio,^^
1723. 5. << Programmata nonnullay tempore Magistrate^ '
Academic! impressa,'' 1724 and 1725."
FUSSLI. SeeFOESSLI.
FUST, or FAUST (John), a goldsmith of Menta, wa«*
one of the three artists considered as the inventors of print*
ing, the two others berng Guttemberg and Scha&fFer. It is *
not, however, certain, that he did more than supply money '
to Guttemberg, who hacl made attempts with moveable
inetal types at Strasburg, before he removed to Mentz, in
}444. But it has been strongly argued, that Laurence*
* Moreri.— Diet Hist. * Oict, Hirit--*Itees'f Cydopadiit
lee .FUST.
Koflfter, at Hariaeliii bad flnt conoeivod the art. of: cutting
wooden blocks for tbU purpose in 1490, which he imme*
d lately iroprovedy by substituting separate wooden types*
Scbsetfer undoubtedly invented the method of casting the
metal types, in 1452. The first printed book with a date,
is said to bare baea a Psaltei^ publiibed at M ents in 1457 ;
tbe next, perhaps, is '^ Durandi. Rationale divinorum Offi*
cioruro," by Fust and Schse^ffer in 1459. Tbe <^ Catboli-
COR*' followed in 1 460. There are, however, some boohs
wiihout dates, which are supposed to be still older. Ftast
was at Paris in 1466, and it is imagined that he died there
of the plague^ which then raged in that capital. ^
FUZ£LI£R (Lftwis), a native cvf Paris, where be was
born in 1672, denoted himself early to poetry, an^ wrote
for tbe Freuoh and Italian theatres, the royal muaicai
academy, and the comic opera. He obtaiiied the pxivilege
of conducting toe <^ Mercury," jointly with M. deBruere,
)n 1744, and died at Paris, September 19, 1752, .le;tving a
i^oosiderable number of theatrical pieces, which have not
been collected. , His comedy of one. act, entitled '^ Mooms
Fabuliste»" and his operas of ^^ Les Ages,'' ** Les Amourt
des Dieux,'' *^ Les Indes Galantes,'* and '^ Le Carnava}
du Parnasse,'' are particularly admired. He wrote much
for the Italian theatre and comic opera; but La Harpe^
who has kitely dictated in French criticism, speaks, with
great contempt of bis talents. .'
" Diet. Hilt.— S«€ Art. Pjuktikc in Cyclopedia. * Diet Hi«t,
i, '•' )
i I
G.
CtABBIANI (Antony Dombnick), an haliaR artist, born
at Florence in I6i2y wvs successively the papil of Sobtisr-
pians and Vincenzo Dandini, and studied under Giro Ferii
at Rome, and after the best coioufrists at Venice. He was
a ready and correct designer His colour, though some^
times languid j is generally true, juicy, and well united in
(he ilesh-dnts. The greatest flaw of bis «tyle lies in the
ichoice, the hues, and the execution of his draperies. He
lexcels in ^^ pretty** subjects; his Gambols of Genii and
Children in the palace Pitti, and elsewhere, are little in*
tferior to those of Biiciccio. His greatest and most famed
work in fresco, is the vast cupola of Cestdio, which wais
■not wholly terminated. His altar-pieces are unequal: the
l>est is that of S. Filippo in the church of the fathers Dell'
Oratorio. In easel-pictures he holds bis place even in
princely galleries. He died in 1726, in consequence of a
}'all from the scaffold on which he was painting the cupola
of Cestdlo, *
GABIA (John Baptist), one of those 'scholars who pro-
moted the revival of literature, was a native of Verona,
«nd a professor of Greek at Rome in the sixteenth century,
j[>ut vire have no dated particulars of his life. It is said he
was eminent for his knowledge of the learned languages,
and of philosophy and mathematics, and h^d even studied
theology. He translated from Greek into Latin, the Cofl»*
mentaries of Theodoret bishop of Cyarus, on Daniel and
Szekiel, which translatrion was printed at Hoane, 1563, fol.
and was afterwards adopted by father Sirmond in his edi-
tion of Theodoret He translated also the history of
Scylitzes Curc^alates, printed in 1570, along, with the
original, which is thought to be more complete than the
Paris edition of 1648. About 1543 he published the first
Iraitin translation of Sophocles, with scholia. Maffei says
^ PilkingtoD, by Fuseli.
US G A B I A.
that be also translated Zozimus, and the Hebrew Psa1in9,
and translated into Greek the Gregorian Kalendar, with
Santi^s tables, and an introductory epistle in Greek by him*
•elf. This was published at Rome in 1583.'
GABRIEL (James), an eminent royal architect of
Trance, built the palace at Choisy, and undertook the
royal bridge at Paris, but died in 1686, before he had
completed this work, which was finished by his son James
and Frere Romain. James was born at Parts 1667, became
a pupil of the celebrated Mansart, and acquired so great
a reputation as to be appointed overseer-general of build-
ings, gardens, arts and manufactures; fint architect and
engineer of bridges and banks through the kingdom, and
knight of St. Michael. He planned the common sewer,
and many public buildings, among which, are the hotel de
Ville, and the presidial court of Paris, &c; He died in
that city 1742, leaving a son, first architect to the king,
who long supported the reputation of bis ancestors, and
died in 1782. •
GABRIEL SIONITA, a learned Maronite, who died in
1648, was professor of oriental languages at Rome, from
whence he was invited to Paris, to assist in M. le Jay's
Polyglott, and carried with him some Syriac and Arabic
bibles, which he had transcribed with his own hand firotfi
MS copies at Rome; these bibles were first printed in
Jay's Polyglott, ^ith vowel points, and a Latin versiorf;
and afterwards in the English Polyglott. Gabriel Sionita
translated also the Arabian Geography, entitled ^' Geo-
graphia Nubiensis," 1619, 4to, and some other works.
He had some disagreement with M. le Jay, who sent to
Rome for Abraham Ecchellensts to supply bis place. ^
GABRINI (NiCH.) See RIENZL
GABRINI (Thomas Maria), of the order of the clerks
minor, was born at Rome in 1726, and boasted of being
the descendant of Nicolas Gabrini, better known by the
name Rienzi. Having been appointed Greek professor at
j^esaro, be acquired great reputation for his critical know-
ledge of that language. He afterwards was invited to be
philosophy professor at Rome, and had a cure of souls
which he held for twenty-seven years, with the character
of an excellent pastor. After other preferments in the
ecclesiastical order to which he belonged, he was at ia&t
1 Moreri.-*Maffei Verona lllvitiata. ^ Pict Hist. » If 9reri.«*2>ict. Hmt,
GABRINI. i$d
i^ade Moerali and while in tbit station was frequently con-
aultea by congregations, bisbops, and popes, who had a
very high esteem for bis judgment. He died very advan-
ced, on Nov. 16, 1807. Besides some tracts published in
defence of his ancestor Rienzi^ he published <* A Disser-
tation on the 20th proposition of the first book of Euclid,**
Pesaro, 1752, 8vo, which went through several ed:itions^
and many disserutions, memoirs, and letters in the literary
journals, on the origin of mountains, petrifactions, and
other objects of natural history ; medals, obelisks, inscrip*
tions, and classical and ecclesiastical antiquities. He left
abo some valuable manuscriptis on similar subjects. '
GACON (Faancjs), a French poet, well known by his
satirical pieces against Boasuet, Rousseaui La Motte, and
others, was the son of a merchant, and born at Lyons in
1667, He became a ftttber of the Oratory ; obtained the
poetical prize at the French academy in 1717; and died
m bis priory of BaiUan Nov. 15, 1785. Among his works
are, '^ Le Poete sans fard," a satirical piece, which cost
him some months of imprisonment ; a French translation
of '* Anacreon/* witli notes, which was the best of his
works; ** L* Anti-Rousseau,'' an attack against J. Baptiste
Rousseau, the poet; ** L' Homer e veng6,'* against La
Mott^, Gacoo dso attacked La Motte, and turned bim
into ridicule, in a. small piece entitled <* Les Fables. d(
M. de la Motte^ traduites en. vera Fmucois, parP.^* F.
aa.Caff(6 du Mont Parnasse, &Ci" TIms poet^s natural
propensiiy to satire and criticism, led him to attack all
sorts of writers, and involved him in all the litemry quar«
rels of his times. The French academy acted with great
Impartiality, when they adjudged him the prize ; for be
had written in some shape or other against ahnoatall the
oiembers of that illustrious body; and on this acoount it
y^as,. that he was not suffered to make his speech of thanks,
^ is usual on such occasions, the .prize having been -re-
mitted'to bim by the bands of the abb^ de Choisy. ' A« Ga-
cojo,'' aays Voltaire, *^ is placed by father Micevon in tbe
catalogue of illustrious men, though he has been famous
only for bad satires,<^— Suchautbprs cannot, be cited but aa
es^amples to be detested.'* In fact, though he wrote with
care, his style wais heavy and diffuse in prose, and low in
verse.
« Diet. Hitt.
' • M*>r«ri.— DL't H'lil.— Niccron, ▼ol. XXXVlIl.— Stiii Onom.
*v
190 GAUBURY.
GADBURY (Josh), one of 4liQ asitrologidtl impotioffi:
of tbe seveoteenth century, was bo^n at Wbeatly. near Ox**
ford, Dec. 31^ 1637. His father^ WiUiaro, waa a farmer
of that place, and his mother was a daughter of sir Jdhiv
CurzoQ of Waterperry, knt. Our conjuror was first put
apprentice to Thomas Ntcols, a taylor, in Oxfordi but
leaving his roaster in 1644, he went up to London, and
beoame a pupil of tbe noted William Lilly^ under whom,
he profited so for as to 1>e soon enabled ^^ to set up the
trade of almanack -making and fortune-teUing for himself." .
His pen was employed for many years on nativities, alma-'
nacks, and prodigies. There is> we beUeve^ a eomplete^
collection of bi& printed works in tha new catalogue of the
British: Museum, and we hope we shall be excuse^ for not
transcribing the list. Dodd, who has given an aceonnt of
him, as a Rbman catholic, says thai; some of his almanacka^
refiectaii^ upon the management of state affairs. dfirli^. the'
time of. Oates^i^ plot, .brought him into trouble. While
Qither astrologers were content to exercise their' art for the'
benefit of their own country only, Gadbury extended .bia
to a remote part of the globe, as^ in 1674, he published
hia ^ West India, or Jamaica Almanack", for that^ yeai^
He QoUected and published the wo^ks q{ his fiirad sir
Gees:ge Wharton in l.fiSS, 8vo. His old master Lillyy who
quarrelled with him, and against whom he wrote a^ book
called .'^ Anti-lferliou5 Anglicus," saya be was a *^. monster
of ingmtitude," .and ^' a graceless fellow ;'' which is* true,:
if, ai3oording to his account, he had two wives liviog at
^me time, and one of them two husbands. Lilly adds, tlwt
be went to sto with intention for Barbadoes, but died by
the way in hifr voyage. When thia happened we are not
told. Lilly died in 16il, and according to Wood, Gadu
bury was living in 1 690. '^ The Black Life of John Gad«
bury*' was written and published by Partridge in 1 QMf
which might be about the time of his death, but his name^
as was usual, appeared long after this in an almanack, simi-
lar to that published in his life-*time. There was another
astrologer, a Job Gadburv, who waa taught his art by John^
and probably succeeded him in the ^manack, and who
died in 1715.1
GADD£SPEN (John op), an English physician, who
lived in the early part of the fourteentb century, of very
1 Dodd*i Cb. Hist. vol. TIT.— Gran(»r.— Tatler, Sto edit. 1806, vilh notet,
vol, II. p. 61, III. 537, IV, 257.— Lilly's Life «nd Times, edit. 1774, p. 52, 55.
G A D D E S D E N. 191
exlennTe and 'lucrative practice, was die fifat EngUsbman
who was. employed as a pbyridan at court, being ap«
pointed to that office by Kdward II.: before his time the
King's physicians bad - been exelasively foreigners; The
ignorance, superstition, and low quackery, which appear
tbroughoiit bis practice, are painted with much life and
humour by Dr. Freind. He came forward as an uniyeraaL
genius, was a philosopher, pbitc^ogist^ aud poet, and un->
dertook every thing that lay within the circle of phystc
and sui^ry, was skilled hi manual operations, very expert-
in bone-setting, and a great oculist. He also aoqoaiots ua>
widi his gnent diill in' pbysiognomy ; and designed to write
a treatise of chiromancy. He was a great dealer in secrets,
and some be bad which were the most secret of' secrets,
and did miracles. But his chief strength lay iii receipted
and without giving himself much trouble in forming a
judgiAent respecting the nature of the case, he seemed to
tUnk that, if he eould muaier up a good number of these,
be should be able to encounter any distemper. He seems
to have neglected no stratagems, by which he laight suiv
pnse and impose on the credulity of mankind, and to have
'been very artftil in laying baits for the delicate, the
ladies, and tbe-rieb. When he was employed in attending
the king^ssoii, in the smciH'-pox',' in order to diew his skill
in inflamtaiatory distempers^ he, with a proper formality,
aifd.axTOuntenonce of mydi iMiportanoe, ordered the patients
tate wrapped up in scarlet, and eviery thing about the bed'
to be of' the bame colour. This, he says, made him »e-^
cover without so much as leaving cue mark in his ftsef
and he commends it for an excellent iM>de of cuniig^
Nevertheless this man was praised by Leland, Owrin^s^
and others, as a profound philosopher, a.' skilM physician,
and the brightest man ef his agew
His only wotit, whieb he produced while resident at
Merton eisUege; Oxford, is the famous ^^Bosa Anglica,"
whiob ct^mprises the whole practice of physic ; collected
ihdwd chiefly friDm the- Arabians, and the modems wba
had written in Latin just before him, but enlarged and in<^
ter^ersed with additions froM bis own eaqperieifce. Its
title is <« Rosa Anglica 41iatu(Mr Libris distinota, de morbis
paniciilaffibufs,d^ Febrtbus, de€3iintrgia, dePkarmacopoNu**
Dr. Freind observes, that John seems to have made a col*
lection of all the receipts he had ever met with or heard
of; and that this book affords us a complete history of ,
i§a 6 A D D £ S D £: N.
what medicines were io use, not only zmottf^ the pbytl<<
cians of that time, but amoog the coinmon people ia all
parts of England, both in the empirical and superstitious
way. Dn Aikin remarks that the method of producing
fresh from salt water by simple distillation (^' in an ale!,mbtjC
with a gentle heat^^) is familiarly mentioned by this author,
even at so remote a period.
Although devoted to the practice of his profession, he
was prebendary of Sl Paufs, in the stall of Ealdiand. It
seems probable from this and other instances, that the pro*.
Gurement of a sinecure place in the church was a method
in 'which the great sometimes paid the services of their
physicians. Of his '^ Rosa Anglica*' there are two edi*:
tions, one in fol. Venice, 1502^ and the other in 4to* Aug*
Vind.« vols. 1595. >
GiERTNER (Joseph), an em'ment botanist, was born
atCalw, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, March 12, 1732«
His father^ physician to the duke of Wirtemberg, and.
his mother, both died in his ^urly youth. He was.at first
destined by his surviving^ relations for the church, and
when he disliked that, the law was recommended ; but at-
length, from an early bias towardn the study of natural '
history, he resorted to physic, as most congenial to his
disposition, and removed to the university of Gottingen, •
in the 19tb year of his age. Here the lectures of Haller^
and others instructed him in anatomy, physiology, and*
botany, but he studied these rather for his own informatioa
and amusement, than as a means of advancement in the
practice of physic. After this he undertook a tour througfai
Italy, France, and England, in the pursuit of knowledge
in botany. On his return he took the degree of M. D.
and published an inaugural dissertation on the urinary se-
cretion, after which he devoted two years to the study of
mathematics, optics, and mechanics^ constructing with
bis own hands a tdescope, as well as a common and solar
microscope. In the suounet of 1 759 he attended a course
of botanical lectures at Leydeti, under the celebrated
Adrian Van. Roy en. He had for some time acquired the.
use of the pencil, in which he eminently excelled, and
which subsequently proved of the greatest use to him m
embUng him to draw the beautiful and accurate figures of
> Aikifi*» biographical Memoirs of Medicine. — ^Rees's Cyclopedin; — Freind'i
Hjsi of Physic.
O iE R t N £ If . i9i
the books lie published. Having bestowed ereat attentioti
upon the obscurer tribes of marine atiimais and plants^
particularly with a view to the mode of propagation 6f the
latter, as well as of other cryptogamic vegetables, he re-
viisfited England, and spent some time here, as well in
scrutinizing the productions of our extensive and varied
coasts, as in conversing with those able naturalists Ellis,
CoIIinsod, Baker, and others, who were assiduously en-*
gaged in similar pursuits. He communicated a paper to
the royal society on the polype called Urtica marina, and
the Actinia^ 6f Ltnnseus, comprehending descriptions and
figures of Several species, which is printed in the 52d vo*
lume of the Philosophical Transactions ; and he prepared
several e^ays on the anatomy of fishes, and other obscure
matters of animal and vegetable physiology, part of which
only has hitherto been made pablic. So'on afterwards Dr.
Gttrtner became a member of the royal society of London,'
ahd'of the ittiperial academy of sciences at Petersburg. In
P76Sf be was' instituted professor of botafiy and natural*
history at Petersburg, and about '^ year afterwards he be*
gan to plan and prepare materials for the great work on
wht6B his eminent reputation rests, the object of which
was th^ illustration of fr-uits and seeds for the purposes
above-mentioAed. His situiition at PeteVsburg, however,'
seems not to have ^ited either his health or disposition.
After having perfonried a journey ihto the Ukraine, in
which he collected many new or obscure plants, he resigned
bis professorship at the end of two years, steadily refusing
the pension ordinarily attached to it, and retired in the
aittumn of 1770 to his native town, where he niarried: At
the end of eight years he found it necessary, for the per-
fection of his intended work, to re-visit some of the seat^
of science in which he had formerly studied, in order to
re-eifamine several botanical collections, and to converse
again with persons devoted to similar inquiries with bis
own. Above ^^iy he was anxious to profit by the disco-
veries of the distinguished voyagers Banks and ' Solander,'
who received him with open arms on bis arrival at London,
in 1778, and, with the liberality which ever distinguished'
their characters, freely laid before him all their acquisi-
tions,-and assisted him with their own observations an<t[
discoveries. A new genus was dedicated to Gsertner by
his illustrious friends in their manuscripts ; but this being
ijiis own sphenoclea, has been superseded by another ana
Vol. XV. O
194 G iE R T N E R.
» / • w r . J'
a finer plant. He visited Thunl>erg in his return throog^
Amsterdam, that distinguished botanist and traveller being
then lately arrived from Japan ; nor were the acquisitions
of Gaertner less considerable from this quatten He fur-
ther enriched himself from the treasures at Leyden, laid
open to him by his old friend Van Boyen ; and arrived af.
home laden with spoiU destined to enrich his intende4
publication. Here, however, his labours and bis darling
pursuits were interrupted by a severe disorder in bis eyeS)^
which for many months threatened total blindness; aor
was it till after an intermission of four or five years that he
was able to resume his studies. .
At length he gave to the public the first volume of bis
long-expected work, '^ De fructibus et seminibus plantjk-
rum," printed at Stutgard in 1788, and containing the
essential generic characters, with particular descriptions
of the fruit of 500 genera, illustrated by figures of eacb^.
admirably drawn by himself, and neatly engjraved in .79
quarto plates ; a long anatomical and physiological. intfQ*
duction is prefixed, in which he definei and explains the
nature of the parts, of fructification, especis^lly of the. fruit
and seed. In this essay he denies the existenpe of real
flowers, and consequently of proper seeds, in fungi, and
other cryptogamic vegetables, in which Hedwig and others
Conceive they had detected the organs of impregivation as
well as real seeds. Gaertner considers the latter as gemmae
or buds, and not seeds produced by sexual impregna*
tion. He even denies the celebrated Hedwigian theory
•f mosses. He changes the name of germen, applied by
Linnaeus to the rudiments of the fruit in old plants, to the.
old and erroneous term ovarium. ..In the detail of his work,
he often corrects the great Swedish naturalist, with more
or less justice, but not always with candour, and changes
his names frequently for the worse. In synonyms he'is
not always exact, copying them, as it appears, from errors
of the press occasionally transcribed from other authorsi
without turning to the books quoted.
tn the deBnition and anatomical elucidation of the parts
of the seed, Gaertner is truly excellent j and, notwith-
standing some slight defects, his work marks an ssra in
botanical science, not only directing, but even forcing
the attention of botanists to parts which the Linnaean school
had too much neglected, but which cin never in future
be overlooked. The second volume of this immortal work
. G JE R T N E R.: 195
appeared in 1791, illusti^ating 500 more igenera, on the
same plan with the former, in 101 platep, in which the
compound flowerg are treated with peculiar care and suc-
cess. The preface of this volume is dated April 6, 1791,
but little more than three months befote the death of the
author, which happened on the 14th of July^ 1791, in the
sixtieth year of his ftge. He is said, though struggling
for some time preceding with debility and disease^ to have
finished a description and drawing of the Halleria lucida
but the evening before his departure. He left one son,
to whom he gave an excellent education, and who has
proved worthy of his distinguished father, in publishing
his inedited works^ and continuing with success the .samq
inquiries.^
GAETANO. See PULZONE.
GAFFARELL (James), a learned Rabbinical writer,
was the son of Dr. GafFarell) by Lucrece de Bermond, his
wife; and was born at Mannes, in Provence, about 1601.
He was educated at the university of Apt, in that county,
where he prosecuted (iis studies with indefatigable in-
dustry ; and applying himself particularly to the Hebrew
language and Rabbinical learning, was wonderfully pleased
with the mysterious doctrines of the Cabala, and com-
menced author in their defence at the age of twenty-two.
He printed a 4to volume at Paris in 1623, under the title
of ^^ The secret mysteries of the divine Cabala, defended
against the trifling objections of the Sophists,'^ or ^' Abdita
divine Cabal® mysteria,*' &c. The following year he
published a paraphrase upon that beautiful ode the I37th
Psalm, ^^ By the waters of Babylon we sat down and wept,
when we remembered thee, O Sion,** &c. He began
early to be inflamed with an ardent desire of travelling for
his improvement in literature, in which his curiosity was
boundless.
. This disposition, added to his uncommon talents, did
not escape the notice of cardinal Richelieu, who appointed
bim his library -keeper, and sent him into Italy to collect
the best books printed or MS. that could be found. This
employment extremely well suited Gaffarell*s taste, both
as it gave him an opportunity of furnishing his own library
with some curious pieces in oriental and aiher languages,
1 3iinf and Kon'tg^» Aonals of BoUay, toI. f , p. 73.<— Rectus Cycfopsdia.—
peleuze's Bia^. M«meJrof GaerlDeK
O 2
l^ GAFFARELL.
Mid of making inqmries into that bianch of litemtore whicll
was bis chief ddight. With tfan view, while be was at
Ronie, be went widi some others to visit Campanelkt, the
famous pretender to magic ; his design in this visit wa^
to procure satisfactioD about a passage in that author^s
book, ** De sensu rerum et m^a." Campanella was then
in the inquisition, where he had been cruelly used, id
order to force him to (xmfess the crimes laid to his charge:
At their entrance into his chamber he begged they would
have a little patience, till he had finished a small note
which he was writing to cardinal Magaloti. As soon as
they were seated, they observed him to make certain wry
laces, which being supposed to proceed from pain, be was
asked if he felt no pain ; to which, smiling, he answered,*
No ! and guessing the cause of the question, he said he
was fancying himself to be cardinal Magaloti, as- he had
heard him described. This was the very thing Gaffarell
wanted ; and convinced him, that in order to discover ano^
tfaer person's thoughts, it was not sufficient, as he had be«
fore understood Campanella, barely to fancy yourself td
be like the person, but you must actually assume his vei*y
physiognomy. This anecdote will afford the reader a sitf-^
ficient idea of the value of the discoveries of Campanella
and Gafiarell.
In 1629, he published *^ Rabbi Elea, de fine mundi,'
Latine versus, cum notis,'* Paris, 8vo, i. e. •* A Ldtirr
version of Rabbi Elea*s treatise concerning the end of the
world, with notes;" and the same year came out his ** Cu-> *
liositez Inoiiez, &c. Unbeard-of Curiosities conceming*
the talismanic sculpture of the Persians ; the horoscope of
the Patriarchs, and the reading of the stars/' This cu-(
rious piece went through three editions in the space of
six months. In it the author undertakes to shew that ta->
lismans, or constellated figures, bad the virtue to make 2t
man rich and fortunate, to free a house and even a whole
country from certain insects and venomous creatures ; and
from all the injuries of the air. He started many other
bold assertions concerning the force of magic ; and having
also made some reflections upon his own country, and
mentbiied the decalogue according to the order of the
Old Testament, and the protestant doctrine, he was cen-^'
sured by the Sorbonne, and therefore retracted these and
some^other things advanced as errors ;, submitting his faith
in all points to the doctrine of the catholic and apostolic
church.
<> A F F A R ^ ). U ifil
, Iq 1633. he was at Venicei where, among ^ther thingi^
lie took an exact measure of the vessels brought from Cy'»
^rus and Constantinople, that were deposited in the triea-
sujry of St. Mark, at the request of the learned Peiresc^
vitb whom he had been long acquaintedi and who had a
great esteem for him. During his abode in tiiis city, he
was iovited to live with M. de la Thuillerie, the French
i^bassador, a^ a companion. He accepted the invitation^
l^ut was not coutent with, the fruitless office of merely dU
wrting the an^bassador^s leisure hours by his learned CW'*
tersation. He aimed to make himself of more importance^
and to do this friend some real service. He resolved there^
iore to acquaint himself with politics, and in that viewt
wrote tA ^s friend Gabriel Naud^, to send him a list oC
the authors upuHi political subjects; and this request i(
was, ihat ;gave birth to I^aud^'s ^^ Bibliographia Politica***
Oaffarell at this time was doctor of divinity and canon law^
prothonotary of the apostolic sef , and commendatory priof
9f St* Criles*f« After his return hom^, he was employed hf
his patron eardtoal Richelieu, in his project for bringing
back all the protestaots tp the Roman church, which he calls
are^unioQ of religions; and to that end was autJ^orized te
preach in Dauphin^ against the doctrine of purgatory. To
the same purpose he also published a piece upon the pa-r
cification pf Christians.
. He survived the^cardinal niany years^ and wrote several
books besides those already mentioned i among which are^
1. ^' Index codicum MStorum quibus ususest Joli. Picus
Comes Mirandulanus,*' Paris, 1650. vid. Selden. de Sy*
oedriis Heb. 1653, p« 6SI. 2. ** Un trait^ de la poudre
de sympathie et de^ Talismans.^' 3. *^ Epistola pr^fat*
in Rob. Leonis. Mutinensis libellum de ritibus Hebraicis."
4. *^ Cribrumi CabaUsticum,'* vid. Quriosites InoUez, p.
44, and ft6(^. 5. ''Avis aux Doctes toucbant la neces*-'
siiDe des.langues orientales,'* ibid. p. 54 and $4. 6,/' The
widow of Sarepta.^' 7. ^^ A treatise of good and evil
Genii,^' vid. Meroure galant, p. 16i, for Jan. 168^, 8.
V Ars nova & pejrquam faciUs legendi Rabbinos sine puncr
tia.'' 9. ^' Pe. musica Hebr«(Mriim stup^nda libellus.-^
iO^ <^ In voei^s 4erelM^tas V, T- Cepturiae dose, nova cum
Scaligero dci i^:^ Jnterprf^k difwrtatjiuncula." U. ** De
stellis cadentibus opinio nova." 12. '' Quaestio Hebraico-
pbilosophiea, mtriim & prjneipio mare salsum exli^erit.'*
13. <' Lachrymae in obitum lani Csemi Frey. Medki^^
'19«' 6 A F r A REEL.
1631 9 4tOy and some others, medtioned by Leo Allatius,.
in Apibus.
In the latter part of his life he was employed in writing'
a history of the subterranean world ; containing an account
of the caFCs, grottos, mines, vaults, and catacombs, which
he bad met with in thirty years' travel ; and the work was:
so nearly finished, that the plates were engraven, and if
was just ready to go to the press, when be died at Sigonce,
of which place he was then abbot, in his eightieth year,
1681 ; being also dean of canon law in the university of
Paris, prior of ie Revest de Broosse, in the diocese of
Sisteron, and commandant of St. Omeil. His works shew
him to have been a man of prodigious reading, and un-
common sbbtilty of genius ; but he unfolrtunately hsid also'
a superstitions credulity, as appears from the following
passage iii his ♦« tlnheard^'of Guriosities,*' Treating (rf
omens, he cites Camerarius, affirming that some people
bav6 an apprehension and knowledge of the death of their
friends and kindred, either before or afteir they are dead,
by a certain strange and unusual restlessness within them-
selves, though they are ^ thousand leagues off. To sup-
port this idle notion, he tells us that his mother Luerece^
de Bermond, when she was living, had some such sign
always given her ; for none of her children ever died, but
a little before she dreamt either of hair, eggs, or teeth
i^ingled with earth ; this sign, says he, was infallible. ^^ I
myself, when I had beard her say she had any such dream,'
observed the event always to follow." His *^Curiositres''
was traYislated ty Chilmead into English, Lond. 1650, 8vo.^
GAFFURIUS {FKANCriiNUis), an eminent musical writer,
a native of Lodi, "bom Jan. 14, 1451, of obscure parents,
was first intended for priest's orders, but after studying
music for two years under John Goodenach, a carmeiite,
he manifested so much genius for that Science, that it was
thought expedient to make it his profession. After learn-^
ing the rudiments of music at Xodi, he went to Mantua,
where he was patronized by the marquis Lodovico Gon-
zago ; and where, during two years, he pursued bis studies
with unwearied assiduity night and day, and acquired
great reputation, both in • the speculative and ' practical
part bf his profession. 'From this city he w^nt to Veronsi
.1 Morerl:.44)#i>. Diet — Lto militant's (AlMf Urban»»*»*ColoaiJefiiGaUi|.Qf|l
en^U$.*7:MorlioffFplyli^U-^]Mct) Uujt.
G A F F U R I U S. 199
where he read public lectures oh music for two years more,
and published several works; after which he removed to
Genoa, whither he was invited by the doge Prospered;
there be entered into priest's orders. From Genoa he
was invited to Milan by the duke and duchess Galeazzq,
hat they being soon after expelled that city, he returned
to Naples, where Philip of Bologna, professor- royal, re-
cced him as his colleague; and he became so eminent
in the theory of music, that he was thought superior to
many celebrated and learned musicians, his contempo-
raries, with wiiom he now conversed and disputed. He
4here published his profound " Treatise on the Theory
of Harmony,'' 1480 ; which was afterwards enlarged
and re- published at Milan, 1492; but the plague raging
in Naples, and that kingdom being likewise much in*
'commoded by a war with the Turks, he retreated to
Otranto,- whence, after a short residence, he 'returned
to Ledi, where he was protected and favoured by Pal-
lartctno, the bishop, and opened a public school, in
which, during three years, he formed many excellent
scholars. He was offered great encouragement at Ber-
gamo, if he would settle there ; but the war being over,
-and the duke of Milan, his old patron, restored, he pre*
ferred the residence of that city to any othen It was hece
that he eomposed and polished most of his works ; that he
was car^sed by the first persons of his time for rank and
learning; and that he read lectures by public authority to
crowded audiences, for which he had a faculty granted
bim by the archbishop and chief magistrates of the city in
1483, which exalted bim far above all his contemporaries;
«nd how much be improved t}ie science by his instructions,
his lectures, fnd b'^ writings, was testified by the appro-
bation of the whole city ; to which may be added the many
disciples he formed, and the almost infinite number of
volumes he wrote, among which several will live as long
as music and the Latin tongue are understood. He like-
wise first collected, revised, o^ommented, and translated
into Latin the ancient Greek writers on music, Bacchiu^
senior, Aristides, Quintilianus, Ptolemy^s Harmonics, and
Manuel Briennius. The wQrks wbjch he published are,;
J. **rTheoricnm Opus Harmonicse Disciplinse,'' mentioned
above, Neapolis; 148Q, Milan, 1492., This was the fir^t.
bocfc on the subject of music that issued from the prestf
,, after the invention of printing, if we except the " Defi-
^M C A F F'U HI U &
nitipnes Tenn. Musics/' of Joho Tinctor. 2. 'f Piacticft
|Music8B utriusque Cantus/* Milan, 1496 ; Brescia, 1497^
^502; and Venice, 1512. 3. ^< Angelicnm ac Divinuoi
'Opus MusicK Materna Lingua Scrip." Milan, 1508. 4.
'' De Harmonica Musicor. Instrumentorum/^ Milan, 1518.
^This work, we are told by Pantaleone Melegulo, his coui^-
^ryman and biographer, was written when Gaffurius vndfi
forty years of age ; and though the subject is dark and
difficult, it was absolutely necessary for understanding tb^
ancient authors. With these abilities, however, Qaffuriua
did not escape the superstitions of his time. He was not
only addicted to astrology, but taught that art at Padua,
;io 1 522. He was then seventy-one years of age, and is
supposed to have died soon after, although Pn Burpey
fixes his death two years before.*
GAGE (Thomas), an English clei^yman and traveller,
was descended from Robert Gage of Haling, in Surrey,
third son of sir John Gage, of Firle, in Sussex, who died
in 1557. He was the son of John Gage, of Haling, and
ibis brother was sir Henry Gage, governor of Oxford, who
was killed in battle at Culham-bridge,^Jan. 11, 1644. Of
his early history we are only told tbat be studied in Spain,^
and became a Dominican monk. From thence he departed
with a design to go to the Philippine islands, as a mis<-
^ionary, in 1625; but on his arrival at Mexico, he heard
$o bad an account of those islands, and became so de-
lighted with New Spain, that he abandoned his original
design, and contented him with a less dangerous mission.
At length, being tired of this mode of life, and his req^res^
to return to England and preach the gospel among his
countrymen being refused, he . effected his escape, an4
af Kyetf in London in l637, after an absence of twenty-
four years, in which he had quite lost the use of his naUve
language. On examining into his domestic affairs, he
fsund himself unnoticed in his father's will, forgQtte.n by
some of bis relations, and with difficulty acknowlec^^d by
others. After a little time, not being satisfied with, re-
spect to some teligious doubts which had entered his mind
while abroad, 'and disgusted with the great power of the
pa^nsts, he resolyed to take another journey to Italy, to .
^^ try what better satisfaction he could find for his eon«
' 1 3f Dr.Burney, in bis Hut of Mo8|c> and in Rees^ Pycloj^di».— Tim*
ImmIu.— Ginguene i^ist Lit d'ltalie.
<j ^ Q E. COi
science at Rome in that religion.^* At Loretto his confer-*
«ion from popeiy was fixed by proving the fallacy of the
miracles attributed to the picture of our Lady there ; on
;which he immediately returned home once more» and
preached his recantation sermon at St Paul's, by order of
the bishop of London. He continued above a year ia
London, and when he saw that papists were entertained
fit Oxford and other parts of the kingdom attached to th^
royal cause, he adopted that of the parliament, and re-
ceived a living from them, probably that of Deal, in Keot^
in the register of which church is an entry of the burials
pf Mary daughter, and Mary the wife of <' Thomas Gage^
parson of Deale, March 21, 1652 ;" and in the title of his
.work he is styled " Preacher of the word of God at Deal.*^
We have not been able to discover when he died. Hif
;work is entitled ^^ A new Survey of tiie West-Indies; or
ihe English. American his Travail by sea and land, con-
taining a journal of 3300 miles within the main land of
America. Wherein is set forth his voyage from Spain to
3t. John de Ulhua ; and from thence to Xalappa, to Fiaxr
calia, the city of Angels, and forward to Mexico, &c, &c>
j^c." The second edition, Lond. 1655, tbiu folio, with
maps. The first edition, which we have not seen, bean
fiUte 1648. Mr. Southey, who has quoted much from this
work in the notes on his poem of '^ Madoc/^ says that
Gage^s account of Mexico is copied verbatim from Ni«
cholas^s *^ Conqueast of West-*India," which itself in %
translation from Gomara. There is an Amsterdam edition
of Gage, 1695, 2 vols. 12mo, in French, made by cpsa^
mand of the French minister Colbert, by mons. de Beau*
lieu Hues O'Neil, which, however, was first published in
167^, at Paris. There are some retrenchments in this
edition. Gage appears to be a faithful and accurate relator,
but often credulous and superstitious. His recaptation
$ermon was published at Londop, 1642, 4to; and in 165L
he published ** A duel between a Jesiiite and a Domini-
can, begun at Paris, fought at Madrid, and ended at LoO'*
don," 4to.*
GAGEH {Wli44AH)f a Latin poet of considerable noto
in the sixteenth century^ was educated at Westminster-
school, from which be was elected to Oxford, in 1574^
tpd took afterw^yrds hijs degrees in arts at ChVist-churcb^
I Ccainra literaria^ toI, V.— MoreH.
20i^ G A G E R.
but in a few years preferring the study of the law, he took
the degrees in that faculty also, in 15B9. About this time
his reputation bad recommended him to Dr. Martin Hetotr,
bish(^ of Ely, by whose interest, most probably, he was
made chancellor of that diocese. Wood professes that he
knows no more of htm, unless that he was liring in 1610;
but by the assistance of the Ely registers, we are enabled
to pursue him a little farther. By them it appears that in
1601, being then LL. D. he acted as surrogate to Dr.
•Swale, vicar-general of Ely, and in 1608 he was delegate
and commissary to archbishop Bancroft, in the diocese of
Ely ; and in 1609 he was custos of the spiritualitiefs in the
Tacancy oi^the see. In the years 1613, 161<S, and 1618^
be was vicar-general and official principal to Lancelot An-
drews, bishop of Ely; and in 1619 he acted as deputy for
the archdeacon of Canterbury, at the installation of bishof^
Felton, in the cathedral of Ely. When he died we have
i>ot been able to discover.
• ,Wood says, <* he' was an excellent poet, especially in
the Latin tongue, and reputed the best comedian (i.e. dra-
matic writer) of his time." He had a controversy with Dr.
John Rainolds, on the lawfulness of stage-plays, which
appears to have been carried on in manuscript letters, until
Rainolds published his " Overthrow of Stage-plays,** con-
taining his answer to Gager and a rejoinder. He had a
more singular controversy with Mr. Heale, of Exeter-col-
tege, in consequence of his (Gager' s) asserting at the Ox-
ford Act in 1608, "That it was lawful for husbands to
beat their wives." This Mr. Heale answered in " An
Apology for Women," &c. Oxon. 1609, 4to. In the " Exe-
4|ui9& D. Philippi Sidnasi," Gager has a copy of verses in
honour of that celebrated character, who, when living, had
a great respect for his learning and virtues* His Latin
plays are, 1. " Meleager," a tragedy. 2. *♦ Rivales," a
comedy; and S. *' Uij'sses redux," a tragfcdy. Theses
were all acted, and we are told, with great applause^ in
Christ church bail. The first only was printed in 1592;
4to, and occasioned the controversy between the author
and Dr. Rainolds. Gager*s letter in defence of this and
his other plays, is in the library of University -college.*
r GAGNIER (John), an eminent orientalist, was a native^
of Paris, where he was educated ; and, applying himself
1 AUu Ox. vol. I.->-Wai*oa's Hist, of l^wUjf vol, Ih d&S.—JdUS Regis(ert
♦f Ely.
, G A G N IE R.' aos .
to study the eastern languages, became a great master in-
tbe Hebrew anti Arabic. He was trained up in the Roman
CatboKc religion; and taking orders, was made a canon
riegular of tbe abbey of St* Genevieve, biit becoming dis*'
fialifified. wit^vhis religion, and marrying, after he had left
bbconvent, be was upon that account obliged to quit bis
native country, came to England, and embraced the faith
and doctrine of that church in the beginning of the eigh-
teenth century. He was well received here, and met with
many friends, who gave him handsome encouragement,
particularly ' archbishop Sharp, and the lord chancellor
Macolesiield, to, which, last he dedicated his edition of
Abulfeda. He had a master of afts degree conferred upon
bim at Cambridge; and goings thence to Oxford, for the-
s^ake of prosecuting his studies in the Bodleian library, be
was admitted to the same degree in that university, where
be supported himself by teaching Hebrew. He had pre-
viously been made chaplain to Dr, William Lloyd, bishop
pf Worcester, whom he accompanied to Oxfoi^d. . *
In 17b6, he published, an edition of Joseph Ben Go-
Fion's *' History of the Jews,V' in the original Hebrew, witb'
a, Latin translation, and notes, in 4to. InlTlO,' at the
appointment of Sharp, abp. of York, he assisted Grabe in
the perusal of .the Arabic manuscr^ipts in the Bodleian li-
brary, relating to the Clementine constitutions ; on which*
the archbishop had engaged Grabe to write a treatise
against Whiston. Qagnier accordingly read and inter-*
preted diligently to Grabe all that might be serviceable to
bis purpose in any of them.
In 1717 he was appointed to read the Arabic lecture at'
Oxford, in the absence of the professor Wallia. In 1718'
appeared his <^ Vindicise Kircherianar, sen defensio con-*
cordantiarum Grsecarum Conradi Kircheri, ad versus Abr.
Trommii animadversiones ;''• and in 1723, he published
Abulfeda^s ** Life of Mohammed,'^ in Arabic, with a Latin'
translation and notes, at Oxford, in folio. He also pre-'
pared for the press the same Arabic autbor^s Geography, '
9nd printed proposals ios vl subscription, but the attempt
proved abortive, for want of encouragement. Eighteen-
sheets were printed, and theremaiader, .which was imper-
fect, was purchased of his widow by Dr. Hunt. It is s^id/
that he wrote a life of Mahommed, in French,^ published
at Amsterdam, in J 730, in B vols. 12mo. But this was
probably a translation of the former life. Gagnier had
ao* G A G N I £. K.
bc^fore this inserted Graves's Li^tin translntton of Abulfeda*«
description of Arabia, together with the original, in the
third volume of Hiidson^s ^^ Geographtse veteris scriptores
Gr^eci minores/' in 1712, 8vo, and bad translated from
the Arabic, Rhases on the SmalUpos;, at the re<)uest of
Br. Mead. He died March 2, 1740. . By his wife he left
a' son, Thomas, or as in the Oxford graduates, Joba
Gagnier, who was educated at Wadham- college, Oxfords
a^d commenced M. A. July 2, 1743. Entering iiuo, holy,
o/ders, be was preferred by bishop Clavering to the imc-^^
tory of Marsh-Gibbon, in Buckinghamshire, and after-
wards obtained that of Strantoo, near Hartlepool, in thc^
bishopric of Durham, where he was living in 1766, but
the historian of Durham having concluded his list of vicarn
with Mr. Gagnier at the year of his induction, in.i745y
we are not able to ascertain the time of bis death*. Pre->
ceding accounts of his father mention bis beiog chosen.
Arabic professor in room of Dr. Wallis, which never waft
the case. Dr. Hunt was successor to Wallis.*
. GAGUIN (Robert), a French historian, was born at
Colin^ near Amiens; and Guicciardini, as Vossius ob^
serves, is mistaken in fixing his birth elsewhere. He had
bis education at Paris, whiere he took a doctor of laws xie-
gree ; and the reputation of his abilities and learning be^
came so great, that it advanced him to the favour of Charles
VIII. and Louis XII. by whom he was employed in se-
veral embassies to England, Germany, and Italy. He n^.
keeper of the royal library, and general of the order of the.
Trinitarians. He died in 1501, certainly not young; but
we are not able to ascertain his age. He was the .author
of several works ; the principal of which is, a History in
eleven books, '^ De gestis Francorum^^' in folio, from»
J.200 to 1500. He has been accused of great partiality to
his country ;, and Paul Jovius s^s, that be has not been
very exact in relating the affairs of Italy. Erasmus, how*
ever, had a great value for him, as may be seen from one
of his letters. Gaguin also translated the Chronicle of
abp. Turpin, wrote a bad Roman History, and Epi^tlea
and Poems, some of which last are very indelicate.* .
GAHAGAN (Usher), a very estraordinary character, ,
of great talents, and great vices, was a Roma^ catholic^
, > Biog. Brit art. Grabe.
* Moreii^Foppan BibU Be1|;.-i-Nlceron, ?ol, X1I(I.
G A H A 6 A N. 205
6t a good family in Ireland. He was a very bonaiderablo
Latin scholar^ and editor of Brindley's beautiful edition of
the Classics. He translated Pope's ** Essay on Criticism**
hito Latin verse, and after his confinement iii Newgate,
to which be was sent for filing gold| he translated into the
same language the ** Temple of Fame,'* and the " Mes-
^ah/' which he dedicated to the duke of Newcastle, in
bbpes of a pardon ; he also wrote verses in English on
prince George (our present sovereign), and on Mr. Adams,
the recorder; which were published in the ordinary's ac-
count ; with a poetical address to the duchess of Queens*
Cury, by one Conner, who was then in prison for the same
crime. Gahagan was executed at Tyburn, Feb. 1749,*
GAIGNY, or GAGNY (John), a French divine of the
sixteenth century, was educated at Paris, where in 152^
he bad taken the degree of bachelor, and held the appoint-
ment of attorney for the French nation in the university.
He was afterwards lecturer in theology at the college of
Navarre, and rector of the university. In 1531 he took
his degree of D. D. and was chat^cellor of the unii^ersity
from 1546 till his death, in 1549. Gaigny was deeply
read in the ancient languages, and highly esteemed as a
Latin poet, and his sovereign Francis I. frequently con-
sulted him on subjects of literature, and made him his first
almoner. He was author of many works on subjects of
theology, the most important of which are " Commenta-
ries*' upon the different books of the New Testament, in
which be explains the literal sense by a kind of paraphrase.
Dnpin says, ** his notes will be found of admirable use to
those who desire to read the text of the New Testameat,
and to cotnprehend the sense of it without stopping at any
difficult places, and without having recourise to larger
commentaries. His Stholia on the four evangelists, and
on the Acts of the Apostles, are inserted in the ^' Biblia
Magna" of father John de la Haye.*
GAILLARD (De Lonjumeau John), bishop of Apt
from 1673 to 1695, in which year he died, is chiefly me-
morable for having first projected a great and universal
- ** Historical Dictionary,*' in the execution of which work'
he employed and patronized Moreri, who was his almoner*
Towards the perfecting of this undertaking, he had re-
searches made iu all the principal libraries of Europe, but*
1 GcDt. iAatf, for 1749. • Moreri.
206 0: A I L L A R D.
*
particularly in tha^ Vatican. Moreri^ in dedicating his (iiHi
edition to his patron, pays him the highest eneomiqinsy
which he is said to have very thoroughly deserved, by h}9
love for the arts, and still more: by his virtues.*
. GAILLARD (Garriel Henry), an elegant French his*
torian, member of the old French academy, of that of in*
scriptions and belles-lettres, and of the third class of the
institute, was born at Ostel, near Soissons, March 26 f
1728. On his education or early pursuits, the only work
in which we find any notice of him is totally silent, and
we are obliged for the present to content ourselves with a
list of his works, all of which, however, have been emi-
nently successfvil in France, and procured to the author,
an^ extensive reputation and many literary honours. He
wrote, 1. " Rhetorique Fran^aise,' a I'usage des jeunes
demoiselles,"' Paris, 1746, 12mo, which has gone throMgh,
six editions. 2. ** Poetique Fran^oise," ibid. 1749,. 2 vols,
S. " Parallele des quatre Electee, de Sophocle, d'Euripide,'
de Crebijlon, et de.Voltaire," ibid. 1750, 8yo. 4. ^« Me-
langes litteraires en prose et en vers,** ibid. 1757, l'2mo.
5. " Hi$toire de Marie de Bqurgogne," ibid. 1757, 12mo.:
is. " Histoire de Francois I." 1769, 7 vols. i2mo; of this
there have been several editions, and it is not without
reason thought to be . Gaillard's principal work ; but Vol-
taire is of opinion that he softens certain obnoxious parts
of Francis's conduct rather too much, but in general hi&
sentiments are highly liberal, and more free from the pre-
judices of his country and his religion than could have
been expected. Indeed, it may be questioned whether
he was much attached to the latter. 7. " Histoire des ri-
valit^s de la France et de PAngleterre,** 1771 — 1802, U.
vols. l2mo, a work in which the author, not altogether
unsuccessfully, struggles to be impart.ial. 8. " Histoire
de Charlemagne," 4 vols. 12mo. Gibbon, our historian,
who availed himself much of this history, says that " it is
laboured with industry and elegance.'' 9. '' Observations
sur I'Histoire de France de Messieurs Velly, Villaret, et
Garnier," 1807, 4 vols. 12mo, a posthumous work. Be-
sides these he was the author of various eloges, discourses,
poems, odes, epistles, &c. which were honoured with aca-
demical prizes; and several learned papers in the memoirs
of the academy of inscriptions. He wrote also in the/^ JoQr- .
» Moreri. ■ , i
' G A I L L A R D. ^20T
• > • . .■....■
&al des Savans" from 1752 to 1792, and in the ** Mercure"
from 1780 to 178$^, and in the new Encyciopedie he wrote
three fourth^ of the historical articles. His last perform*
ance, whifch bore no mark of age, or decay of faculties,
.was an ^^ Eloge historiqqe** on M. de Malesherbe^i, with
whom he had been so long intimate, that perhaps yo man
was more fit to appreciate his character. This writer, the
last of the old school of French literati, died at St. Firminp
near Chantilly, in 1806.^
GAINSBOROUGH (Thomas), an admirable English
artist, was born in 1727, at Sudbury, in Suffolk, where
his father was a clothier. He very early discovered a pro-
pensity to painting. Nature was his teacher, and the
woods of Suffolk his academy, where be would pass in sur
litude his mornings, in making a sketch of an antiquated
tree, a marshy brook, a few cattle, a shepherd, and his
flock, or any other accidental objects that were presented,.
From delineation he got to colouring; and after painting
several landscapes from the age of ten to twelve, be quitted
Sudbury, and came to London. Here he received his
first instructions from Gravelot, and was then placed under
the tuition of Mr. Hay man, with whom he staid but a
short time. After quitting this master, he for a short time
resided in Hatton-garden, and practised painting of por-*
traits of a small size, and also pursued his favourite sub-
ject, landscape. During this residence in London, he
married a young lady, who possessed an annuity.of 200/. ;
and then retired to Ipswich, and from thence to Bath^
where be settled about 1758. He now began painting
portraits at the low price of five guineas*, for a three-
quarter canvas, and wa,s soon so successful as to be en-
couraged to raise his price to eight guineas. In 1761, foe
the first time, he sent some of his works to the exhibition
in London. In 1774, he quitted Bath, and settled in
London in a part of the duke of Schomberg^s house iu
PalUMall. In this situation, possessed of ample fahfie,
and in the acquisition of a plentiful fortune, he was dis-
turbed by a complaint in his neck, which was not much
noticed upon the first attack, nor was it apprehended to
be more than a swelling in the glands of the throat, which
.it was expected would subside in a short time, but it was
* Hn last prices in LondoD, were forty f uineas for a half, and one lmaiii)?d
ior % luU length.
"^ Diet. Hbt.
\
2<» G A 1 N S B OR O 0 G H.
soon discovered to be a cancer, which bafHed the skiif rf
the first medical professors. Finding the danger of hi§
situation, be settled his affairs, and composed himself t6
meet the fatal moment, and expired Aug. 2, 17^8. He
was buried, according to his own request, in Kew Church-
yard,
Mr. Gainsborough was a man of great generosity. Jf he
selected for the exercise of his pencil, an infant from a
cottage, all the tenants of the humble roof generally par^
ticipated in the profits of the picture ; and some of them
frequently found in his habitation a permanent abode;
His liberality was not confined to this alone : needy fela-.
fives and unfortunate friends were further incumbrancek
on a spirit that could not deny; and owing to thh gene-
iposity of temper, that afBuence was not left to his family
which so much merit might promise^ and such real worth
deserve. There were other traits in his personal character
less amiable. He was very capricious in his manners^ 'and
ratbeir fickle and unsteady in his social connections*. This
was sufficiently evinced by his general conduct tawardk
the royal academy, and by his whimsical behaviour to sit
Joshua Reynolds. Soon after he settled in London, dit
Jfoshua thought himself bound in civility to pay him a vrsit^
Gainsborough, however, took not the least notice of him
for several years, but at length called lipon him, and re-"
quested him to sit for his picture. Sir Joshua complied',
and sat once, but being soon after taken ill, was obliged
to go to Bath for his health. On his return to London;*
perfectly restored, he sent Gainsborough word that he wa4
returned; Gainsborough only replied, that he was glad to
hear that sir Joshua Reynolds was well, but never after-
wards desired him to sit, nor had any other interciourscf
with him, until he himself was dying, when he sent' td'
request to see sir Joshua, and thanked him for the' Very
'* Mr. Jackson, hereafter memioiMdy bot itnnMt be remembered, that my:
concludes bis character of biia in these wish was not to make it perfe(;ty bu(
words: '* Uiscouver:$ation wasspright- just. The same princfple obliges me
)y, but liceationa— hia favourite sub- to add— that as to* his commoo ae^'
je^ts were music and patntiag, which quaintancebewa^sprjghl^y aQ(ia^^«
be treated in a manner peculiarly his able, so to his intimate friends he was
own. The common topics, or any of sincere and honest, and that bis heart
a superior cast, be thorovgWy hated, was always alive to erery fedUng of:
and always interrupted by some stroke honour and generosity.
of wit ov humour. ** He died with this expression : * W^'
*' The indiscrittiinate' admirers of my are all going to heaven, and Vandyke
late friend will consider this. sketeh of. ip.of the |>arty,V* . . -^
bis character as far beneath hit merit f
^ A I » s:b Q r o u g ji. :zo9
4ibQill;md fairourftble mtener in wlikh be bad always
spokea of bis works. Sir Joshua bad indeed proved bis
^niOfi of bis uleiita, by (paying an hundred guineas for
bis «iu]uisiie picture of the ^' Girl attending pigs/* for
which Oaiosborough asked but sixty.
, When the royal acadeny was founded^ Gainsborough
,^;is chosen aooong the first members^ but beine tbeii fesi-
d^Ht s^ Batb> be was too &r distant to be employed in the
biisiness qI the institution^ Wfaen be came to London^
bis Mndoct was so far disrespectful to the members of
thatbody» that he never complied with their invitations^
• whether official or convivial. In 1784, be sent to the ex-
bjbiiiiiii a wboleJengCb portrait, which be ordered to.be
piftpfid aioiost as low as the floor ; but as this would bavp
beep a violation of the byof^laws of the academy, the g^ii'-
tlen^enof the council ventured taremons^iiate with him upon
the impropriety of such e. disposition. Gainsborough returned
. for ans^ver^ .that if they did not chuse to hang the picture
as he wiahedt they might seod it, which they did imme-
diately. H<t soon . after made an exhibition of. his works
at his own house, which^did not, however, affosd' the ex-
pected gratification ; and after tbis circumstance^ he never
f^ip e:diibil^*
* Amtrnf^ bisamugcanents, mnsic was i(Iraost td much bis
€lX0ttrlte as paintiog« This passion led him to cultivate
-tb^ iotimftoy of all the. great musitai professors of bis tim0,
(one of wfaojn^ Fischer, married hb daughter), atid th^y,
hf their abiltitfis,/>btained ^n ascendancy overbim, greater
thap wa4 peibaps. consistent ;witb atiict pvudenoe. Of hfB
powers IP (he scieada^' no better description' can be given,
than^hat by! Mr. Jaokson of Exeter, in his ^< Four Ages,^^
40 wbitfli entei'taining miaceliaoy we may refer our readers.
Spipe bave.spoken highly of Gainsboroizgh^s musical per* .
/oftnance. , Mr. Jackson says, that tbougb pcMtsessed of
j&af». taitet and. genius, he sever bad application ^pongb
li> lmiii:Ua)fiP^»» : He fii0or»ed to itake.the f^rai.step ; the
jiibQond .was OK coMrfb out.of his reaobi; and) sheiaummic
bepanaetuliaiifaia^ble. . * '
However M^ng in ^eae< awuaeiiMmts, he.wtas )»leady
jaPd maoly iti tbe pro^le^Ufeioa iif . excMlence in 'his art,
JBfcoufgb uottW4;^oMiiSOiiMi degree iof ^batxafprice peculiar
ito. bi3 cbaracftev: i After Iwsideaitb maiiyopintoi9a^rer8rpub>
jiabed i» the ilit^rary journals of bis merit; ,, f iroip tiaesie
wre, shall ntlMttbe foliQwii^g^ cbie^y fioia ji^ Josbua^Reyi*
Vol. XV. P -
tio
G A I X^ B.OvH a U G H.
noUs's lecttnres, which appean to approach nearett W the
: sobriety of just criticisoi. i
'. His style of execution, as well as choice of snbjecCs,
'^lis original) although considerably 'resembtiog tliat df
Watteauy more particularly in his tandscapea; Hts picf-
litres are generaHy wrought iu a kxMe and slight foamier,
With goeat freedom of hand, and using very little cidikirf,
with a great body of vehicle ; which gives to bis worbs
.great lig^htoess md looseness of effect; i^toperties ei^
tremely valuable in a picture, and too eanly lost ift tbe
.endeavour to give more strict and positive resemblan^Se of
substance. 8ir Joshua Reynolds in his fourteenth lecturts
•aays of this hatching tnatiner of Gainsboroagb, that his
-portraits- were often little more than what generally atteocb
•a dead colour as to finishing or determinnig the form of
the features ;> but, '* as he. was. always attentive to the ge*
jieral effect, or whole together, I have often imaginod
'(says be) that this unBnishied manner coutxiboted even to
that striking resemblance for which his portraits are sa re^
•markable. At the same time it must > be acknowledged
that tfaefce hi. one evil* attending this -mode ; that if- the
portrait were seen previously to any knowledge of the ori-
ginal, different persons would form different ideas ^ aod
:all would be disappointed atnot findings the original cor*
-respond with, their own conceptions, under tlie^greait iatw
.tude which indistinctness gives to the imagination, to as-
sume almost what character or form it plehses,*' *
In tlie same lecture, which principally treats of the ao*
rquirements of Gainsborough, .and whieh was delivered at
.the ro}'»l academy soon after bis deathy by its tmiiy exetied
'president,' it is said of.him, ^< that if ever this nation shotitd
.produce genius sufficient to acquire to us thehonoorabt^
<listiactioci.of^£ngli8h.school, the name of Gtainsborough
.will be transmitted, to posterity in the history of the art
iamong the.iirst of that rising name.V-^^^ Whether be most
•excelted in portraiu, landscapes, or- fancy piosores^ it 'is
jdiifficult :.ta deteroiine:: whether bis portraits were m04^
admirable for exact truth of resemblance, or bis landaoapes
for apoctrait'like represematiitn iyf natpire,: sucttas we see
,in the works of Rubens, .Ryadael, or odhers of these scfaoohs.
In his fancy pictures^ ivheniheibad^ fixed apon^hia object
•of imitaliony whether it wks* the wean and vulgar fqma«^>a
iivQod-cuttelr,. or axhild d£> a^^interesting^ charactar, as b^
<bd iiot attemi^ te.!:ai^;tbe oas^: *saiiehber did he isse any
Y 4\
G A I N S B O R O a G H. ail
"i^f ibe nalAfid grace . and elegance of the other ; such a
grace and tnch an elegance as are more frequently foi^nd
in 6ottai^*es than in oourts. This excellence was bis own,
U^e.pef^uU 0t bis particular observation and taste. For this
he was certainly not indebted to any school ; for his^ grace
was not academical, or antique, but selected by himself
^ratm-tbe great school of nature; where thiere are yet a
ihpusand modes uf grace unselected, but which lie open ^k
Jib^ multiplied scenes and figures of life, to be brought out
by ^ilfailaod faithful observers.
. .^ Upon iibe whole we may justly say, that whatever he
^iieq»|>ced he carried to a high degree of excellence. It is
to tbe credit of bis good sense and judgment that he never
'^Ud attempt that style. of historical painting for which his
previoes istodies had made no preparation.''
.J4o|faingeould have. enabled Gainsborough to reach so
elevated a point in the art of painting without the most
ardent love for it Indeed his whole mind appears to have
been deivoted to it, even to his dying day; and then bis
:principal regret seemed to be, that he was leaving his art,
•when, as he said, ^' be saw bis deficiencies, and had en-
d:!^avQiired to remedy them in his last works.'* Various
A^ircumstaoces. in liis life exhibited him as referring every
-thing to it. <^ He; was continually remarking to those who
jbaf^Med to h6 about him, whatever pecuharity of coun-
-tenaace, %diatever accidental combination of figures, or
happy effects of light ai)d shadow occurred in prospects,
in tbeisky, .in walking tlie. streets, or in company. If in
'hiSivralks be found a character that be liked, and whose
attendance was to be obtained, he ordered him to his
choose : .and from the fields he brought into his painting-
eoomstttfiipft of trees, weeds, and animals of various kinds;
and designed them not from memory, but immediately
fxom' the objects.. He even framed a kind of model of land-
. scapes on bis table coqa posed of broken stones, dried herbs,
.and pieces of looking^^glass ; which be magnified, and im-
proved into rocks, trees, and water: all which exhibit the
.salicicude and extreme activity that he had about every
thing relative to his art ; chat be wished to have his oblacts
^oibodied as it ^re, and distinctly before him,' neglecting
rnetbiog that contributed to keep his faculties alive; and
-^^leriving hints from every sort of combination." lie was
.also in the constant habit of painting by night, a practice^
\Tery ^advantageous and improving t^ an artist, for, by this
P 2'
m & A 1 N « B OR o tr o n.
tnfeans he may acquire a neur and a Uglier pefcdpli^ Vlf
what is great and beautiful in nature. His prlrctice incite
progress of his pictures was to paint Dli the whole together^;
wherein he differed from some, who finish each part sefrnf-
rately^ and by that means are freqtiently Iteble to prodiit^
Inharmonious combinations of forms and features.
Gaih^borongh was one of the feW artistn of eminilWet
this eouhtry has produced who never was indebted 10 16^
I'eign travel for his improvement and adrainceme'in in fnUnU
ing. Some use, indeed, he appears to hare wtade tiffb«>
wign productions ; and he did not ifegkfet to tepfxj^c Kfm-
«feli in the language of the art, the art of itnitatfbtt^ bUl
aided bis progress by closely observing trrd imttatitlg aditii
^f the masters of the Flemish school ; who are dndonbtedf)^
the greatest in that particular and necestTafy branMl cf 'itf«
He frequently made copies of Rubens, Tettiert, and Van*
tlyke, which it wbuld be no disgrace to the tnost aetehM
ieonnoisseurs to mistake for original pictiites fet (int'^rigiit;
What he thus learned, he did not, however^ gervflety trs#y
but applied it to imitate nature in a manner Entirely liSi
own, ^ " " * . ■■'""
The subjects he chose for representation wefe ^en^Hlll^
rery simple, to which his own excellent taste kiiew li^?Wt^
^ive expression and Taltre, fti bis la»dst;'ape6 H HM)tlg
mound and a few figures seated upon, c^ near it 5 wMi^a
cow or feoine sheep grazing, and a slight iliArtttng'oP^IWr*
stance, sufficed fot the objedcs ; their ehairni 'w** il»e
purity of tone in the colour; the (Veedom and clearness of
the touch ; together with an agreeable combination of ^^
forms ; and with these simple matterifals, which Uppeat^tf
easy as to be within every one's grasp, but which etttM
stanily eltide the designer who1s not gife«?d with hisfti^Ato^
and taste, does he always produce a pleasing-pieture. *^l
his fancy pictures the same taste prevailed. A cottage ^tit
a shepherd's boy ; a woodman ; with vehr alig** tti^tW^U
in the back-grbundj were treated by huh with 90 ttHek
eharacter, yet so much elegante, that they n^^v^r j(«i4^iv
delight. ''-'"''''
' In the spring following GainsbOrbngb*^ dleaflb^ Ml 0iM^
hitidn was made at his botise in Pall Mall, df h4^ {»^«^ttt
and drawings. Ctf the former there were fifty-aiK ; of tto
latter one Wndred and forty-eight; wtthseVerarpictfiirMl^
6f\he Fiemisfa at>d otiier masters, which he bad coM«oi«d
during bift life*time% They wene aunounced fat aate^ imd
GAINSBOROUGH. 313
^(Sir prices nuurkjed jn the jcatalogne, and several were
sold. Some time after, tbe whole remaining collectiori
WM sold by AuctbOt and brought good prices. Among his.
aU^fnpis were the portraits ofGarrick and Fopte, but be
4}^:^ot s4iGceed. according to.h|$ wish, which he used. to
excuse by saying that *' they had every body's faces but
their . cKvo,'' a ver^ pertinent remark, as applied to the
^ poicit'aiis of dri^aiaiic personages.
' JVj[r« £4wards meotioos three etchings by t;he hand of
Gaitpi^b^rqiigh. The 6rst. is spiiall, and. was done as a de«
comiop (a<tbe firsi ** Treatise on Perspective,*' which was
pubHsbiM. . by bis frieod Mr. Kirby; but it i^ curious to
observe^ that what little of perspective is introduced, is
Iptajly faise ; .but from the date of th|it work Gainsborough
ibilfit have been a^ that time very young. The second is
^ an, pak tree, with gypsies, sitting under it boiling their
keu}^i the size X^ iaiches by 1 7, Both these were 6nished
bytiiegraver^ though not improved, by Mr. Wood. The
tbird„ aiQore extensive view, represents a man ploughing
oil tixe side of a rising ground, upon which there is a wind*
mill ; the sea terminates the distance. This he called the
^aiblk Plougb* It is extremely scarce, for he spoiled the
plate by imp^ently attempting to apply the aquafortis^
liefore bis friend, Mr. Griguion, could assist him, as was
§gro4ui« Its . size , l $ iochf^ by 1 4. He also attempted
%wo. or three small plates in aqua tinta, but was not very
Bttocestful mth them, as he knew little of the process.
TbiA^emineut artist bad a nephew, Gainsborough Du*
WQSH^Tf a modeat and ingenious man, who painted portraits
i^itb. considerable success, but died at the eaifly age of '
tlurty, in January 1797. His principal work is a large
l^iptore (for which he received 500/.) of all the Trinity
masters, riybich. is in the court-room of the Trinity -house
iijKNi Toiver-'bill. * .
; .<jALAT£0 (Antony), or Galat£Us Lici'ensis, an emi*
gent rllf^ian writer, whose proper name was Ferrari, i$
genej^lly known by that of Galateo, from bii^ native place,
Galatina, in Otranto, where he was born in 1444* His
iitber dying in bis infancy^ be was taken into the protec-.
tlM of Us grandfather, who iiad him educated at Nardow
'i,Edward«*s Supplement to Walpole's Anecdotes. — Mtlope's Life and Worka
^^irJothna Reynolds.— Northoote*8 Life of fir Joshua.-— Rees*s Cyalopadia.— «
Octit. Iffar- ▼ol- LVIIL— Sketrh of the Life of Gainiborougb, by Thicknesse,
lta|^« ItSS.*rJMluoa'a F««r Ages, 179S, Svo.
214^ G A L A T E O.
He afterwards studied medicine^ which, after :t«ktog*hitf
degrees at Ferrara, be practised at Naples wkh greatre*
putation, and was appointed physician to the king, in con-
sequence of the recommendation of SaniiMarivs and Pon-
tanus. The air of Naples, however, not agreeing with
bim, he removed to Gatlipoli, near Galatiiw, ^faere be
resumed his practice. He died Nov. 112, 1517. He was
not only eminent as a physician, but his natural atid'm<Mml
philosophy is said to have risen beyond the level of the age
in which he lived. He is also said to have indicated the
possibility of the navigation tx> the East by ike Capebf
Good Hope,, in his treatise ^^ De situ Elementorumj^* pub*
lisbed in 1501, but written some years prior* to that pariod.
He also illustrated the topography of bis native country
with accurate maps and descriptions ; and was reputed a
poet of considerable merit. His works are, berides What
we have mentioned, 1. ^' De situ lapygi®,*' Ba^l,,155^,
but the best edition is that of 1727, with tbe-notesof Tas-
tieri, and some lesser pieces by Galatco. 2. ** A Descrip-
tion of Gallipoli." 3. " Sucoessi dell* armata Turches-
canella citta d'Otranto del T anno 1480,'* 4to, 1480. He
had accompanied the son of the king of Naples on tMs-
expedition. He published also some poems in Latin and
Italian. * , . .. !.
GALE (John), a learned divine, and an ejninent preacher
among the baptists, was bort|fMay26, 1^80, at Loifidnn.
His father was a citizen of good repute ; and. observing
the natural turn of his son to be from his infancy grave and
composed, he resolved to br-eed him for th,e ministry. He
spared no cost in his education, and the boy*s diiigeiTce
Mas such, that, both in school and out of school, be ap-
plied attentively to his learning, and became not only
master of the Latin and Greek, but of the Hebrew Ian*
j):uage, at the age of seventeen; when he was sent":o
Leyden, to finish what he had so happily begun. Sdon
after his arrival there he received the news of his mother's
death, and, being sensible that this would hasten bia iie<-
turn home, he made it a spur to his industry ; and so
surprising was his. progress in academical learning, tha^Jie
was thought worthy of the degrees of master •<)€ aria end
doctor of philosophy in his nineteenth year, and accofd«
ingly received those honours in I>S99y having performed
# - • - .
* Morcrl^VicU Hist.— Nlccrgn, rol. 11,— Rosct)e'« Leo X.-^^-Saxil Op6jn»it»
G ALE. ai5
ijie iisuil exemses with urn versal applause *. This' extra*
ordtqary tetihinmiy of bis son's merit coald not fail to Be
/very acoepitable to the father ; and the rector of the uiu*
ver^i^ comluunicated it, in, a strong letter of commeoda-
' ,lian. Upon tbia occasion our author pqblished his ^< Thes-
i^isy^'* afid dedicated it to bis father and bis two uncles, sir
Joha and sir Joseph. Wolf; and a noble attestation of bin
mmcit was lubjoinied by Adrian Reland in a Latin panegyric.
1 . Thus boBcmred^^at Leyden, be weqt to Amsterdam.
:where he cootioiied his studies under professor Limborcb.
•:Ai the same time be contracted^an acquaintance with John
XieClerCy took all opportunities of visiting bitn, settled a
iCOi*respoQ4^al!ce "with him, and became afterwards a zealous
^a^well as able def^pnder of his character f* Upon his re^
.turn home be continued bis stgdies with equal ardour;
and, impreiviag himself particularly in the Oriental Ian*
, gmgea, obtained oritical skill ini the books of the Old and
vNew Testament. He bad not been above four years thus
' employed, when the university of Leydea sent him an o£Fer
of a doctor's degree in divinity, provided he would assent
.|e the articles^ of Dort-; but be refused that boitour, oil
^he principle of preserving a freedom of judgment
This was about 1703; and Wall's defence of Infant
Baptism coming out in less than two years after, proved an
- pooasien for Gale to exert bis talents in controversy. Soon
aCter the publication of that book, he undertook to answer
• it» and pursued the subject in several letters wi;itten in
i 470$. iind Ir706 ; which were handed about in manuscript
. if^^reral years^ till be consented to make tbem public in
• 1711, under the title of <^ Reflections on Mr. Wairs His»
^ry of Io£ant Ba^isio/* , The extraordinary merit of this
piece raised him to the first pjace among the baptists ;
yet^he did not think B^ to take upon binuelf the preacber^s
. office immediately. . He was five and thirty years, of age
before he began to preach constantly and ^t«»(edly % ; when
, W was chosen one of <be niiuisters of the baptist congre*-
•tgatifOnia-PaMl's ailey^ near Barbican.
• . <
♦ The professor's fpc*ch on the oc- Le Clffc, which, be says, render it
frtstdn was printed 'afterwards hy-Bder- very evidetit that he ackno»ledc:ed the
iHiave,.'- AiBOilf' oilier 'thu^Si he job- divipii|( of Chuuit as plainly and es-
l^er^y tliat Dur^tudeuw had obiaioed pres&ly taught in ihe scriptures.
" «uch a readiness in the Greek Tangua^e, ;jHe*had, ho^wever, preached bt-
- ^ tAW^IIIelott4&t)aln»irr ife t^aMidy; fore, on the BimWersary tf the goij*
Btbl. Ckovhe, \am. XV l^* p- 3i^- . poiid«r«ptot; an<) he published bi«^|%.
. . f See our author's tirf^t let M^r upon course with i^ie t\t^e- of a Tbankfgiv'iqf
Vfr. WaU»s History of Infant Baptisin. Scimon/ preached KrtV. 5, 1113, 'U
wUtfre be cites tereral passages irotu P»alm cv. ver. l,and 15,
^IB .GALE.
- As be was teolouk to tmatitehi and ftofmg/itm tiMiielMi%
tioDi which fad diought authorized by pnontive antiquity
he became cfaairinaii to a society for pvomottiig wfa«t tbey
called prioiitive Christianity; frooi July 9, illS^to FehL
the lOtb following. This society met e%'ery week* attMt.
Whiscon's bouse in Cross-street, HatlcMi^gaiidleii^ • which
fhey named the *' Primitive Library.'* B«ut though Dr.
Gale testified a strong desire to ettingimh aU dupiiMr
among Christians^ he was by no means wiUi^g to give up
his own peculiar opinions. Hence it was that wheiVcMsu
Wall consented to hpid a icooference with inm opon ite
subject of infant baptisoi, the dispute ended, as usual^
without any good issue ; and Wall was so filr Irom being
satisfied with the arguments of his antagonist^ thi»'he4rew«
up an answer to the Reflectiona, and pobKshed it under
^e title of «^ A Defence of the History of lefant Baptism,"
in* 171^. This book, as well as the History, was so oifiehL
approved by the university of Oxford^ that Wall was bq*-
noured with the degree of D. D. upon die oceaaion. Dn.
Calebs Reflections were not without ci^siderable «dvo»
«ates ; and it is supposed, that he meditated im answer to*
Dr. Wairs reply, but a premature dea^ pnevented ilie
lixecatioti of tbis and several designs which he bad formed^L
for the promotioR of Oriental iearning and his own no^oaa
of scriptural knowledge, as he was seized mth afever^*
Dec. 1721, of which, after an illness of about Uvreewesb^'
be died, iu his forty*second year. • ^ « /
In his per:K)n, Dr. Gale was rather taUer thaix the eo|to«: r
anon size, and of an open pleasan^l couateiiafice; in hm^
-temper, of an easy and affable behaviour, serious- wicboat;
any tincture of moroseness. lo his mi^niiers and i»onik» i
cbearful without levity> having a most perfect comMitidr>
iQver.his passions. He was gneatly esteemed by, and Itred .
in frie4)dship with, Bradford bishop of Roobesier^ Hoadiy:
i>ishop of Bangor, and the lord cbanoalior King» After.
Ills dea^h a collection of his sermons we^ priated by sub*:
sgription; the second edition whereof was published I7M#
iq 4 vols. 8vo, to vvbich is prefixed an account of his life. :
It pppears from some passages in his funeral sermonn that
he was married, and had a family, left in great want .A,
contribution, however, was raised, which e|)abled bis widow
to set up a coffee-house in Findi-lane for the mainteimnce
«f ^ber children. What became of them ifterWards we t^i ,
^t told. Of Dr. Gal6*s principal performaoce it m9>y\^.
4r A L S. 217
tbati M Wair» <* History of Tnfiint Baptism** is the
inest f hidtcatton of this doctrine, so the answer of Gale
ia^ the beat, defence of th^ baptists; which, as the subject
bad. been bandied by tery great men before, is an ample
commendatioil of both parties. '
;. GALS (TiCSOPHILOs), a learned divine among the tion«
ccmformists, was born in 1628, at King's-Teignton iti De*
WNKsbtre, where bis father, Dr. Theophilus Gale, was theil
^oar, ^t€h which he likewise held a prebend iu the cfaurcli
«f Exeter. Being descended of a rery good family in the
West of'Engbifd, fais' education -was begun under a private
ptaDccptor, in his father's house, and he was then sent to
• 'ftcboot in the neighbourhood, where he 'made a great
pmfierency in classical learning, and was removed to' Ox*
ford in l ^47. He was entered a commoner in Magdalen
eoUege, a little after that city, with the university, had
been sarrendered to the parliament ; and their visitors in'
the general reformation (as they called it) of the* university; ,
bad put Dr. Wilkinson into the presidentship of Magdaleit
ooilege, who took particular notice of young Gale, and
pmcvred him to be appointed a demy of his college in
1^48« But the consent of kindness to him was far from
stopping hei^ ; he was recommended to the degree of ba^
cfaeknr of arts Dec. 1G49, by the commissioners, long be-*
fore the time appointed For taking that degree by the sta-^
tntet of the univenHty, viz. four years after admission. Of
this departure from the nsuat term of granting a degree
they^ we«te's&%etisible, tfa^tcare was taken by them to have
a.^fNirrieular reMoli set f6rth, for conferring it so early upon
Um; expyewing, that he was fully ripe for that honour,
boali in reape^t of his age, and the excellence of his
abilitiea/ It was probably owing to the countenance of the
same patrorts that he was chosen fellow of his college m
ieso, in pveferefice 'to ^many of his seniors, who were set .
jmA'to rnnke room for hhn. It is acknowledged, how-
every that he deserved these distinctions. He took the
degree of M* A. Juii)^ 18, 1652^ and being encouraged to
takefNipilsy sbon b^a<ne an eminent tutor, and had, among
otbcar pupils, Eaekiel Hopkins, afterwards bishop of Ra-*
l^e, in- IrekMd.
*I» the mean titiae he continued to prosecute his own
J' I
oT tW BaptistSj fol. IV. p. 366,— NicUQls*s AlUr^ury's Corr«sp)0(ieaGe^ v«i».
21S GALE.
studies with vigour; aod efaoostfig dmnity for bis. priifcA^
sion, applied himself particularly to that study*' On
reading Grotius, on the '< Truth of the CbriAiaii Bieli*
gion»'Vbe b^gan to think it. possible to make lA'^appear^
that the wisest of the pagao philosopbers borrowed their
more sublioie contemplations, as well natural, and moral,
as dirine, from the Scriptures; and that, how diffuretit
soever they might be iu tb^r appearance, not only their
theology, but their philosophy aud philology, were de^^
rived from the sacred oracles. Upon this principle heti»»'
dertook the arduous work, which froni this tinie beoame
the principal object of his theological researches for meny
years. He did not, l>owever, neglect the 'dudes of the
priesthood, and his discourses from the pulpit were, con*
sptcuous proofs of his distinguished piety and learning.
He was invited to Winchester, and became a stated preachier
there in 1657 ; in this station he continued for some years,
generally admired and esteemed, both for his excel ieat
sermons and his exemplary life and conversaiion. But,
being bred up in puritanical principles, he was uiMilterably
devoted to them ; so that upon the.re-^tablishmentof the
church by Charles II. he could not prevail with himself to
comply with the act of uniformity in 1661, and, rather
than violate bis conscience, chose to suffer all the peuaiiies
of the law«
Thus e3(cluded from the public service of his functioa,
and deprived of his fellowship at Oxford, he found friends
among his own party, and was taken into the fisniily of
Philip lord Wharton, in quality of tutor to his two sons.
The state of the universities at hoqie being now very dis*
pordant to the principles of lord Wharton, he seiH i^s aon^
with their tutor, in 1662, to Caen, in Normandy, a se^*
miliary which flourished at that time under'tbe direction
of the most distinguished professors of the reformed. reli*
gion in France; among whom was the celebrated Bochart.
With. this learned divine and several other persons of cUs^
ting(uished erudition Gale became acquainted, and by this
intercourse, as well as by travel, greatly improved himself
Vvithqut neglecting his charge. ■ . ,
In 1665 he returned to England with hispupik, and-at**
Ending, them home to their father's seat at Quaintpn».in
Buckinghamshire, continued in the family till 1666 ; when,
being released from this employ/ fae set out thence ^.r
Loiitlon, and w^as struck on the road with the dreadful sijj;h|
GAL E; iil§
of ibe e\ty in flAtnem The lirst shock being over, he re«
edllected bid own papers^ his greatest treasure, whiobv
whan he left England, be had committed to th^ care of a
paiticular friend in London. He soon learnt that the
hoitseof this friend was burnt, and gave up his papers as
lost, and with them all hopes of completing his great work*
They had, howet^er, by a fortunate accident, been pre-
•aerved, and the *' Court of the Gentiles*' was destined to
Mc^ve* its completion. At this period he became assist-
*at to >Mr. John Rowe, his countryman, who had then a
fwivate congregation inHoiborn; and continued in that
station till 'the death of his principal, Oct 12, 1677, when
Mr. Gale was chosen to succeed him, together with Mr.
Samuel Lee, his assistant.
In the mean time the publication of his ^^ Court of the
Gentiles" had proceeded gradually, in consequence of
the great care he took to complete and digest his collec*
tions, and to make the work in all respects a masterly
|>rodu€tion. The ^rst part was published at Oxford iii
1659, and, being received with gi-eat applause, was fol«
lowed by the other three, the 'last of which came out iji
1677, the year when he succeeded Mr. Howe, ButthU
work, large 'and laborious as it was, did not prove suf-*
fi<^ent to employ his spare hours: he wrote also, within
the same period, several other works ; namely, 2. ^^ Th^
true Idea of Jansenism,** 1669, 4to; with a large preface
fey I>r. John Owen. 3. ** Theopbilus, or a Discourse of
'^he- Saints* amity with God in Christ,'' 1671, 8vo. 4.
♦^ The 'Anatomy of Infidelity, &c.'* 1672, 8vo. 5. « A
IMscOurse of Christ's coming, &c," 1673, 8vo. 6. "Idea
. Tbeologiee tam contemplativse quam activse, ad formam
8. S. delineata," I67S, 12mo. 7. " A Sermon, entitled.
Wherein the Love of the World is inconsistent with the
-Love of God,'^ 1674 ; printed also in the supplement to
the morning exercise at Cripplegate. 8. *• Philosnphia
g<eneralis in duas partes disterminata, ,&c." 1676, 8yo. 9.
•*'A Sommary of the two Covenants,** prefixed to a piece
published by him, entitled " A Discourse of the two Co-
Tenants,** written by WiHiatn Strong, sometime preacher
at the Abbey church kt Westminster. ** The Life and
death of Thomas Tregosse, minister of the gospel at Milar
and Mabe in Cornwal, With hiis Character,*' was also writ*
ten by him, and published in 1671, though he seems ttt
Itave- jponeeated the drcumstance as much as possible* ' •
12* O A t n
Such were tbe fi^ts of our ail thorns «li](dies;^for;itto
9ake of pro«ecutmg wbitb, with kbe priv^y reqiii»ite> bo
rhose Newington for his retreat ; wber^ be instrcicUMl d
few young persoos umler his own roof. But he wait faty*
qnently visited by persons of disttnctlon, aod saQio.a£ a
different opinion from bim in religious nfiaiters, out of 'li
desire to testify their esteem for unafiected piety and exw
tensive learning* In i 67 If be published proposalsfor pri«t«
ing by subscription, ^^ Lexicon Grssei Teslattiefiti £^<<f
aaologicon, Synonymum, aive Gldssarium Homonymuos/^
This, as ti^ title imports, was intended by bim for a lai^M
con and concordaoce together : he Snisbed it aa far as tkm
letter Iota, and the most eonsideiHWe words were atid
placed under other letters. But be was prevented fron^
eairryrng-tt further by tus death ; which happened in March
that year, when he ^'as not quite fifty. As to his obasac<»
ter, besides what has been already mentioned, be waa^
most ie«olons non^ponformist, stedfast in those opinioosr
and warm in the dafenoe of tbem. His zeai this way
extended iuelf beyond the grave; be wished, he resolved^
to perpetuate tbem as fkr as he was able. In that spicti
be beipieatbed all his estate to young students of his ;qwi»
fUrincipIes, and appointed trustees to manage it for ihmr;
a^pport He bequeathed also his welUcbosen library tiiinatd>
jplromoting useful learning in New England, where those
prinetples universally prevailed. But, notwithstanding ^biis
warm eoocern for supporting and propagating his. owa^
Communion, be was not without chartty< fet those who
.differed from him, whom he would labour to convince^ bnt-
Bot to compel ; being as much an enemy to sedition aa
fce was to persecution. Hence we find even Wood giving
hifll all his ju»t commendations without those abaliametita
find rertrictions which are usual in his eharaciers. It waa
allowed alto, that, in his << Court of the GMit}le8,'*:and>
ether works, he shewed extensive learning, and eonai^.
deraMe abilities.
/ In this work, partly, as we have ^ready mntiotdv ibttt'
chiefly in hts *^ Philosophia gen^ralis,*' be iras indwedi''
aays Bruoker, to become a zi^ous advocate for Platonima
ibrough a violent antipathy to the Cartesiaa svstem, which
h» thought unfriendly to morals^ and CQntj3aai<:(^ry to tbV
doctrine of revelation. He undertook ^to trace back fitw-,
losophy to its origin, and maintained, (hat there waiii «'
woxiderltil agreement betjveen tbeiiincientbiirJteio-pbil0r
GALE* ftl
9ophf^ Mid tlie Jcwidi mmI Cbrisliaii tkdoUlff. He bvovf^t
•rery pUlMdi^hscal tenet to tbe lett of tb« scripture^ An4
tboughiijttmt it woukl iiot be a difficult undertakings to
«epBiate Ifftm tbe pagan pbiloaopky those doctrio^s wbioli
ertgiiuMd in ^Uyiiie. revelatioo^ and bad been transmitted
by Onditioii from tbe Hebrews to the gentiles. Having
pemiiitfhed himself that these doetirines had passed in a
direet luwy iznd without loaterkd corrnption, from tbe Ho*
blew fountain to Plato, he recommended his philosophical
yirriiii^ aSy iiext to the scriptures^ the most valuable re*
masnsiof'MncUeotwbdoin. The chief point which he la*
bcMirsi:tojmiotain in his ^ Philosopbia geoeralis*' is, that
Plafto moMved Us kno«4edge oi theology from the Hebrewssi
and that Abe docftrtoe on this subiect taught by hiia ao4
hb.tiillawer^ Ibr tbe aiost part, agrees with that of the
bolytsoiiptorea. Tbis i^inioo be implicitly adopts from
the «oeiefit. fotber^ whose authority^ with respect to this
matter, >Sni€kQr . thinks tfaece is veason to Cisll in ijoestioik
HiaaccDwlt of other philofliopb^rs ia given» wiitboul mudi
appeatanoe of accurate discftmimrtioo, obiefiy.from L^fsufn
uitsw He divides the Aristotelian , pbilosqpby . io^ pui^
and tmpiti«) and.aupposes^ grakuitmisly eobOugbr^tbat tfa^
fimaer pasaed £rom Moses to the Stagy rite through tbg
cirtnoeL ofntato's* instrufstion* ^ . > ::
. OALfi:(TH0iiiiA9)^ teolehra^-for bis k^iowl^d^of d)#
Gmafc (laugaaige aiad aodqukies^ aad desci^ed from a
familyf ooosidvabl^iQ the North ^aadEa^t.Hidiag pf Xo^kn
slma^ycitasilora'inr 1^6, tut SciotpiKio Yorkshire*. H^
was' sent to Wesontaitert^ohool, aild, being admitl^
kifMgVtebolar thens^ «as eleoted to Tnnij^y i^ollege^ (3am<^
bridge# and fbeeame. ieUaw of'lhat soi^iei^' .Hf^to^kbis
degmoof B. A. in 1^36; of M* A^'m liwSl^ In ibepfo*
secation ^.hiaatitdiesi ho appUed hi«osel£,to classioal an4
polite' tilORatiire, and. Im- eatraordinary proBeiepcy .pfsohy
eoMbhias oaily afseot kt tbe temple of fame. His. ki^^pFt
ledge of tbe Greek tongue recofximeoded hiuii .in-tj^^ U^
ikm Qtbsemt ^eigitm pHrofiassor of that langua^ in the oni*
y0mtfp,iwi»A he rosigQed in.l^lQi md bis m^9Hfs
cboaeo was appiM»ed % the accwrato edition wbiob hi|
••'■.. • . . > ■ f - . • • 1
a i««|^6a1e, with whom the pedl- North Riding, ir-23; his eldeft grnlt*
Imi iotfe^ ** Relltqtilse Ofileftnie** be^ grandson Rohsrt, or Francift, «t hi»*
^m, tm tmmi at Thifmoft otsr flira* ha«i Oraost^ m t^e %«ii4red of 4lmi^.
Uni» 4«|,the hmdred of Bsit Oilltng aal m the Eaii Eidipf , 1590.
% Alkiea*nnl1.2l.«-«C«lanr*-*^U«a-M^^Brack^^^ ,
iglKfexif tfii aneient inytbologic wnteri,' ts'^l pbyritalras
tnorsij in Greek and Latin, pubtished at Canibridge ill
a67i, 8vo. This brought his merit into pi^lie view; 'and
the following year be was ap]3oint«d bead master of Sli
Paulas school in London ; soon after which, by bis n«agtesty*-s
liirection, he drew up those inscriptions virbicfa ai«' to b#
aeen upon the Monument, in memory of tbedve^Uilifl oMV'^
fiagratton in 1-666, and was honoured with a .presMt of
plate made to him by the city. His excelient conduct and
commendable industry in the school abundaiuly appear,
from the great number of persons, emineotly learned, wiio
were educated by him : aiid, notwitfa^anding tbelatigci«
of^tat laborious office, he found time to publiAnew land
Mcfutftte editions of several ancient Greek authors.
• He at^umuiated the degrees of B. and D.-D. hi 1875 ;
and June 7, 1676, was coUaied to the prebend 'Gonmifiipt.
per aiafe in the cathedral of St Paul. He wta also ekcted
m 1677 iuto tbe r<>yal society^ of which he became a «n^
odnsiaM aiid useful member, was frequently of tbecoisneiF^
mnd presented them with many curiosities, paitioiiiafly A
lioinan um with tbe ashes, found near Peckbam kt Surmy
(part of these burnt bones be gare to Mr. Tboretby) ;^ and
in 1695^ the seciiKy hating resolired to haine honomry
aecretaries, who would act without'ai^ view of reward, i)r«
<}ale iras ehoBen whb sir Jobn Hoi^yns into tbdt oflitje,
when they appointed tbe celebrated Haliey fcnr their ekdr«*
assistant, or under*secretary, who had been adistinguiiihed
iehular of our author's at St. Paul's school. Dr. Gale ctAi-
tiaued at the head of this school with the greatest r«|>Qta^
-tion for 2S years, till 1697, when be was promoitBd to she
id^aiirjr of York; and b^g admitted into that dignity
Sept. 16, that year, be remot^d thitber. ^ lliis prcffeN
M^nt was no more than a juat reward of Msmerit, b«ete^
.^id not live to enjoy it many years. On bia admis^on^
fi4lding the dean's right to be a eanon^rasutamiary dalied
ill question, he was at the expence of procuring^ letters
^tent in 1699, to annex it to the deanry, which put Akf
itnatter out of all dispute. • On his removal from London/
^e presented to the mw library, tben lately linifcb^d at Ms
college in Cambridge, a curious coilecticm of Alrabic ma-
.nuscripts. During tbe remainder of bis lif/e, which^ was,
,iqpentat York, he preserved an hospital i^ .Suitable to hia
etation ; and bis good governnrent'of tbat church isnriefr-
tioned Mih honour. Nor has the eare. ^hioli^-be took^v lb
£^ A L E. S2S
repair iiwl sHorn tbftt stately edifice, passed without a jost
tribute of praise.
- Having pbssessed this digni^ little more than four years
and a half, he died April 8, 1702; in his 67th year, in the
deaneryt-bouse, and was interred- with a suitable epitaph ;
io the middle iof tbe choir of his cathedral. There is a
-fifie penratt of him in tlie library of Trinity-college,
CambiMf^e, the gift of his son ; and there is another at
Scraton.
« From the list of his publicaiionfi, it is eirident, that dean
^Osle.waii a learned divine, and well versed in historical
^oowledgei This, gained him the eiteem of- most of the
learned- oien his contemporaries, both at. home 'and abroad.
With some « of them he held a particular comespondeoM,
.as MabilloB, from whom he received the MS. of Alcuin de
Pontificsbus.Eboracensibus, published in his ^* Hiftt. Btit,
'Seripiores," Bakize, Ailix, Cappel, Rudolph, Wetsleio of
Amsterdam,. Grtevius, Huetius, &c. This iast.had a singula
)br. respect for him, and declares it his opinion, that our
ftoilior exceeded all men he ever knew, both for modesfcy*
«nd learning. >
In PhtL Trans. No. .231, is a* letter from Thoresby to
Jbister, ti6d7, concerning two^Roman altars found at Gob
lertonand Blenkinsop-castle in the oouoty of Nordutmfaer^
land,*, with not«fe ^by Dr. Gale. This was- the' Greek' in^
^isription .to Hercatesv. ' See Horaley, p. 245. . : r
! DcL^ale married .Barbara daughter of Thomas Pq>yi^
^sqt of Impington, in theioounty of Cambridge, who died
.1^9,.ai)d)by whenl:he had three aoas and u daoghter. To
-bis eldest 'son ibeleft his nMe library of choice and' vaiua^
.fale beoks, besides a omrious collection of many esteemed
-manuac^pcs^ a o^talogue of wUch is printed in the /^ Ciita(«
Jogas JMSStorum An'gUae^ & {iiberniaB,'': HI. p. I'SS. f
J The works of this laborious, scholar, were, 1. *^ Opuscnla
^thidogtct J^ihica etiPhysica, Gr. & Lat.'' Cantab. 1691;
^Ko, . r^fMrlAted at Amsterdam, 1688, 8vo, with great im^
i|»OTemet|ts. This odlection consists of Palsephatus, H^
jraclitiis^'&< Anonymus de Jncredibilibus ; Pburhiitus de
Miturat degifom ; Salluslius de diis ; Ocellus Lucanus; T^
^ttnaiis' Lolor^s de anima mundi; Demophili, Democratic
-^.^Secundi phifosopborum sentential; Joanim-Pediasiini
4esideriam .de muliere bona et mala ^ Sexti Pythagorei
MBietitiai ; Theophrasti characteres ;, Pythagoreorum frag^
l^toti^ i^i it.lieliodbci Darissasi capita opticorum. 94 *^ His*
esA G A LJSk
itonvt Poeticfls' Scnptoiet aafttqm, Gtmec k, IjimL Ai?^
cessere breves note, & indices necessarH^'* Paris, 167S,
8to.^ These are, Apollodoras Aibeniensis, Conon Gnun-
maticus, Ptolomaeiis H^pbsestion, Pleiitbeniiis Nicuensia,
,Sl Antoninus Liberalis. 3. ^ Rbetores Selecti, Gr« & Lat.
.viz. Demetrias Pbaiereas de Elocutione ; Tiberias Rbetor
^e scbematibus Demostlienis ; Anonymos Sophistatle Rbe-
.torica; Seven Alexandrini Etbopoeie. Demetrimn emeti--
davit, reliquos e MSS. edidit & Latine vertit, omnes notis
illnstravit Tbo. Gale/' Oxon. 1676, 8vb. 4. << Jamblichas
Cbaloidensis de Mysteriis. Epistobi Porpbyrii de eodem
argmnento, Gr. & Lat ex versione T. G.'* Oxon. 1678,
.8vo. 5. *' Psalterium juxia exemplar AlesaDdritram,**
,OxoD. 1678, 8vo. 6. ^ Herodoti Halicaraasiensis Histo-
riamm libri X. efasdem narratio de vita Honaeri ; excerpta
^ Ctesia, & H. Stepbani Apol(^;ia pro Herodoto : aceedant
cbrbnologia, tabula geognpbica, variantes lectiones^ &«.'*
•Lond. 1679, fol. a most excellent edition^ 7. An edittoa
t>f <* Cicero's Works'* was revised by hira, Lond. 1681,
1684, 2 vols. fol. 8. *^ HistorisB Anglicanss Seriptores
quinque, &c." Oxon. J 687, foL This volume oontains
tAnnales de Margan, from 1066 to ISSd. Chronicoo Tho*
mm Wifces from 1066 to 1334. Annates Waverleianseb
irom 1066 to 1291. G. Vinisaof Itiocrarinm regis RicardI
in. temm Hieroscdymitanam. Cbroniea Waited de He-
mingford, from 1066 to 1273* He raservod the remainder
^f Ats last Cheonicle for namhex velome, wbicb to intended
to publisb, but did not live to execute. Conceniing tbis^
see Heame's Preface to his editiiMi of ttamingford^ p. xxiit.
9. ** A Diseoorse concerning the Original of flnman Lite-
tatnre frith Philology uid PbiloKypby," Phit Ti^u»« voL
•VL p."223l. 10. << UistorisB Britamiies, Saxonkv, Angb*-
Danictt:, Seriptores quindedin^ 8cc«" Oxon. 169ft, foVuu
'This volnme coouins ^ Gildas de excidio Britatmi^, Eddii
idfa Wilfridi, Nenoii bisttoria, Asserii annales, H^dtoiiPoV
lycibronicon, G. Idalmesburiensis deantiqnita^ Gaaatonien'*
ais ecclesiee, &, libri V. cle poorificibus Anglioe, Historil^
Hanesiensis, Historia Eiiensis, ChrdnbaJoh. WalUngfiudf
-Kistoria Rad. Diceto, Forduni Seotiobropieony Akttiaiui
4le pontificibus Eboracensibus.'' This isu:allied Uy Gste
the first volume ; and that which contaSaa tbe iGUddqiife
Seriptores (Ingulpl^ns, Peter Biesensis, Cbron. de Midlros^
Annales finrtonenses, and tbe Historia Croy)andeaaii|
«h^gh4»ubiisbed in 168f (by Mxi WiUiaoi FolmM 4indtr
Q A' L B. 22^»
tfab patraoa^e ^of Bp. 9eR) is called the second, as ifae
author^ are t^fa oiore modern dbte. 11. A. collection of
*\ Latifi' Prayevs^*! by diaatr Gale, . in MS; was in the pos<«
sieasion of Br. Ducatel. He left in MSk •* Origenis Philo-
calii^ tariis nianuscriptis cpilata, emendata, & nova rer-
sipne dbnata ;'' " Jamrbiicbus dfe vita Pythagoroe ;" and
^ Aatonini Itineravium Btits^niae : -* the latter publibbei<t
afterwa*ds by his son, as were' his Sermons preached' cnr
public eccasions in 1704^ • ^
;^Fdbrieius, in his " BiWiothefca Graeca,*' XIIL 640^ has;
T^y: properly distinguished our author from Theophilui^
Gale ; but iviih this inaccuracy, that Theophilus is Qiadel
tdtbe thefetber of Thoma$.'
GALE (RoQEa), esq. F. Rv and A. SS. eldest son t)f th^
pneusedHig, was born in 1672, and was educated under his
fttber. at St. Paul's school, whence he was' admitted df .
Tnniiy^cpHege, Cfkmbridge, 1601, made scholar of that
hcuwe 1693, amll afterwards fellow (being then B. A.y ia
1697. 'He was possessed of a considerable estate at Scru-^^
t^ji^.in Yorbsbirej noiv: in the possession of bis grandson
n^ury Gale, ^q, and represented North Allerton, in that
county, in 1705, 1707, .1708, and 1710, His name was
added to the cpmmjssioners of stamp duties, Dec. 20, 1714'| »
Ati^ was continued in . a subsequent commission. May 4^
171^^ and lie' was appointed a commissioner of ex^isd
Decv 24 of the.sama ye^r. In this he continued until
17pi^ when he wa^ wantpnly displaced by sir Robert Wal«
P^^ : f^^ which no otb/ek* reason w^is assigned' tha|i thst sir
Robert wan|ed to provide for one of his friends, an act of
arbitrary. tyranny which cannot be too severely condemned;
Mh.Gale was the first vice-president of the society of an-
tiqu«frie»; ^nd wfaep that learned' body, in 1721, proposed ,
to collect accodnts.of all the ancient coins relative to Great ^
Btitain'ahd'ib dominions, Mr. Gale undertook the Roman
8eiies,'and his brother Samuel the Danish. Though he Wais
considered as one o|[ the most learned men of hiis age, b|^
only published the following bpoks :
1.' << Antonini Iter Britaahiarum Commeutariis i)lustra«*
tum^Thom^ GaIe,.S,T. P. puper Decani £;bor. Opus post-
liuN9Mm revisit, auxic, edidit R. G. Accessit Anonymi Ri^
vennatis Britanniee Chorog^aphia, cun^ autographo R^gis
GalU^.M^v^ codice yaticff^DO coUata : adjiciuntur con-
1 Siog. Brit.— KBi|ht's Life of Colct, p. 334.— HidioU't Bovyer.
Vol. XV. CI
^6 <?_ A L BL
jectune plurtintt, cum nomioibus loconim AQglici% !C|ao|r'
quot iis assignari potuerint/' Lond. 170^9 4to. In tb.0:.
preface to this book, Mr. Gale very properly points out what*
parts of it were bis £atber*s and wbat his own. Mr. Gough
hady among the books which he bequeatlied to the Bod-,
leian library, three copies of this edition, enriched with-
many valuable MS notes by Mr. Roger Gale, NichQlas^
Man^ esq. and Dr. Abcabam Francke, fellow of Trinty*)
college, Cambridge, and rector of West Dene in WMtr
shire,. 1728 ; and a fourth with MS various readings frpoi
the twoMSS, whence H. Stephens first printed this.ItincK
rary *, 2. *^ The Knowledge^ of Medals» pit Instructioat
for those who apply themselves to the study of Med^lfi:
both apcient and modern, by F. Jobect," translated from
the French, of which two editions were published without
his name; one of them in 1697, the other in 1715, Bvf^
3. '^ Registrum Honoris de Richmond,^' Lond. 1722, IWo^
His discourse on th^ four Roman Ways in Biiuin,. i»
printed in the sixth volume of Leland's Itinerary. . Hii
^' Remarks on a Roman Inscription found at Lanchester,'* i|^
the Philosophical Trjansactions, vol. XXX. p* 823 ; 9ia^ v\
vol XLill. p. 265, extracts of two of his lettcirs to Mr.*
Peter CoUinson, "P. R. S. concerning ^ the vegetation p|
HieloQ seeds 33 years old," and of *^ a fossil skeleton of i|
inan found at Lathkill-dale near Bakewell, in the coun^
of Derby," dated in 1 743 and 1744 f. '< Explanation of a
Roman altar found at. Castl^ Steeds in Cuidiierland," m
iGent. Mag. vol. XIL p. 135. In Horsley's /< Britanptfi
Romana," p. 332, &c* is published, *< An Account of.n
Roman Inscription found at Chichester. By Roger G^leti
esq." '^ Observations on an Inscription at Spellp, by^Fr^d«
Passarini and Roger Gale, esq." are printed |n the AiiC|uec|r
Jlogia^ vol. II. p. 25., He presented to Mr. Drake's History
of York a plate of; a beautiful little bronze female h^st.
Which he supposed to be a Lucretia, found at York, and
^n bis possession, engraved by Vertue. To him also Mr.
Driike acknoWledges himself obUged for a discovery tbl^
fixes. the building of the Chapter-house at York to arch-
' ' * Dn Siukeley» hit brother-in-faW| pjrr'ds ami Stylus of the ancients, ez«
'ifliscribed to him tht ser^nth Iter of his * timeted in Bngiish froifa a ttrfet -iHi*
Ifivn UinerariucD Curiosum, which he course in Latin, coinpofied by sir ^9^
entitles Iter Scptimum Aotoniai Aug. Clerk, bsron of the Exchequer in Scat.
' f At a m<«tin^of the Royal Society, - land ; and at' the- same time 'bt px^'
March 3, 1731, Mr. R. Gale read' a sented them with the orifiaal.
learned' discou^e c^naerniBg the Pa^ ' ~ '• '
\AAop Grty, He died at Scrtitbn, Jud6 25, 1744, in
bis 72d yeafi universally esteemed, and much lamented
by all his acquaintance ; and left all bis MSS. by will to
Trinity-college^ Caoibrtdge, of which he was once fellow,
and iris cabinet of Roman coihs t6 the public library tbere^-
with a complete catalogue of them drawn up by himself,-
of which Mr. Nichols printed twenty copies in 1780,.: for
tlie' use of particular friends. His correspondence included
all the eminent atittquaries of his time ; and the late Mt*
Greorge Allan of Darlington possessed, by the gift of'bist
grandson, a large collection of- letters to and from him,
the principal of which are printed in the ^^ Reliquiae Ga«
leanae,'* as a valuable addition to antiquarian literature.-
The originals are still in the possession of Henry Gale^
esq. The ^< Bibliotheca Topographica Britaonica,^ No.IL
mi^tains mauy other fragments and notices of the labours
of Mr. Gale. »
GALE i(Samdel), brother of the pl'eceding, and young*
est son of the dean, was born in the parish of St* Faith,
aear St Paul's, London, Dec. 1 7, 1 6S2« was educated umier
ftis father at St Paul's school, and intended for the univer-
sity, buthb elder brother Roger being sent to Cambridge,
and his father dying 1702, he was provided for in the cus-
tom-house, London, and at the time of his death was one
of the land ^^urveyorfir there. He was one of the revivers oE
the society of antiquaries in 1717, and their first treasurer.
On re^iffn^ng that Office Feb. 21, 1740, the society testified,
their opinion of bia merit and services, by presenting ,him
with a hfind^otne silvercup, value ten guineas, with a suit-
able inscription. ^He was a man of great learning and
uncommon abilities, and well versed in the antiquities of
Stigland, ht wkfeh he left ipany valuable collections her
t^nd bim; but printed nothing in his life-time, except
^A H48tqi^ df Winchester Cathedral,'* London, 1715,
b^i^ufl by Henry e^rl of Clarendon, and continued to that
year, with' cuts. A few of his communications have been
sincepfinted-in the <^ Ar^hsbrologia," and sofpe in the ^' Bibl.
7opi Biritanmca." He died of a fever. Jan. 10, 1754, at
his lodgings at Hampstead. His library and printa were
sold .by auction in the same year, by Langford, bjat ^ia
MSS. became the property of Dr. Stukeley, who married
his sister, and some of them, afterwards descended to Dr.
1 Nichols's Bow;fer.— RfliquitB Galeani^ ia the &ib]< Top* «b«Yf mentioBed.
325 6 A L EL
•
Duqarel, al whose sale they were purchased by Mr. Goiigb.
A list of them, which may be seen in our authority, suffi-
ciently attests his industry and knowledge as an antiquary. *
: GALE (Thomas), an English surgeon, was born in 1507 ;
and' educated under Richard. Ferris, afterwards serjeant-
surgeon to queen Elizabeth. He was surgeon in the army
of king Henry VIIL at Montruil, in 1544 ; and in that of
king Philip at St. Quintin, in 1557, but afterwards settled
ki London, and became very eminent in the practice of
surgery. He was living in ^586. Tanner gives the fol-
lowing list of his writings : ** The Institution of a Chirur-
geon." ** An Enchiridion of Surgery,** in four books.
*> On Gun-shot wounds.** ** Antidotarie,*- in two books.
All these were printed together, London, 1563, 8vo. " A
compendious method of curing praeternatural Tumbun^.*'
*^ On the several kinds of Ulcers, and their cure.'* **A
Commentary on Guido de Cauliaco.** ** Aii Herbal, for
the use of surgeons.** •* A brief declaration of the wor-
thy Art of Medicine, and the office of a Chirurgeon.**
"An epitome of Galen de Natural Facultat.*' The two
last were printed with a translation of ^ Galen de Methodo
Medendi.** It cannot be supposed that any of these are
now of much value, but some of them contain curious
information respecting the state of the profession at that
time. •
GALEANO (Joseph), a physician of great repute at
Palermo ; and not for skill and learning in his profession
only, but for bis taste also, and knowledge of theology,
mathematics, poetry, and polite literature in general, was
bom hi 1605. There are several works of his in Italian,
upon different maladies ; and some also in Latin, particu-
larly " Hippocrates Redivivut paraphrasibus illustratus,**
published in 1550. We owe to him also a coHection of
little pieces of the Sicilian poets, entitled *^ The Sicilian
Muse," in five volumes. He died in 1675, greatly regret-
ted ; for he was a kind of oracle with his countrymen.'
GA LEN (Claudius), after Hippocrates prince of the
Greek physicians, was a native of Pergamus in the Lesser
Asia, where he was born about A, D. 131, in the reign of
the emperor Adrian. His father, whose name was Nicon,
was an able architect, and spared neithei^ trouble nor ex-
' Nichols's Bnwycr. ' Tanner's Bibl.— Atkin'f Bio!|f. Memoirs of
Medicine, p. 9^. 3 Manget.— M^reri.— Dkjt. Hirti
iL'
ff A L E FT. tSd
pence in the edlucation of shi^ aoii. Galen sUsdied fWith
success all the phibsopby of bis time, but finally applied
himself to mecticine as fats.profession« Satyjroand Peiops^
two eminent physicians of his time, were his chief precep-
tors in that science. But his application, to the works «rf
Hippocrates contributed more than any other instruction
to the eminence he attained.
Having exha,u8ted all the sources of literature that
could be found ^it home, he resolved to travel, in order
to improve himself among :,the must able < pbyi^icians
in all parts ; intending at the same time to take every
opportunity, which his travels would give him, of in-
specting on. the. spot the plants and drugs of the seveml
c»)untries through which he passed. With this view he
went first to Alexandria, where he continued some years;
induced by the flourishing state of the arts and sciences in
that city. From thence he passed into Cilicia ; and, tra-
velling throup^h Palestine, visited the isles of Cr^te and
Cyprus, and other places. Among the rest, he made two
voyages to JLemnos, on purpose to view and examine the
Lemnian earth, which was spoken of at this time as a con-
siderable medicine. With the same spirit he went into
the lower Tyria, to get a thorough insight into the true
natupre of the Opobalsamum, or balm of Gilead. Having
completed his design, he returned home by the way or
Alexandria.
He was now only twenty-eight years of age, and had
made some considerable advances toward improving his
art» He had acquired a particular skill in the wounds of
the nerves, and was possessed of a method of treating
them never known before ; for Galen, as well as all other
ancient physicians, united surgery to medicine. The
pontiff of Pergamus gave him an opportunity of try-
ing his new method upon the gladiators, and he was so
successful that not a single man perished by any wounds
of this kind. He had been four years at Pergamus, exer-
cising his faculty with unrivalled fame, when, being made
uneasy by some seditious disturbances, he quittied his
country and went to Rome, resolving to settle in that
capital. But his views were' disappointed. The physi-
cians there, sensible of the danger of such a competitor,
found medns by degrees so coriipletely to undermine him,
that he was obliged, after a few years, to leave the city.
He had, however, in that time made several acquaintances^
28^ GALEN* '
both of coAftiderable. rank, atid the first character fbr
leaf ning. Among others, he bad a particular connection
ivith Endemus, a peripatetic philosopher of great repute.
This person, he cured of a fever, which from a quartan,
bad degenerated into a triple quartan, by the iil-judged
fipplication which the patient had made of the theriacum ;
a<id what is somewhat remarkable, Galen cured the maisxdy
with the same medicine that had caused it ; and even pre-
idicted, when the fits would first cease to return, and in
wbat time the patient would entirely recover. Indeed, so
great was his skill and sagacity in these fevers, that if we
may believe his own words, he was able to predict from
the first visity or from the first attack, what species of a
fever would appear, a tertian, quartan, or quotidian. He
>vas also greatly esteemed by Sergius Paulus, praetor of
Rome ; as also by Barbarus, uncle to the emperor Lucius ;
bySeverus, then consul, and afterwards emperor; and
lastly,, by Boethus, a person of consular dignity, in whcwe
presence he. bad an opportunity of iiiaki>ng dissections,
und of she\ying, particularly, the organs of respiration and
the voice. ^ His reputation, likewise, was much increased
by. the success which he bad in recovering the wife: of
Soethus, who on that occasion presented him with four
bundred pieces of gold. But that on which he valued
bimseif most, was the case of a lady, who was said to^ lie
ixi a very dangerous condition ; whose disorder he disco-
vered to be love, the object of. which was a rope-dancer;
)thusi^ rivalling the discovery of the love of Antiochus' for
StratonUe, which had given so much celebrity to Erja^s-
tratus. /f
After a residence of about four or five years at itbme,
be return^ to Pergamus ^. But he bad not b^en there
long, when the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius
Verus, who had beard of bis fame, sent for him to Aquileia,
wbere they .then resided. He bad no sooner arrived in this
city, than the plague, which had shewn itself a little be-
foreii broke out witb fresh and greater fury, so that ^he
emperors were obliged to remove, attended by a very
^mall retinue. Lucius died on the road, but his corpse
was carried to Rome ; and Galen found means, though
not without some trouble, to follow soon after* He bad
* He telU U3 irii another place, that causes conspired in determining liiiD (•
b« was forced from Rome at this time thAt measure. Galen de lib. propu
by tbe pla|^e, and apparestiy both c. 1.
G A JL EJJ. ^??l
not been long returned, when Marcus acquainted him with ,
his intention to take him in his train to Germany ; but
Galen excused hirAself, ailedging, that iEsculapius, for
wh6m he had a particular devotion, ever since the Gpd
cured him of a mortal imposihume, had advertised him In
a dream never to leave Rome again. The emperor yield-
^ ing to his solicitations/ he continued in the city; and it
was during the absence of Marcus that he composed his
celebrated treatise '* De usu partium/' and some others.
All this w|iile the faculty persecuted him continuallyt
insomuch that he was apprehensive of some design against
' bis life. Under this suspicion, he retired very often to a
country-house, where Gommodus the emperor's son re-»
sided. That prince was then under the tuition of Pitho-
. laus, to whom the emperor had given orders, if his son
should be taken ill, to send for Galen. This order gave
him an opportunity of attending the prince^ in a fever,
which appeared very violent on the first access. He had
., the good fortune to remove the disease, arid the following
eulogium was made by Faustina the princess: ** Galen,'*
says she, *^ shews his skill by the effects of it, while other
physicians give us nothing but words." He aliJo cured
Sextus, another son of Aurelius Marcus, and predicted the
success, against the opinion of all his colleagues. Thus
be raised his fame above the reach of envy ; and he con-
tinued not only to preserve, but increase it. The empe-
ror, after his return from the German expedition, was sud-
denly seized in the night with violent pains in the bowels,
which, being followed by a great flux, threw him into a
fever. Next day, he took a dose of hiera picra, and ano-
ther of the theriacum * ; after which, the physicians who
* The em|ieror daring his abseoce qusfity. Ibid, de Antidotis, lib. i. I
had sent to Galen to preparo ihe the^ it remarkable^ that Uiis medicine waft
riacum in the manner he bad seen it so much esteemed by a succession of
done by his first physician Demetrius, emperors after Nero, that in preparing
The commission was executed entirely it» they ordinarily examined the drogt
to the satisfaction of Marcus, as he themselres. To this purpose, we And
signified after his return to Rome, our author observing in tlw same work
Galen observes, that the emperor was (lib. xiii.) that he had mado the therb*
a good judge of this medicine, being acum €»r the emperor Severva, but it
liked to take it every day as a preser- was not so good ns this made for Mar*
. vative against poison ; and he found cus ; because Commodus, who sue-
that made by Galen so good, that he coaded this last prmce, had ngt taken
resolved to make use of it soon ader it care to get good drags, the cinnamoo.
was finished, contrary to the usual cus- especially, which was one of the prin*
tom of letting it stand awhile, till the cipal^ being bad*
•pium had lost some of its soporiferous
9iZ.
G A L E N. .
had attended bis penou in tbe amy, ordfered Kmi6 he
kept quiet, giTing him nothing bat a little b^otb for the
f{iace of nine boars. Galen, being called in soeo afti^',*
attended with the rest, and thejf upon feeling ihe patient's
pnlse, were of opinion tha;t he was going into an ague.'
The emperor, obsevring that Galen stood still withoat ap-»
proaching him, asked the reason : Galen pef4ied, that bis
poise being touched twice by his .pbysici^iis^ be depended
upon them, not doubting but they were better judges oC
the pulse than be was. The emperor, little satisfied with
this answer, immediately held out bis^arm. Galen having
considered the pulse with great attention, '* I pronounce
(says he) that we have nothing to do here with the access
of anagne; but the stomach is . overcharged with some^
thing that remains undigested, which is the true cause of
the fever." These words were no sooner uttered, than the
prince cried out adoud, *' Thait is the very thing, yon have
bit tbe case ^^actly ^^' and repeating the words three times,
asked what must be done for his relief* ^^ If i% was the
ease of any other person,*' replied Galen, '^ I should orde«
a little pepper infused in wine, which I have often tried
with success in this case; but as it is the custom to admi^
nister to sovereign princes only mild remedies, it offices
%o apply hot to tbe stomach a piece of flannel dipped in
the oil of spike." Marcus did not neglect to make use of
both these remedies ; and in tbe issue said to Pitholaus,
bis son's governor, " We have but one physician *. Galen
is the only valuable man of the faculty."
Thus distinguished above his contemporaries, did this
prince of physicians continue to practise at Rome, the
papital of the world, till his death, which happened A* D^
301, in bis 7pth year; He had usually enjoyed a 'perfect
state of . health, the effect of observing k strict regimen
both in diet and exercise : for, being subjected to frequent
disorders in his younger daysf, he studied his own con-
f It is sQoiewbat remarkable, that
totwitbstanding bit frequent attend-
ance) as «0ll af cores performed upon
this emperor, he never acqciired the
title of Arcbiater. I^e Cierc's Hist,
Lib. xi. c. i. p. 3. Perhaps the titl^
was not coined at that time.
f Before he was eight and twentf,
ke hardly, passed a year without some
disorder ; we have already mentloo.ed
an imposthume> which was Qt^red by
the assistance of iEsculapius. Of this
lie gives the following account: *' Be-
ing afflicted," says he, «* with a fixed
pain in that part where the diaphragm
is fastened \a tbe liver, I dreamt, tha(
iEscubpius advised me to open that
artery which ties between tbe thumb
^nd second linger of my right hand. I
did so, and immediately found my^ellT
well."
a A LtE N; as*
Blitutioa, wd^Nviog )fif^d. tte i9)et.^Qds C|f pre5eTTi11g.it>
followed tbeia ^trictlV* Tbis wa;sx nothing more than tak-
ing care to eat suclx meats-as werB of easy and' equal dige$«
iiQUj abstainiog particularlj Imm summer /fruits, condoiug
himself tio figs and rakias^ .'aod u&lng a constant and eqnal
exercise. . By . following thes^ ri^lesy he never bad any
disteoiper^ iBxcept once a fever of one day's continuancei
occasioned by too mnob ptudy and over-fatigue*
He Wks aiuan endowed wiijb excfellent parts, and, haviog
the advantage of tb6 best education, be<^ame net only aa
eminent physici|in» bnl also a great philosopher ; and was
particulaa'ly happy in a facility of expression, and an u|i4>
affected eloquence ; but the style of bis works is extremely
diffuse, his sentedces are sometimes perplexed, and some-
times absolutely obscure. The great number of bookf
which we have of his composing, to pass over those we
have lost ^, are a convincing proof how little pains it cos(
him to write. Suidas tells us that h^. wrote not only oa
physic at)d philosophy, but also on geometry and gram^
naar. There are reckoned above five hundred books of
bis upon physic oaly, and about half that number upoa
other sciences. He even composed two books^ containing
a catalogue of his works; shewing the time and place in
which'«ome of them wer^ composed, together with the
occasion of writing them, and the proper order of reading
themf*
Without entering into a long detail of all the particular
treatises written by Galen^ a vast collection of which is in
the British Museum, it may be aufScielit here to notice
the different editions of the whole of his works that have
been transmitted to us» The Greek editions are those of
Aldus and And. Asulanus, printed at Venice, 1525, in
5^ vols, folio, and of Hieron. Gemuseeus^ at Basil, 1538, ioi
the same form. The Latin editions aire, that of Paris,
1536, folio, printed by Simon Colineus; aud reprinted
at Lyons, in 1554, with additions and corrections, by Joan.
Freilonius; that of Basil, 1542, folio, printed by Frobe-
Bius, and edited by Gem.usaeus ; those of Basil again in
1549, 1550, and 1562; the last of which contains a pre-
^ It is certain some of them were temple was one of the schools of the
lost ID his life-time by a fire which de- physicians. LeClerc, " Hist, of Phy-
stroyed the Temple of Peace at Rome, sic/' p. III. lib. ii. c. j.
where they were deposited. That
•f These stand at the head ef the list of Iiis works, by Charlie r.
ftS4 GALE N.'
&ce by CoQrad Geiiner, in which he ccmitnents with grent
judgment on the merits of Gaien and bis \vorksy and of
his different translators : the edition of Venice, 1562, with
the corrections of John Baptist Rasario : ten editions pub-
lisbed at Venice by the Juntas in different years between
1541 and 1625; tbe ninth of which^ printed in 1609, and
the last, are precisely the same, and are the best and most
correct : lastly, an edition printed at Venice in 1541 — 45,
by John Farre^s, in 7 vols. 8vo, with the notes of Ricct.
An edition of Galenas works, both in Greek and Latin, in
an elegant form^ was published at Paris, in 1 3 vols, folio,
by R£n6 Cbartier, including also the works of Hippocrates;
it is deemed a correct work.
' As a physician, the ancients bad the highest esteem for
faim. Atheneeus, his contemporary, shews the great opi-
nion he had of his merit as a philosopher, by making him
a guest at his feast of the philosophers ; where he not only
compliments him upon the great number of his writings,
but adds, that in elocution and perspicuity of style, he
v^as inferior to none^. Eusebius^ who lived about an
hundred years after him, observes, that the veneration. in
which Galen, was held as a physician, was such, that many
looked upoq him as a God, and even paid him divine wor-
ship ; accordingly Traljian giv^s him the title of << most
divine." Oribasius, who flourished soon after Eusebius,
and was himself. Archi^ter to Julian, testified his esteem
for Galen, by the extracts he made of his works, as lyell
as by the j^raises which he bestows upon him. £tius and
Paulus ^gineta have also copied G^en, especially the
last, and his works were commented oil by Stephen the
Atb^nistn.- Avicemnay Averroes, and the rest of the Ara-
biaii physicians, who take the best of what they have from
Galen, have not been wanting in their praises of him.
After all, however, it is certain he had in his own time a
considerable party Co contend with, and these latter ages
have raised up some powerful adversaries to his name. The
practice of Hippocrates, which be laboured to re-establish,
did not triumph over the other sects, immediately upon
Galen's declaring against them. The sect of the metho-*
, dists (as it was called) supported its credit for some ages
^ It is not, indeed Athensus, but author was very ancient. Casaubon'ft
' the author of the arguments prefixed notes upon Atb^naeus.
• to his koolu, that says this, bat that
G A L E Nt 23S
'ft6m that time/ and even furnished pliysicians to thd ent*
.perors long. after. Yet it gradaalty mouldered away; and
notwithstanding the efforts of the moderns^ the party of
Gaien is very numerous at this day.
Galen is the writer that contains by far the most anatomy
ofall the ancients. He has given a itiuch more complete
anatomical account of the human body than any of his pre-
decessors^ or even successors for a thousand years after.
There can be no' doubt that he dissected the bodies of the
inferior animsds. But Vesalius, the first of the moderns
who ventured to call in question his infallibility, affirmed
that he had never diissecced a human subject; and this seems
now the general opinion, particularly of Haller, and other
learned historians of the art.
Thus we have exhibited the bright side of this physi-
'- cian's character, but we must not close this memoir with-
out shewing the other side also : for the greatest geniuses
have their blemishes and defects, which too are often in
proportion greater, or at least are seen more conspicuously
by being linked to so much splendour. The foible which
stands foremost on this side of Galen's character, is his
vanity, which was so excessive as to carry him beyond the
bounds of prudence and decency. His writings are fuU
somely filled with his own praises, and he magnifies him*
self in the same degree as he debases other physicians who
differed from him ; in refuting whom, he throws out the
flowers of an acrimonious rhetoric with an unsparing hand.
We have already given a convincing proof of the good
opinion he entertained of himself, and how little scrubu-
lous he was to make his own eulogium in his recital of M.
Aureliu9*8 disorder. That whole book abounds with stories
of the same cast, which also at the same time serve to im-
peach him of pride, and a disdain and contempt of every
body else. In this spirit we see him giving way to most
injurious reproaches against th6 methodists, whom be calls
^^the asses of Thessalus,'^ who was the principal founder
of the secti He observed, indeed, more decency towards
Erasistratus, Asclepiades, and others of 'the more ancient,
physicians; but still, amojig the praises he bestows upon
them, there escapes from him haughtiness enough. But
he grows absolutely insupportable, in the ostentatious pa-
rade which he makes of having done in physic Something
like what Trajan had done in the Roman empire. <* No
356 GALEN.
pybrspQ wfafttfioevier before me. (sfrys -h^) hath *9hew:9 ^h^
true method of treating diseases^ Hippocrates, indeed,
pointed out the fame road ; but as be was the first who
discovered it, so he went not so far therein as was to be
wished/'
Galen is likewise reproached with being superstitious;
and we have given an instance of his opening a veiui in
consequence of a dream. He tells us also in the same .
place, that be had two more dreams of the same kind ;
and says in another place, that, being once con9i>lted in
the case of a swellc^d tongue, he directed a purge, and
somewhat cooling to be held upon the part ; the patienit
took the purge, and had a dream the same night,^in which he
was ordered to apply a gargle of lettuce juice, which suc-
ceeded very well* But this superstition was the religibn
of his country, of which ^sculapius, as he tells us, .was
the pod, and was held to be that particular God ^hose
province it was to assist the sick in dreams.
He is also charged with bearing a particular enmity to
the Christians ; it is true, that speaking of the methodists
and other sects in physic, he says, ^^ That their several
followers were as obstinately attached to their parties, as
the disciples of Moses and Christ were to theirs.*' But
this does net imply any particular ill will against the
Christians, or that he thought worse of them than the
pagans generally did* As to the story that is told, of
Galenas hearing in bis old age of the miracles wrought itl
judasa by the name of Jesus, and resolving to take a journey
thither to see them, but that he died on the road, or upon
the borders of the country, after lying ill ten days of a fe«
ver ; it is merely a monkish forgery.*
GALEOTI (Martio), or Galeotus Martius, was born
at Narni, in the papal territory, and was for some time
an instructor of youth at Bologna, but removed and kept
a private school in Hungary. Being there distinguishied
by Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, he was admitted
into his family, made his privjate secretary, and, it is sup*
posed, presided^ over the education of his son John Cor-
vinus. He was also keeper of the library at Buda. In this
situation his fame reached Louis the Xlth, king of France,
who invited him into that kingdom. Galeoti went accord*
• ' Life prefixed to his Works, by Chartier.— Mor«ri.— Haller Bibl. Med.
Pract.— >Chaufepie. — Saxii Oaomast. — l^homsott'f Bist. of the Roya) Society.
O A L E O.T'I. ««
ingly to meet the kiog at Lyons, but Lcmtt hi^ppenihg to
con^ out of the city» they iqet a litlile. without the gates,
and Galeotiy attempting to descend hastily topay due bd-
Boura to the king, fell, and being very fiit, was so much
hurt, that he died very soon after. In. 1478^ Galeoti
published a collection of the bon-mots of Mattbiaa Cor-4
vioua, ^* De jocose dictts ac fsictis regis Matt. Comni/^
inserted in the folio collection of writers on the history of
Hungary. There is also by him a treatise in 4tp, entitled
'^ De homine interiore et de corpore ejus," aud others^
^^ De incognitis vulgo," never printed ; *< De doctrinir
promiscua,*' Lyons, ]j[52, 8vo, which is a miscellany of
physical, medical, and astronomical <][uestions. For some
of bis sentiments the monks accused him of heresy, ^nd
he had contentions with them, but he was protected by
pope Sixtus IV. who had been his pupil.^
GALESINI or GALE3INIUS (Peter), of Milan, a
learned ecclesiastical antiquary, and apostolical notary,'
flourished in the sixteenth century^ under the pontificate
qf Gregory XIII. aud Sixtus V* He* was an able scholar
inttbe ancient languages^ and hptd devoted miuch of his-
time to resiearch^s in eoolesiastioal history. He endea-
vojired to correct and illustrate the ^' Roman Martyrology,'^-
by uew-^modelling it, and adding a number of new facts^
respecting the saints. This he dedicated to pope Ore*
gory XIII. and published it at Milan in 1577, but it never
was approved by the Roman censors, who thought it too*
Ipug to be recited it) the canonical office ; ^nd others have*
apcused him of many inaccuracies^ He wrote also the*
<* Lives of the Saints of Milan,'' printed there in 15182;
some notes on the Greek Septuagint, Rome, 1567, and a'
*' Commentary on the Pentateuch," ib< 1587. His other
works, are : translations from Greek into Latin of some dis-
courses of St. Gregory Nyssen and Theodoret ; new edi-
tions of the histories of Sulpicius Severus and of Haymo'
of Halberstadt, in folio ; the acts of Milan ; a tract con-
cerning the obelisk which Sixtus V. raised in 1586; and*
another on the tomb which the same pope erected in
honour of Pius V.; a history of the popes, entitled
'* Theatrum Pontificale ;" *< S. Didaci Coroplutendis Ca-
nonizatio,,'V Rome, 15&8 ; << 11 perfetto Dittionaria/' Latiti
1 Morerl— 'Diet. Hi«k«
SS» O A L E 8 I N L
and Italian, Venice, 1659, and I6S4. We have no fdr-*
ther particalars of bis life, except that he died about
the^year 1590**
GALIANI (Ferdinand), an Italian wit,* was bom inr
Naples, about 1720. He was descended of a noble fa-
mily, bis father being a marquis, and his uncle archbishop
Itpd great almoner to the king, who is celebrated 'in thef
History of the two Sicilies, for baring been the chief au*
thor and promoter of the famous concordaie of 1741,
which hkppily terminated the jurisdictional disputes be*
tween the court of Naples and the holy see. To thehiglf
preferments. and care of this uncle, Galiani was indebted
for a liberal education, and it is said that he displayed
tery early an extraordinary genius in every study. At
the age of sixteen, he bad mastered the Latin and
Creek languages, and was equally acquainted with clas-i
steal literature, the mathematics, philosophy, and with the
civil and canon law.
At the age of twenty, about 1740, he published a lu-
dicrous work, which evinced the turn of his genius for wit
and humour. It was a prevailing custom at that time in
Naples (as well as in other cities of Italy), on the d^ceas^
of any great or eminent person, to make a large collectioti
of songs, sonnets, epigrams, elegies, and inscriptions,^ iii
praise of the real or reputed talents and virtues of the de-
ceased. The abuse to which such a practice is liable,
called loudly for reformation^ and GaUani catching the
opportunity of the death of a famous public executioner,
named Jannaccone, sported a droll funereal collection of
prose and verse in his praise, in which the manner and
style of the respective authors, accustomed to that sortdf
compositions, were ingeniously personated and burlesqued.
Much about the skme time, Galiani had an opportunity
in another work, of producing another specimen of hi^
humour* Pope Benedict XIV. had applied to his uncle,
the great almoner, to procure him a complete collection
of the various materials which compose mount Vesuvius*
Th&T prelate intrusted the commission to his nephew; who
actually undertook to make the collection, aocompanyin^
each article with a short philosophical comment. Soon
after, he addressed them in a box to the pontiff, with afi
humorous inscription to the whole, ** Sr filius Dei es, fac
' Dupin.*— Morerk— Baillet Jogemeni.
G.Ath IAN l Ma
tit LAPIDE9 isti FADES fiaiit;*— The turn of thU motto was
easily apprehended by the pope» who was himself one o£.
the wittiest men of his age, and it could not fail to pror.
cure Galiani what he hinted at. He. accordingly received
soon afterwards a rich abbey, worth four thousand ducat%
(nearly seyen hundred pounds) per annum.. Galiani soon,
afterwards displayed his abilities in philosophy, by pub*
lishing about 1745, his well-known political tract *< Trat-?
tato deUa ^Mooeta,'" (a Treatise on Money). This was
unanimously pronounced in Italy an original and capital
publication, which firmly established his reputation in the
world. He was now appointed secretary to the Neapolitan^
ambassador in Paris, where he soon exhibited other spe-^
cimens of his philosophical abilities, by publishing aa.
" Essay on the Commerce of Corn.'* This new work wa$
very favourably received in France, where some of their
philosophers wer^ candidly wont to say, ** Le petit Italiea
est en cela plus instruit que nous.** By the word petii^
they allude to the diminutive stature of the author*
Being soon recalled to Naples, he was appointed a
i^ounsellor in the tribunal, of commerce, an office of ma*
gistracy not incompatible with the order of a clergyman^
He retained this place during the remainder of his life i
lE^nd as it required much time and application to perfornx
its, duties, M. Galiani after this was not so active in literary
c^xertions as he had been heretofore. In 1779 he pub*
Jished a work '^ on the Origin of the Neapolitan Dialect."
This. per formi^nce, however, does not bear an accuratei
correspondence to. the title, and was judged superficial
and unsatisfjBctory. In 1780, he published a treatise oi^
the.Armed Neutrality, which he dedicated to the late em-
press Catherine of Russia. This work, on a question en*
.tirely pew and con\plicated in the system of public law of
Europe, fell likewise considerably short of the expectation
entertained by his admirers. He died in 1789, and since
liis death it has been asserted that he was indebted to other
writers for the substance of some of those volumes which
he published under hi9 own name, and by which he a^^^
quired his reputation; but we know not upon what autho-
rity this a.^sertion h^,s been made« , Galiani was. short in
«tat\ir^, full of vivacity, wit, and humour, , ai^d a grea(t fa-
yourite on thatiiccount in all companies,^
1 Du^t. lihit &c.
MO G A L t L S L
«
GALILEI (Gauleo), the celebrated astronotn^i^ atid
itiEtbeinatieiany was the son of Vincenzo Galitei^ a n^ble*
man of Florence^ not less distinguished by bis quality and'
fortune) than conspicuous for his skill aud knowledge itk
music ; about some points in which science he maintained
a dispute with the famous Zarlinas. His wife brought him
thi»$oO)' Feb, 19; 1564, either at Pisia, or^ which is more
pl^babfe, at Florenqe; Galileo received an education
Miliable to his birth, his taste, and his abilities. He wend
through his studies early, and his father then wished tbaV
lie should apply himself to medicine ; but ha<(^ing obtained
at college some knowledge of mathematics, his genius de*«
clared' itself decisively for that study. He needed no di-
yeetions where to begin. Euclid's Elements were well
known to be the best foundation in thi^ science. He
therefore set out with studying that work, of which hd
made himself master without assistance, and prqceeded
thence to such authors as were in most esteem, ancient
alnd mod<srn. His progress in these sciences was so extra-
ordinary, that in * 1*5 8^, be was appointed professor of
mathematics in the university of Pisa, but being tiierd
continually harrassed by the scholastic professors-, for op-<
posing some maxims of their favourite Aristotle^ he quitted
that piftce at the latter end of 1592, foir Padua, whither
hjb was invited' very handsomely to accept a similer profes*
sorsbip ; soon after which; by the esteem arising ft'om his
genius and erudition, he Was recommended to the friend*
ship of Tycho Brache. He had already, even long' before
1586, wgritten his ** Mechanics,*' or a treatise of the be«^
nefits derived from that science and from its instruments^
together with a fragment concerning percussion, the first
published by Mersennus, at Paris, in 1634^ in ^^ Mersenni
Opera,'^ vol. I. and both by Menoless, vol. I. ; a^ also bis
<^ Balance,*' in which, after Archimedes's problem of the
crown, he shewed how to find the proportion of alloy, oi*
mixt metalsi and how to make the said instrument These
he had read to his pupils doon after his arrival at Padua, in
1593*
While he wa« professor at Padua, in 1609, visiting Ve^
nice, then famous for the art of making glass, he beard o(
th<e invention of the telescope by James- Metius, in Hol^
• 'While he was lecturer at Padua, GustaTUi. Adolphus king of Sweden waf
•ne of kis hearers. The lectures then ^veir by hioi still remain at MiUau
C A L I L E L 241
Iftnd, This notice was sufficient for Galileo ; his curiosity
was raised ; and the result of bis inquiry was a telescope
of his own, produced frona this hint, without having seen
the Dutch glass. All the discoveries he made in astronomy
were the easy and natural consequences of this invention,
which opening a way, till then unknown, into the heavens,
gave that science an entirely new face. Galileo, in one
of his works, ridicules the unwillingness of the Aristote-^
lians to allow of any discoveries not known to their master,
by introducing a speaker who attributes the telescope to
him, on account of what he says of seeing the stars from
the bottom of a deep well. " The well," says he, " is the
tube of the telescope, the intervening vapours answer to
the glasses.'* He began by observing the moon, and cal-
culating the height of her mountains. He then discovered
four of Jupiter^s satellites, which he called the Medicean'
stars or planets, in honour of Cosmo II. grand duke of
Tuscany, who was of that noble family. Cosmo now re-
called him from Padua, re-estal^lished him at Pisa, with a
very handsome stipend, in 1610; and the same year, ,
having lately invited him to Florence, gave him the post
and title of his principal philosopher and mathematician.
It was nbt long before Galileo discovered the phases of
Venus, and other celestial phaenomena. He had been^^
however, but a few years at Florence, before he was con-
vinced by sad experience, that Aristotle^s doctrine, how-
ever ill-grounded, < was held too sacred to be called in
question. Having observed some solar spots in 1612, he
printed that discovery the following year at Rome; id
which, and in some other publications, he ventured to
assert the truth of the Copernican system, and brought
several new arguments to confirm it*. This startled the
jealousy of the Jesuits, who procured a citation for him to
appear before the holy office at Rome, in 1615, where he
was charged with heresy, for maintaining these two pro-
positions; 1. That the sun is in the centre of the world,
and immoveable by a local mptien ; and, 2. That the
earth is not the centre of the world, nor immoveable,, but
actually moves bv a diurnal motion. The first of these
positions was' declared to be absurd, false in philosophy,
« fla demosstrated a vtry •ensiblc a phraonetton of great coasei^timcf
ehaay* m the o»«^aitudt of tb« ap- to prov« th« Cop^aieaa Uitory,
|»arent diameters of Mars and Veous j
Vol. XV. * R .
S43 G A L I L £ i«
»
and formaUy heretical^ being contrary- to the expisst
.Mtord of God ; the second was also alleged to be pbik»^
sopbioally false,, and, in a tbe^logic^view, at least erro*
neous in point of faith. He was detained in the inqui^
dtion till Feb. 1616, on the 25th of which month sentence
was passed against him ; by which he was enjoined to re<»
jiounce his heretical opinions^ and not to defend them
either by word or writing, nor even to insinuate theoi into*
the mind of any person whatsoever ; and he obtained hia
'discharge only by a promise to oonform himself to this
order. It is bard to say whether his sentence betrayed'
greater weakness of understanding, or perversity of mlL
Galiled clearly saw the poison of both in it; and tberefbre^
following the known maxim, that forced oaths and pito-*
mises are not binding to the conscience, he went ony
making further new discoveries in the planetary system^
and occasionally poblisbing them with socb tnfereticesaBd
remarks as necessarily followed ^ooi them^ notwithstanding'
they tended plainly to establish the truth of tlie above-men-
tioned condemned propositions. • .',;/.
He continued many years confidently in this course, na
juridical notice being taken of it ; till he had the presump^
tion to publish at Florence bis '^ Dialog! della due massime"
Systeme del Mondo, Tolemaico et Copemicauo;" dig*
logues of the two greatest systems of the world, the Ptole-
maic and Copernicfm, in 1632. Here, in examinitvg tba
grounds upon which the two systems were built, be prqi*>
duces the most specious as well as stroiigest argunventis for
each of those opinions; and leaver, it is true, the ques-*'
' tion undecided, as not to be demonstrated either way^
while niiany pfasBUomena remained insolvable; but all ihia
is done in such a manner, that bis inclination to the Cp^*
.pernican system might be easily perceived. -Nor had be
forborne to enliven his production by several smart strokes
of raillery against those who adhered so obstinately, . auid
were such devotees to Aristotle^s opinions, as to think its
crime to depart from them in the smallest, degree. This
-excited the indignation of his former enemies, and be was
agkin cited before the inquisition at Rome; the congre-
gation was convened, and, in his presence, pronounced
sentence against him and bis books. They obliged him to
abjuVe bid errors in the most solemn manner^ committed
him to the prison of their office during pleasure^ and en-
joined him, as a saving penance, for three years^ to repeal -
ine^ a week the seven penitential psatois; reserving^ how-
ever^ to themselves the power of moderating) cbaogingy
or taking away altogether, or in part, the abovamentioned
paqisfameut and ' penance. Upon this sentence be wa»
dfiuioed a prisoner till 1634, and bis ^^ Dialogues of the
System of the World'' were burnt at Rome. We rar^ety
meet with a more glaring instance of blindqesa and bigotry
than this*, and it was treated with as much contempt by
our author as consisted with his safety.
( He lived ten yeara after it, seven of which were em«>
ployed in making still further discoveries with his teles-
cope; but, by continual application to that instrument^
, added to the damage be received in his sight from the noe-
^ tucsal air> his eyes grew gradually weaker, till, in 163^9
1^ became totally blind. He bore this great calamity with
patienoe and resignation, worthy of a philosopher. Th«
loss. neither broke his spirit, nor hindered the course of his.
studies. He supplied the. defect by constant meditations^ ,
by whick he prepared a large- collection of materials; and
began to dictate his own conceptions, > when, by a distem-
per of three months continuance, ^wastipg away by degrees^
he expired at Arcetri near Flore.nciet, Jan* 8, 1642^, ia.
the same year that Newton was born., In stature he was
small, but in aspect venerable, and bis constitution vi-
gorous ; in company be was aifable/ fr,ee, and full of plf a««
santry. He took greatdelight in architecture and paioU
Ing, and designed extremely welK He played, exquisitely
OJ1 the lute; and whenever^ be spent any time in .the,
country,. Jbe took great pleasure in husbandry. Hii learner
iiiigwas v«ry extensive; and be possessed in a high degree,.
a clearness and acuteness of wit. From the time of Arqbi^
medes, nothing, had been done in, mechanical geometry
till GaliJieo, who, being possessed of an excellent judg'>
lueot^ and great skill in the most abstruse points of geo-
meitry, first extended the bsouodartes of that science, and
began to reduce the resistance of solid bodies to its laws.
Besides applying geometry to the doctrine of motion, by
which {^ilosopby became established oi; a sure foundation,
be made surprising- discoveries in the heavens by means of
' • ■ • '
* Tt will appear more extraordinary, f In the [nst eight years of his life
wb^n it is considered that the prosecu- he livMi out of Florence, soiiietimtf in
tion wtfhHpgun and carried, ou bgr the the aeighbourin^ towns, and some-
Jesuits* aa order instituted to be a se- .tiroes at S^eitna, ViUorio Siri's ** II
iblnary of leafntn^ in the view of pro- Mercurie/' d(c,
dttclpg-chalspi^Qi-of'Uie papal «hair.
R 2
944 6 A L I L £ L
bit telescope. He made the evidence of ttie Copernicaiv
nys^em more sensible, when be shewed from the phases of '
Venus, like to those of the moon, that Venus actually re*
Tolves about the sun. He proved the rotation of the sun
dn his axis from his spots ; and thence the diurnal rotation
of the earth became more credible. The satellites that
attend Jupiter in his revolution «bout the sun, repre^^
sftnted, in Jupiter^s smaller system, a just image of tte
great solar system ; and rendered it more easy to conceive
bow the moon might attend the earth, as a satellite, in
her annual revolution. By discovering bills and cavities
in the moon, and spots in the sun constantly varying, he
shewed that there was not so great a difference between the
celestial bodies and the earth as had beeo vainly imagined*
• He rendered no less service to ^ience bj treating, in
a* clear and geometrical manner, the doctrine of motion,
which has justly been called the key of nature. The ra-
tional part of mechanics had been so much neglected, that
hardly any improveoient was made in it for almost 2000
years. But Galileo has given us fully the theory of equable
motions, and . of such as are uniformly acceieil4.ed or re^
tarded, and of these two compounded together. He was
the first who demonstrated that the spaces described by
heavy bodies, from the^ beginning of their descent, are as
the squares of the times; and that a body, proj^ted iq
any direction not perpendicular to the hori2K)n, describes-
a parabola. These were the beginningfi of the doctrine pf
the nK)tion of heavy bodies, which has been since earned
to so great a height hy Newton* In geometry, he in-
vented the cycloid, or trochoid ; though the |iropertie9 of
it were afterwards chiefly demonstrated by his pupil Tor-
ricelli. He invented the simple pendulum, and made use
of it in his astronomi*cal ex{!>erimepts : be bad also thoughts
of aj^lying it to qlocks ; but did not execute that design :
the glory of that invention was reserved for bis son Vip^n*
2to, who made* the experiment at Venice in 1649; and
Huygens afterward carried this invention to, perfection.
Of Galileo's invention also, was the machine, wit^ which
the Venetians render their Laguna fluid and navigable. He
abo discovered the gravity of the air^ and endeavoured, to
compare it .with that of water, besides opening up several
other inquiries in natural philosophy. In short, he-rwas
not esteemed and followed by philosophers only, but was
honoured by persons of the greatest dlstinctiqa o^ .aUL
nations.
GALILEI. ft43
^ Oaliteo had scholars too thst were worthy of so great d
master, by whom the graTitation of the atmosphere was
fully established, and its varying pressure accurately aiid
conveniently areasured, by the column of quicksilver of
equal weight sustained by it in Jthe barometrical tube. The
^elasticity 49f the air, by which it perpetually endeavours Hb
expand itself, and, while it admits of condensation, resbta
iu proportion to its density, was a phenomenon of> nei^
Jcind (the common fluids having no such property), and was
of the utmost importance to philosophy. These principles
opened a vast field of new and useful knowledge, and ex^-
piained a great variety of pheenomena, which bad been ac^
^K>unted for before that time in a very absurd manner. It
seemed as if the air, the fluid in which men lived from the
beginning, had been then but first discovered. Pbiloi-
tfophers were every where busy inquiring into its various
^ropetties and their effects; and valuable discoveries re*
warded their industry. . Of the great number who dis*
trnguished themselves on this occasion, may be mentioned
Torricelli and Viviani in Italy, Pascal in France, Otto
Guerictc in Germany, and Boyle in England.
GaKleo wrote a number of treatises, many of which were
published in his life-tinie. Most of them were abo coUedted
after his deaths and published by Mendessi in 2 voti.
4to, under the title of " L'Opere di Galileo Galilei Lyn-
iee6,^' in 1656. Some of these, with others of his pieces^
were translated into English and published by Thomas Sa-^
lisbury, in his Mathematical Collections, in 2 vols, folid.
A volume also of his letters to several learned men, atid
solutions of several problems, were printed at Bologna in
4to. His last disciple, Vincenzo Viviani, who proved a
'tiE^ry eminent mathematician, methodized a piece of bis
ihaster's, and published it under this title, *' Qmnto libro
de gli Elementi d' Euclidi,'* &c. at Florence in 1674, 4to.
Viviani publisbecf some more of Galileo^s things, being
extracts from his letters to a learned Frenchman, where
iie gives an accpunt of the works which be intended to
have published, and it passage frofii a letter of Galilee
dated at Arcetri, Oct. 30, 1655, to John Camiilo, a ma-^
thtoiatician of Naples, concerning the angle of contact.
Besides all these, he wrote many other pieces, which were
unfortunately lost. Galileo had two daughters and a son
hy a Greek woman he lived with ; the daughters became
nuns ; one son conttnued the family, which, Frisi says, is
246 G A L I L E I;
but lately extinct; one turned missiohfl^ry, arid was in-
duced from religious scruples to burn many of his grand-^
fiither's works ; and the third ran away. '
GALLAND (Antony), a learned antiquary of Franci,
naember of the academy of inscriptions, and professor of
j^rabic in the royal college at Paris, was born of poor pa-
rents at Rollo, a little town of Picardy, in 1 646. Afier
baving laid the foundation of learning at Noyon, he went
to Paris, where he learned Hebrew and the Oriental lan-
guages; and afterwards made a long voyage into the East,
and acquired an uncommon knowledge of the manners slnd
of the doctrines of the Ma|iometans« He returhed to his
own. country, and was made Arabic professor in 1709; bnt
did not live many years after, his death happening at Paris
in- 1715. He was the author of several works, the princi-
^pal. of which are, 1. '^ An account of the Death of sultau
Osman, and of the Coronation of the sultan Mu^tapBa.'*
2. *^ A collection of Maxims and Bon Mots, drawn from
the Oriental writers." *S. " A Treatise upon the origin of
.Coffee." 4, " Arabian Tales." AU these ure in French.
The last, usually called <^ The Arabian Nights Entertain*
ments," is a popular book all over Europe, aud has be^
published in various editions in English fot' above a century.
Galland was also the author of many curious dissertations
upon some scarce medals, wh'rch hav^e been highly com-
mended. He had likewise prepared a translation of the
Alcoran,, with notes; and a system of the Mahometan
theQlogy, more exact than any that has yet appeared ; but
i2e.did.n0t live long enough to publish them. *
. GALLAND (Augustus), was proctor- general of tlie
domain of Navarre, counsellor of ^tate, ^nd deeply vers<ed
in the knowledge of the royal rights in France,' and in the
iistory of that country. His works are replete with
curious and profound erudition. They are, 1. *< Memoirs
for the History of France and Navarre,'* folk). ' 2. "Trea-
tises on the Ensigns and Standards of France,*' &c. 3.
*^ Discourse addressed to the king on the origin and rise
of the City of Rochelle,** Sva ^. *• A Treatise ugainst
the Frs^nc-alleu, a claim of exemption from Imposts and
personal Services,** in 4to. He is supposed to kavd died
about 1644, but at what age is uncertain. '
1 Fabroni Vit9 Italoniui, vol. I.-^Hatton*8 Dictionary. — Elos'io di Galil^^
by frrisi.-^Brdcker.^— Saxir Onomast.
. s, Mor«ri. — Niceron, vol* YI. tad X.--rS|uui Opqniaat*
* Moreii— Diet. Hi«t.
. O A L L E. ^ ?47 ,.
GALLE (Servatius), or Gall^us, a Dutch writer,
wbo was born at Kotterdam, accordiog to the inscription
Ou his portrait, or according to otiher authorities, at Zu-
riczee, in 1 627, and died at Campen in 1 709, was a cler*
gyman and an able. philologist His principal work is bis
treatise on the *^ Sybilline Oracles/* 2 vols. 4to, the first
iOf which, containing the Oracles, was published at Am-
sterdam in 1699, and the second, which consists of disser--
tations, appeared soon after. In this he has brought to-
gether every thing relating to these celebrated fictions,
but neither with success, nor judgment, according to Fa*»
bricius and his biographer Reimar, who speak with harsh^-
ness of his abilities, and give us an extraordinary instance
ipf bis Ignorance in classing Agathias and Jamblicus among
Latin writers.^ They also seem to intimate that be fre-
quently, borrows . without acknowledgment. Gcalle was
' more successful in a very porrect edition of ^^ Lactantius/*
,. published at Leyden in 1660. He had also begun. an
isditioQ of. ^^ Minuting Felix,^^ but did not live to com-
plete it.*
GALLINI (-Sir John), a native of Italy, a cele-
, Crated stage-4&ucer and dancing-master, some time pa-
tentee of the opera-house, and always proprietor of the
f^oncert- rooms in Hanover-square, seems to merit sofme
^aotiee, although rather from the fashion, than the worth
of rbi$ character. He came into this country early in Hfe,
after having obtained considerable distinction as a dancer
^ Pairis^ aad first appeared on our opera stage in 1759,
where his style of dancing pleased very much, and per-
. formed in 1759 in the opera of ^^ Farnase," composed by
Perez, where he is styled ** II Signer Giovanni Andrea
. Galilni, director of the balli, and principal dancer," and
^occasionally appeared on the same stage until 1763, after
which his name. is no longer to be found in books of the
lyric theatre, either as ballet-master or principal dancen
It was soQU after his professional celebrity at the opera«-
. bouse that he married lady Elizabeth Bertie, sister of the
4ate earl of Abingdon. Admitted at first as a dancing-
.master, by.bis vivacity, talents, knowledge of the Italian
language^ ,and manners, he so insinuated himself into the
favour of this noble family, as to bring about this not veiy
creditable alliance. Many ridiculous stories were in circu^
* Moreri,— Diet Hiit.— Reimarus de Vit^ Fabricii.^-Saxii Onomastp
«f G A L L I N I.
lation at tbe time, of sigoor Gallini's expectotidiD6 dl the >
honours which would accrue to him by hb marriage iotd a
noble family ; which he imagined would confer on bim tbe
title of My lord. But he was soou conviuced of his mts^ .
take, and content with an inferior title. When tbe mar*
riage became a subject of conversation, Dr. Burney hap*'
pened to hear in the gang-way of the opera pit tbe foUoW'*
ing conversation. One of two ladies going into tbe froot
boxes, says to the other, ^^ It is reported that oAe of tbe
dancers is married to a lady of quality;" when GaUioif.
who h'appened to be ifi the passage near the lady wbo
spoke, says, " Lustrissima, son io." — ^*And who are yoii?'?
demanded tbe lady. — ^^ Eudenza, mi.chiamo signor Gal*'
)ini esquoire." This match, as is usual with suchdisfNTQ^ .
portioned alliances, was not the source of permanent fe^
licity. They lived asunder many years. Liauly Elizabetb ^
died Aug. 17, 1804, aged 80. ,
' By his great benefits at the theatre, and fashion as*^ .
dancing-master at the principal schools and houses of tbe
nobility and gentry, he, with unwearied diligence and ex-
cessive parsimony, had accumulated a fortune sufficient to
purchase in 1786 the patent of the opera hou^e, when be
became sole impresario of that theatre.
It was difter this period, in going to Italy to engage per-
formers, that he obtained his title at. Rome of the^^pop^ .
who made him *^ Cavaliere del speron d'Oro," knight of
the golden spur, the only order which his holiness bES to
f)eslOw. Qut lord Kenyon, when his title was introduced
in court on a trial, refiised to acknowledge it, and treated
the assumption with indignation and contempt. Sir Jobi^
however, continued to retain it, and was abetted by the
public.
Although he was extremely worldly, dextrous at a bar-
gain, and cautious, in his dealings with mankiiid, be he**
came an unfortunate projector in his attempt at a rapid,
increase of his property. The rooms in Hanover^square,
we believe, were very productive^ as be let every Door and
every room, not only to concerts, balls, and assemblies^
but to exhibitions, lectures, and lodgers of all kinda,^
scarcely allowing himself a habitable apartment for hi^
own residence. When the opera house was burned* dowb
in 1789, he advanced 30,000/. tpwards rebuildiag it,!aifid
sent an architect to Italy to procure plans of all the great
thesttres of that coyutry, out of whicl) to choose the pio&t
G A L L I N i: %^*
^gible for the new cbnstraction ; but itliasbe^n'giene-
rally betitrved, that by some jumbie of clashing interests^
or cbieane of law, the manageitient was taken out of his
hands, and he not only lost his power but his money.
While the great theatre in the Haymatket wai rebuilditig,
sir JcAtn fitted up the opposite little theatre as a temporary
opera h^use, but it was so small and inconvenient, that it
C0it1d Acitf contain an audience sufficient to cover his e«-
pences. The next year the Pantheon was transformed into
an dpera house before that in the Haymarket was finished ;
and the unfortunate knight of the golden spur, tired of the
squabbles and accidents which happened previous to the
openrng of his new theatre, sold his patent, and afterwards
v^oHy oonffiined himself to the produce of his Hanoveiv
mpiare'romas, and the exercise of his profession as a danc^
'iog<4iiaster, to the end of his life.
Indeed, at the time of the French rdtoIuiHon, be coul^
iiet resist the tebiptations which were thfown out in that
country for tAtning the penny' in- th6 purchase 6f the
estates of the guillotined and emigrant nobility and gentry
tinder the title of national domains. And he bought an
estate near Boulogne, which cost him 30,000/, ; but of
which, by the artifice of French lawyerd, and connivance
of ibe u^Qtpers, he was never abl6 to obtain secure! pos-
session and at length abandoned all hopes of the estate
or his tii^ney. This IbSs had much less effect upon his
avaHeiotA character than could be expected, considering
that he Was so rigid an economist, that his private life
would furnish materials for a new drama on the subject of
frugality, it his, however, be^n justly said of him, that
be* was generally considered a^ the most able teabher of '
bis art that ever appeared in this country ; and is supposed,
by 'bis incessant labours in this respect, notwithstanding
his great looses, to have left money and effects to the
4imount of tOO^OOO/. to portion his family, which consisted
of a son and two daughters. He was a very shrevrd^ iu-?
telligent man, who perfectly knew the world ; and, if bb
was not generotrs, he wais, however, honourable in his
dealings ; and if few had cause to be grateful for his
bounty, 1V0 one bad a right to complain of his injustice.
^' lA tbe height of his professicmal practice and favour h6
ipubtisb^d a book, in which he gave a history of dancings
from ity origin, and the manner in which it is practised in va«
rioiis p^ts of the world. It appealed in 1762, under the title
S«0 0ALLINL
of "A Tretlit^ 0n. tte ayt^f DaociRg^ hj Gknraiioi Andrtu
Galiioi, direclor of tbe daaoers at the royiU theatre in the
.Hay«nark€^/' 8vo. . Until the move elegant f^ Lettrea smr
la Dance^^ of the cetebrated baliet^mastor Noverre* pnbt-
lisbed at Stiutgard in 1760, bad penetrated into tUs caoo-
•try> Gallini's book was much read and talked of as aibtevary
performance;, but uniuckilyy in a work. of M. CahnM^e^
^ublish^d at ^he Hague* i^i three small ?olumes, 17^4r, i2mo»
we find all tbe.bistor^al part .of GaUini's treaitise^ with. the
^ame sto»es;of tb^ wonderfal powers of the ancient mtdiies
Bathyilus tand Py lades, at .Rome, their c|uai9rel^ and the
feuds it ooG^^ioned; and liis biographer. seems to think
that he never bad literatune sufficient to wrke an original
.work in. bi^ own language, or even to.tnaoslate such aiuiie
us that of .NoTerup or Githusaei into any language. Gallini,
by taemperanca and exerei^^ enjoyed. a good stale of
l»sakby^and escaped ideorepiiude. to the.Wt: for it was
said Jn^tbe priivbeici fKv^utita.tbat ^* sir John Gatlini, on 8a^
ilnrday, 5thof Januaryv>1805, rung his bell at eight o'clock,
and,, upon his servaoft entering, bis chambep, ordered his
breakfasj} to. be prepared immedia^ly,. bis chmse^otba^
the door at nine o*olQck,. and. bis chariot in watting nt
ihree^'^ A few minutes after ginns these direction^. he
jcaomplained of not being well, and said, *^ I will resli till
nine o'clc»ck." In half an hour he tang bis bell again, and
iDEdered medical a^tance, as be had a violent pain in, bis
stomach. On Hayes and Dr. Wood immediately aUeiided ;
but at nineo'clockheexpired without agfoan, aged aibopt7tl.^
. GALLOIS (John), a learued Kreuobman,. was^boi^of
a good family, ajtParis, in 1632^ He badsitudied 4iv«iBii)ty,
ecclesiastical > and profane, histoiy, pbilos^phy^ matbemn-
tics, tbei^Oriental, together with tbe ItaUap, ^paai$b, £og^
lisb, apd German languages ; and was deemed an uni«^cir*
.sal scbobr. Hejs now memorable chi.e6y for. having b^en
the^fimt who publisbcid the <^ Journal de^ Sgava^V' ^i^
.conjunction with M.de Sallo, who bad 'formed, the ^psign
.of tfais^ work. The. first journal was^ {^iblisbed Pn Jw* S^
J66S ; but these gentlemen censured new books with so
jQouch severity,, that the whole tribe of iauthors rose up
against their work, and ef&ptualiy^ cried, it down. Do
£aUo abandoned it entirely, after having published a tkird
journal, in March foUowii^. - GalJois was delermiMd. M
A 8«e8's Cyclopc<lia.--Gc9t. Ji^ag. 1105.
G A L L O I S. $tn
vrntinue it, yet did not venture to send oat a Ibufdi
jotrrnal till Jan. 1666, and then not without an fattmbW
!0utvertt8eaieDt in, the begioning of it, in which it isde«
dared, that the author ^ will not preeume to criticise, but
mriy simfily to give an account of books." This, and the
*f)rotectioii shewn by the 'minister Colbert, who was much
.fiteiisfed with the work, gradually reconciled the public to
-Che- Joiimal«r Thus began literary journals, which have been
-continued from that time to this under various titles, a»d
'by various authors ; among whom are the nanet of Bayle
«^d Le Cierc* Gallois continued hia journal to 1674,
iwben more impomlwt 4>oeupmtions obliged him to drop it,
or rather tmnsfet it to another person. Colbert had taken
liim into his hcMise. the year before, with a view of being
' tanght Latin by him ; and the minister of state, it is said,
•fook most of ^bis* lesson j| in bis coadi, as he journeyed from
Vertoilles to Paris. Voltaire observes on this occasion,
ahat ^< the two men, who have been tbe greatest patrons
of learning, Louis XI V. and Colbert, neither of tbemnnr
' derstOHod Lattn.^' Gallois' bad been made member of the
«cad«myof sciences in 1668, and of the French academy
in:i675. He lost his patron by death in 168&; and then^
^ being nt liberty, was first made librarian ta the king, and
.afterwards Greek professor in the royal college* He died
of tb£^ dropsy in t.707 ; and in I7i0 a cat^ogue of hip
bpokfWas primed at Paris, coasistiog of upwards of 12,000
^volumes. It isrema^rkable of this^^eamed i^an, that though
he bad served mmy friends by bis interest with Calbert,
yet he bad neglected to make any provision for Umself :
Whence it bappet)edj that, at the death of that minister,
)ie t^as but in poor circumstances, ahhoogh an abb6; ^
. GALLONIUS (Anthony), a native of Home, where
he died in 1605, eacelied in theology, and was priest of
the congregation of the oratory* His: works were nu-
merous, but be is chiefly known by his '^* Trattato.de gli
instfumenti di Martirio, &c.'*; '^ A Treatise? on the de-
ferent kinds of Cruelties inflicted by the pagans onHhe
Martyrs of the primitive Cburojb, illustrated with engrav*
ings of the instruments of torture made use of> by them/*
This work, first published in Italian in 1591, was compiled
from unquestionable authorities. In 1594 the author trans*
:1m^ it into Latin, and published it at Borne, under tl^e
Hi G A L t 0 N I U S.
title * De Sanctorum Martytnm CrwciatilMM, &c.** illus-
trated vfith wood eutft. It has since gone through matif
editions on the continent. In 1591 he {Published hit
* History of the Virghls,** also in Italian ; « The Uves df
Certain Martyrs,'* 1 597, 4to ; " Th^ LHe of St. Philip
Neri ;" and " De Monaehatu Sancti Gregorii," the ac*-
count of St. Gregqry when a monk, ih 1604.*
GALLUCCI (Angelo), ati Italian Jesuit, was born at
Matcerata in 1 593, and in his thirteenth year entered the
'Jesuits* college, i^rhere he war educated, and where bt
ttfterwards taught Aetoric for twenty-four years. He died
«t Rome, Feb. i28, 1^74. He is the aiuthor of 'some Latih
prations, but principally of a history of the wars of the
Ketherlands, ^ Commentatii de Bello Birigico," including
the period from 1593 to 1609. This history, which is writ*
ten in I.atin, ¥^s published at Rome, 1671, 2 vols. fol.
dnd in 1*677 in 2 vols. 4to. It was afterwards traOshted
into Italian by James Cellesi. His style is pure, but lesi
-ftowing than his predecessor on the same subject, Strada. *
'^ GALLUCCI (John PAt/L), a learned Italian astronomer^
"♦rtio lived in the sixteenth century, and was a member off
<he academy of Vefiice, is said to have invented an instrti^
knent for observing the celestial phcBnomena. He pubtisheA
%evefal works, among which are, 1. " pella fabrica etnsl^
4i diversi stromenti di Astr6nomia et Cosmografia,** Venice,
1 597. 2. « Specimen Uraniciim,'* Venice, 1 593. 3. *« Cop*.
iestium corpOrum et rerum ab ipsis pendentium Explieatio,^
Venice, 1605. This work has been improperly ascribed
to Paulus Galvicins in the catalogue of Thtianus's library.
4. "Tiieatrum mundi et temporis,** Venice, 15^9; 5.
** De Themate erigendo, parte fortunse, divisiorie Zodiac?,
'dignitatibus Planeftarmn et temp0ribus ad medicandum ac-
commodatis.** This is printed with " Hasfurtus de cOg^
lioscendis et medendis morbis ex corpdrum ccelestitmi po«-
sitione, cui argumenta et explicattonem inscripsit,'* Ve-
nice, 1584.*
' GALLUCCI (Tarquinius), an Italian Jesuit, was bom
at Sabina, in Italy, in 1574, and was for some years a ce-
lebrated professor of rhetoric at Rome. He was then madls
irector of the Greek' college in that city, where he dictel
July 28, 1649. Re published a small volume of orations
to varioQs literary arguments^ an oration recited by him at
> Mor^rl— Gen. Diet. • Gea. Dict.--^Moreri. ' ^ ibid.
GAL LtJCtJ I. «5I
Ibe faneral of cardinal BeUanmoe^'aWo ** Virgilianfli Winr
dicaUonesyV with three commeniaries qq tragedy, coinedy^
and elegy, Rome, 1621, 4lo. He was a gtreouaus de«
fender of Virgil, iQ whose behalf, agitintt Homer, he coa^
tended wtlh madam Daoier. His moat considerable pub*
lication was a commentary on Aristotle^s Morals, published
at Paris, 2 vols. fol. 1632 — 1645. '
GALLUS (Cornelius), an ancient Roman poet, and a
person of distinction, was born at Frejus, in Provence, or
as some think Friuli, in Italy. He was the particular fa-
vourite of Augustus Caesar, who made him governor of
Egypt, after the death of Antony and Cleopatra ; but he
was guilty of such mal-administratU)n in his government^
that be was condemned to banishment, and deprived of
his estate. This disgrace so afflicted him that he put an
end to his life, when he was aged about forty-three, in
the year 26. Virgil has complimented him in many
places ; and the whole tenth eclogue is on the subject of
his love to Lvcoris, the poetical name of Gallus's^ mistress,
whose cruel oisdain is there lament<ed» Gallus had written
four books of elegies on his amour, which Propertius com-
mends; but Quintilian thinks him not so tender as Tibuk-
lus or Propertius. .As to tho^e six elegies which have been
published under his name, the critics are agreed that they
are spurious, and that they were written by Maximus
Etruscus, a contemporary with Boethius. Aldus Manutius
met with some fragments at Venice ascribed to Gallus;
which, though written in a better taste^ than the former,
Joseph Scaliger has proved to be also spuriiaus. Some
think he is the auttior of the little poem called ^^ Ciris,^*
found among the works attributed to Virgil. His iragr
ments have been printed with the editioqs of Catullus,
printed in 1659, 1755, &c. ^
, GALLY (Henky), an English divine, born at Broken-
bam, in Kent,, in August 1696, was admitted pensioner of
Bene't college, under the tuition of Mr. Fawcett, May 8,
1714, and became scholar of the house in July following.
He took the degree of M- A. in 1721, and was upon the
king's list for that of D. D. (to which he was admitted
April S5, 172H) when his majesty honoured the university
of Cambridge with his presence. In 1721 he was chosen
1 Gen. Diet.— Moreri.
S Vottiu* ^ Pott. Ut.— Fabric. Bibl. Ut.-^Saxii Onomast
154 G A L L Y.
kotarer of St Paurt Covent^^rden^ ami tnsUtiited tb€)i
same year to the rectory of WaYMden^ or Wandeii, itt
Buckinghaoisbire. The lord diaacelk)r King .appointed
him his domestic chaplain in 172d, pfefinrred him to a prcs^
bend in the church of Gloucester in 17^S, aiid to^aAotheri
in. that of Norwich about thi«e years after.' He presented'^
him likewise to the rectory of Ashney, alias 'AsbtOfl, iri^
Northamptonshire, in 1730; and to that of St. Giles's in^
the fields, • in 1732 ; his majesty made him also one- of his^
chaplains in ordinary in October 17^5* Div Gaily diedi
August 7y 1769. He was the au^or of, K ^' Two ser^
mens on the Misery of Man, preached at Su Paulas Cp^
yeiit<>garden, 1723,'* 8vo. 2. *< The Moral Characters of^
Theophrastus, translated from the Greek, with notes, and'
a Critical Essay on Characteristic Writing,'' 1725, 9vo^'^
3. '> The Reasonableness of Church and College Fine^-
asserted, and the Rights which Churches and Colh^s^
have in thefar Estates defended/' 1731, 8vo. This nvasan-
ansmer to a pamphlet called '' An Enquiry into the Cus-
tomary Estates and Tenants of those who bold Lands* of
Ghufch and other Foundations by the tenure of three Lives*
and tweBty-»one. years. By Everard Fleetwood, esq."'8vo.-
4. " Serax>n before. the House of Commpons, upon the^
Accession, June 11, 1739," 4to. 5. **Soake Considera-
tions upon Clandestine Marriages," 1750, 8 vo. This was
much enlarged in a second ^edition, the year following^ and
bad the honour afterwards' to be noticed ii> the house of
commons in the ddbate8;on the marriage act. 6. >' A Dis*- ■
sertation against pronouncing the Greek laDgoageacoord*-
ihg.to AccenU," 1754, 1755, 8vo. 7. ff^A Secoild Di«i
sertation,'' on the same subject, 8 vo.^ .': . ^: :
GALVANI (Lewis),' from whose name the appellation.-
of Galvanism was given to a supposed ^nev principle ill
nature, aUo called animal electricity, wasboru Sept. 1^ ^
1737, at Bologna, of a family, isever^ o£ which had distitr*
guisbed themsel?es in the professions of law and diiutiity* '
III i)is early youth he shewed a great jpropensity to religi-^
ous austerities ; but being dissusuled frum entering into an
order of monks, whose conrent be- frequented, he directed'
bis attention to the study of medicine. He pursued this' j
study under able masters, and gained their esteem, espe- -
cially that of professor Galcazzi, who received him into ^
- ' • • '
^ ^ Nichoii's Bowver.— Lord Orford's Works, vol, V. p: 3fi, " ,-
G A L V A It h Ut
lun iiM9^ and g«.ve him hisdmigbter in marriage. To tbitf
Hiioii kh st^cess in life is in a great naeasave to ba ascribed*
Id 1762) after haviag suslained an inaugural dwsis, .'< De
.OssibuV' he was appoinled public lecturer in the univer-^
•ity of fiologua, and reader in anatomy to tbe institute in
that city^ cls^eily by the- interest of bis wife's relatieAs*
3y the excelience of bis method of teaching he obtained
.crowded audtenoes,' and by. his researches and espertmetit^
in. physiology and comparatire anatoiny. he established a
higjtk reputaiioQ throughout the schools <rf Italy. A smgu-
lar accident is said to have giren birth to the discoyery
which has immortalized 4ns. name. His wifc^^ to. whom he
was most tenderly attached, being in a declining state of
health, used a soup made from frogs, as a restorative ; and'
some of these animals, skinned for the purpose, happening
to lie on a table in Galvanfs laboratory, on whieb was
ptj^eed. an- electrical .machine, one of the assistants in his
ei:periments,. by accident, broughtihe-poiiit of a scalpel
near the crural oerves of a frog lying not far from the con-
ductor. Instantly the muscles of the limb. were agitated
wit;h .strong convulsions. The experiment was repeated,
the fact ascertained, and a long series of new eBperiments,;
ingeniously varied^ were, put in execution^ by which he
investigated the law of nature of which, accident had thus
given him' a glimpse^ . His first publication or tbe Subject
was printed lor tbe institute at Bologna in 179},. and en-
titled *{ Aioysii <}alvani de viribus Electricitatis in motu
Muscuiari Commentarius;". This work immediately excited
tbe:attentioB of philosophers both in Italy and other coun<^
tries».. and the e^^periments were repeated and extended.
In the hands of the celebrated Yolta, the agent wqb in*'
creased in power to a great extent; and, directed by the
genius of sir. Humphrey Davy, it has already led. to most'
important discoveries in regard to the composition of many*
^bstances, heretofore deemed elementary, and bids fair
to change the whcde face of chemical science. -
In^ coni unction with his physiological inquiries,' the du^
tiesof his professorship, and bis employment as a surgeon '
and accoucheur, in which practice be was very eminent,'
gave- full occupation to tbe industry of Calvani. 3 Besides
a number of curious observations on the. urinary organs, -^
and on the organ of hearing in birds, which were published-
in the Memoirs of the Institute of Bologna, he drew up
Various memoirs on professional topics^ which liave re-
i4§ GAL VAN I.
Qiainjed inQdlted. ,. He regularly held learned odnversatimk
with a few literacy fcieods, iq which oew works were read
and commented upon. He was a man of most amiable
character in private life, and possessed of great sensibility^
Insomuch that the deat^ of his wife, in 1790, threw bitt
into a profound melancholy. Him early impressions on the
subject of religion remained unimpaired, and -he was al**
ways, punctual in practising its minutest rites. During theP
troubles in Italy he had espoused the side 6t -the old esta>«
falished goyernment, and was stript of all his offices, be-^
cause he refused to take. the oaths of allegiance to the new
Cisalpibe republic ; and most of his relations perished by ^
sudden or violent deaths, many of them in defence of their
country. In a M;ate of melancholy and poverty ~be retired
to the house of his brother James, a man of very respect^*
able character, and fell into an extreme debility. The re*
publican governors, probably ashamed of their conduct*
towards such a man, passed a decree for his restoration to '
his professional chair and its emoluments : but it was now '
too late. He expired Dec. 5, 1798.^
GAMA (Yasco, or Vasquez di), an illustrious Portu*^
gueze, is immortalized by his discovery of the passage to.'
the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope. ^ The mari?*
time town of Sines in Portugal was the place of hi^ birtb, *
his faotlly was good, but not noble, till made so by the
honours 'he acquired. In 1497, Emaime) king of Portugal,
earnestly desirous of making discoveries in those parts of .
the globe, appointed Gama to command an expedition to
endeavour to sail round the Cape, then called the Cape of
Tempests* Yasco highly pleased with this appointment^A.
which suited his undaunted and adventurous spirit, sailed .
from the Tagus, July 8, having two ships besides his own, .
and a store ship. At Lisbon he was generally considered
as going to certain destruction, 'and th^ whole equipment. .
as devoted ; but though, on his approach to the Cape, he
actually encountered dreadful storms, his perseverance was ,
not to be conquered^ Like Columbus, he had to contend
with the mutinous despondence of his own people, as well .
as with the elements, but was superior to all. Having,
doubled the Cape on the 2(Hh of November, he sailed
along the eastern coast of Africa, but met with inveterate .
>
^ Rees'g aoa Klcholsou's Cyclop8Bdias.'«*Thomso9*9 HUt. of the Eojal Sootetx*
•-^Philoiopbiclir Trabsaetions.
G A M A. 2Si
b^Mity tnd tmpkterj horn the Moori^ settlers, except
tbe king of Melindn. He proceeded as far as Caliqnt^
doubled tbe Cape again in April 1499, and returned to
lisbon in tbe space of two years and filAiost two months;
Tbe king and nation were oveijojed at this success, and
bf» was created c<Hiot of Vidtguere, and admiFal of the
lui\Wf Persian, and Arabian seas. Gama now rested e
few y^ars, while Cabral was sent out with thirteen ships i
and John de Nova, with a reinforcement of three more,
visited Calicut ; but it was found that greater force was
Ifanledf Md in 1502, be set sail again, having twenty
ships imder his coounand* He returned in September 1 503 f
F^ thirteee. sbipa laden with riches. When Emanuely .
Idng ^ Portugal died, the credit of Gama continued un^
iaip4»ired, and in ] $24, he was by hili successor, Jobn III*
appointed viceroy of India. He returned thither a tbhr4
^me, and esiaUisbed his seat of government at Cochin^
bnt died on the 24th of December 1525, almost as soon ap
he WM sealed. He was honoured with tbe title of don foi
himself and his posterity, lind created a grandee of Portu«>
gal, Oama wfu^ formed by ni^ture to conduct the most
arduous entevpfisel. His intrepidity, which waa invinci«-
b}e, wfts not more remarkable thaii his sagacity and pru^^
dence :• and tJie feelinga of bb heart appear to wonderful
advEUtage^ when we find him, amidst all tbe extravagancy
of piiblip applause, after his first return from India, droop*
i9g 6>r the loss of his brother and companion of his voyage,
Pai|li)s de Cema, and unable to enjoy bis fame. He ioA
ftfen sent his flag*sbip home before him, under tbe com*
Ifeppd c^ CSoiello, bis next oMcer, that be might attend and
sooth the death-bed of this beloved brother. Such a
victory pf tenderness over urdent and successful ambition^
g^ves a better picture of bis heart than the most elaborate
eulogiuiB. The poem of Camoens, entitled <' The Ln^
^iad," on Giima's first expedition, is now well known in
fim coun^ by Mickle^s able tradslation. ^
GAMACHES (Stephen Simok), a writer of some emi*
nwce, and a member of the Freneh academy of sciences^
W9|( bom at Meulan in 1672, and, entering the clmrcdi^
pibtiiiued the office of canon of the Holy Cross de U ]^«
feoejpnere, aod died at Paris in 1 7 56 . He was m uch esteemed
for his literary talents, which appeared in the foltowuig
Vol. XV. ^ S^
253 GAM AC H E S.
^rorks: I. <* Physical Astronomy,'* 1740, 4t6.' f . « tSte^
rary and Philosophical DtsserUktions,'* 1755, 8vo. 3. ** Sys-
tem of the Christian Philosopher," 1721, 8vo. 4. <^ Sys*'
tern of. the Heart," p.ubiished in 1 708, under the feigned
name of Clerigny. 5. ** The Elegancies of Language re>*
duced to their Principles," a book called by one writer, the
'^Dictionary of fine- Thoughts," and by others pronouticdd
to besLwork which every man who whites should^ read-'
/i.GAMBARA (Lorenzo), was an Italian poet of the sijc-
teentbioenttii^y, protected and beloved byr cardinal Aleic*^'
ander Farnese, whose writings were» much esteemed in hiir
day, hnt now are thought flat and insipid/' He wrote;
1. '.^A ^Ld^n treatise on Poetry^ in which <he dis^uadeii
Christian poets frooi using pagan mythology i"' This was
the 0minde banarable for many Ui^ntioos a^d' profane
poema: written in his youth/ 2^. '< A Lattin 'po^m -on Co^
iusnbusi" V Alsoeck>gues,(«dtilledi ^^^ VenaMMria^^'and.dtb^r
pfodiicticaui. Mur^iis treau this atiriio^r' w'itb the »gtp^aal^t
cbotempt^ but he is highly praised by^ 4Siraldi tmd MjtttUi^
tins. -^He died in 1^586^' at^he age of. 90.* ' » - ^ - --"♦ *
GAMfiARA (Veronica),- an Italian poMess^ born Mti
1.43r5^ . was the daughter ; of' the count John (Frafieis Oani*^
bara^ iand was married in 1509 toiGibetto X. lord of Gori
reifgio, wbeni.she survived manj^ years. Her natui'al'diS'^
position, the oourse oi her education,' and, above all pet-^
bapSy»the:instnictiom and advice of Peter Bemfbtd,- led her
in her youth to: devote a part of her leisure to the^cultiV^-^
. tiM of her rpoeticisd talents, which; through aUthe vibb8i««
tildes ofherfutare-life, was her occasional amtisei&ient.' ''Itt
1528 she went i to re^de. at Bologna, <^ with a brother wk'd
was governor, of tbatxitj,^ where ^e established a kind iof
academy; that waa frequemedbymany of tbeiiteritti,' wbd
then resided at the Roman court. -On her return' to 'C^r-
ireg^o,^ she had the honour of receivirfg as'faergtk^stfthe
emperor Ghavles V. She 'died in' 155<). • Her 'writings
which had been dispersed inJ various collections t>f tbetiine;
' were corrected and published by. Zamboni in nid^ ^Efpes*
cia, 8vo, with a life of the authoress. They dispfaiy a; pie-
puliar originality and vivacity, .both in sehtinient and 1^'^
guage, which raise them far >above)tbose insipid efFosicfha^
which under the nao^e of sonnets at that tiibe* inundated
Italy.* ■ .•..,... .'.!'.»
1 Diet. Hist *. Tirabo8cIii,«— Moff«n.rr)^a3ui Onomatt.
^ Tirai>Q8cbi, vol. VIL— Roscoe's Itfo^f—Morcri.
G A M B OLD. 2S9
/':
GAMBOLD (John), a pious bishop among the Mora^k
vian brethren, was bom near Haverford Wes in Sduth^
Wales, and« became a member of Christ- church, Oxford^
"Where he took the degree of M. A. May 30, 1734; and
^waa afterwards vicar oi Stanton Harcourt, in Oxfordshire^
to which he was presented by Dr. Seeker, when bishop of
Oxford. At this place, in .1740, he wrote *^The Martyr*
dom of Ignatius, a Tragedy/' published after his death by
the rev. Benjamin La Trobe ^th the Life of Ignatius^
drawn from authentic accottats^ and from the epistles wiii*
ten by him from Smyrna and Troas in his way to Bome,
1773, 8vo. A sermon, which he preached before tbft
university of ^Oxford, was published under the title q(
** Christianity, Tidings of Joy,'* 1741, 8?o- In 1742 he
published' at Oxfprd, frofn the- University '^press^ a neat
edition of' the Greek Testament^ but without kis name^
.^^ Textu per icm(inia!Milliaho,' cum ijiv^'ione pericoparum. &
' interpuucturi A. Beugelii,'' l2mo. > Joining afterwajrda die
Churthrof the Brethren*,. established by an act of parlia«-
meht of 1749 1,' and known by. the liame of ^* Unitas -Fra^
trum,V or,* the tUnited Brethren; he was, for many years,
iAieVegular minister of the congregation settled at Loudoa),
and f resided in Neville's*court, Fetter*lane, ¥^ere he
pVeached at the chapel oi the society. . His connexion with '
these sectaries commenced in I748,wwheu PeterrBoehler
visited.Oxford, and held frequent .meetings with John and
Charles- Wesley, for the edification qS awakmed people,
both learned and unlearned. His discourses were in Li^,
and.. were interpreted by Mr. Gambold. He was cfpnse-*
crated a bishop .at an English proviocial' synod held at
<Lindley house in- Nov. 1754, and was greativ esteemed for
l^ts piety and lelurning l>y several JEngHsb bisobps, who had
* The foU$^wmgparticttlartt were com- and patron, to associate with pefople^
municated to the; author of the '* A&^c- amcmg wbom, though he might h^'iii- ,
dbtes^ Bo#fer'^ by a: friend #ho ko^w .voeent, havebeen somie monMhSros dM-
himinUiec^rljrpaft<»flife: VMr.Oam- jacters. When he wm youngs he bad
bold was a singular, over-zealbus) but nearly perished through disregard to
Innocent enthusiast. - tie hirti nbt quite - bta person. - 'At Ihis^ thMe he was^kindly
jfire.en<ragh in hin^ ^rm a f999n4 Sr* . rtjiieTed by- bis bmlili^r collegian in the
. mean Slylites, He was presented to Stap*', same department ; Pr. Free, a person
ton Harcourt by bishop Stecket,' I think wetf known in London y but the tale is
la- V739, but caabat be' eeirtaia; • He liot wortk g«rkig.»* -
hadbBe|^9nly«b^plai|iofChinst-charch^ f The "Petition of the Krethr^n"
not a stuHent (the name given to the on this occaston, mo&t probably dfrawn
fellows), af that royal foundation. He -up by Mr. GatnboUlv is preserved ia
deserted his flock in jl742, without the << Journals of the House of CoB»-
giyinganxnoticeto his worthy diocesan mens,*' vol. XXV* p. 717,
S 2 ■
itct e A M B 6 L XL
4
hum bit oo9i«npofi^6fl in ike vnifenitV «f ^(brd. In
IJM n oon|^€gatKHi wet ttculed by hitBop Gaoibdd, afc
jOMtfaiH, in tutiand. Sdon ^ter be had joined tbe hr«^
IbneQ^ he piihltftb«d a treatise^ vrklen wbile he hm^ at
£teAira Haf court, afid wbioh provea hiaiteady attachnnamt
to 4^e dttivch «f ^oglaird, entirelijr eomisOni: wi^ bia eon^'
4ieiiioD vffkh, and miotatry in, thm lehttrch of the brefehpeo.
Tfafl litle «£it ia, ^^ A short autpmary of Cbrtttian Doctiinc^
in tim itay of question and ansiwr ; the anavrets- being ali
made tnldif aonad and iranaraU^ words of the CoiBn»on»r
|»rayer4M>ok of Ac ahureh of England. To ii4ifh are
added, awia aattraotf out cf the Homilies. Collected for
Iheaeiviae of a fe^ peraott^, aMin,hecaof the eptafalisbed
ckiuneb ; .but iinagiped ootJto he oni^efQl to others.'^ We
k&9m not the lexaiet date of this tueatise ; bu€ a siaeood edit
;^€aief it aras printed io 1767, i3ma. Mr. Gambold alsa
l^uyished in 17$1, aw, ^ Mdocims and Theological ideaf
smhI Senteeo«s^ collected out of several dissertations and
. dmei|r»es eif oeum Binaendorf, Aom 1738 ttti 1 747." Hi«
^^ Hymns for the use of tha Bretbran^' vnere {urkitad ie
Ita^ ITid, and 1760) lone Ujmat^ andta sngall liyron*-
Jheeii for tbe cbildnen lietllDfigviKg to the brethiien's <ongre«*
^atiata^ were priaiied entjreiybr Mr. Gambold's own band
in Liediacy honse at Chelsea, a letteit from l/bL damhdd
to Mr. Spangeaberg, Jane 4, 17^ cootainmg a eonciae
and aiel^wHrisien obnraoter of tho eoisat of Zinzendorf, was
jns^vtefd in Mr. James Mmaonr^s ** Essay towards giving
3oate jtaet idteas of the persanal cfaoracter of count ^inaen*"
4oif, the present advocate and ovdinavy of the bmthrenh
«fallfcbes,^' 1754, -tvo. In J 752 be \)«a8 «Mikor of ^^ Six*-
Heea X>isoeipnfes eta the depend Article of the Creed,
r ached at. Bevlfn by the ondinary of she Brethaan,f^ i ^Hdd
June 1753 appeared ^^Tbe ordinary of the Brethren's
churches bisr short and pexeipaptory reworks qu th^ w^y ^n^
maaiieff wherein he has been bithefle itxeated in eonttoasar-*
5sies, &c. Translated from th.e High Dutch, with a jpre-
iaf^ W J^a Qa<nboid> mniswg^r of thQ ^kd^el mV^teix:^
lane.'' In the same year he pubUsbed, <* Twpiir{F*one
disipourses, or dissertatip^s* upp^n tUe A^g^burg Cpxifes*
sion, which is also, ibe Brethren's Confiassion of Faitb ; de«
Jivered by the ordinary of the Brethren's churches befora
the seminary. To which is prefi;Ked a .aynjpdical wcUing
ipeiatkig to the sul^ect. Translated from the High Dutch,
by f. Okeley, A. Bt'* la 1754 he was editor of << A mo*
6 A. M B O I. D. «ll
defet fien, fcr thm Cburah dP the Breijirimi^' 9^. Sv9 \ m(k %
prefiscer bjr himadf. In tb« sannc yeari iti oorrjuntiiioii Wtlb*
Mr. Hatttniy secMHary to the 'bre<bren> he arls6 drow up
^< Tte i*e{>tei«ntatfoii «f the oomiliittcie of tb4 Kligir«h
<K»if^it^stti0n in utvion WitH the Monvien cb»rah|'' ^4-*.
dressed to the archbiillop of York ; ipnd also '< The plaAllr
ciiseof the representatives of the people kQom^ii by theiuioMt
of the United Fratrutn, from the year 1727 ttil thelse tifuea^:
with regard te their conduct in this odantry under Marft-*
^reientation." And in 1755 bctassistod in the publica^tioiK
ef << A letter from ^ minister of the MoraTtan branch of
Are Unitas Ftatfum^ logetrfaer with sqiims additiotial not^
by the Engliih edito)*^ to the aulfaor 6f the Moratians com«
paeed and deieotiid ;'' and «ilso of *^ Ah exposition^ ^i' true
state of the ib^tters objected in England te Dk<i |»eopla
known by thti n*me of Uaitas Ffatruki^ ; by tb<! Didififtiy of
the hrmbren ; the tMMes aiid additions by itib edit^**' In
17^6 b* pretiiiUed at Fetter^tane ch&pel, and printed after*
wafda^ a aentton upon tt piabltd famt and bmhiliattoa^ ^t# .
ting fbj^th *^ the reasN>naUeoe»s and: extent of > religidua re%-
tereme^." He mtta not dudy a gooi sehokr, but ii itoati 4i
great parts^ and of «in^lar inediam4:al' fug^nuity. It wfa
cte in both thiair iK^es before the learned Bowj^er tl^as'ati^
quAim^d tffth brs- liaedts ) but he no iooner knetw tketf^
than h^ wsis bappy in his acqo&intttnde, und rsry fr^lquendy
ipplied t6 hiiti as aft occasional assistaiitib oar#6^iing:tbe
press ; in tvtitch dapaoity Mr. {jmftihM jHipectatttiideit
(among tMiry (Other valuable phWdaanm) die bdautiAil
ftnd tery wcentate edition laf lord diviicisdler Biicon's works
in 1765} 4nd in 17611 he was furofesMity t(h^ editoK, moi
took an Mti%« paM in tbe tmnstetion iroio the Ub^ Duti^lk,
f»f ><The iltfttdry of Ofe#afteidd;'* cooUintf^ a ^^tksi»rip<,
tion of the douniny ami its inhabitants; and particularlry a
refaetJon tif tb« ^i^kki isH^ried od for abdte th^sil thirty
jre^vs by tbd Uditds Fraarum at Nevir Hermhsit asid Licli^
tenfefe rniAMK 6ot%nPry^ ^ Dkt^id Ctant^ ^ sIlastraMl watk
m^ «ltfd dtker ^^dpfjeruphflki : printed for^ thf brtfthpen^s
sdi^eby'for «)li»f«ythidr«neeof 9te<Ste eannong th^ Hea«-
itbm/' 9'«i^.Sfd; ifr4U« ^AUMiinnof. itGa he retired t*
bl» iRfrKvfttdoantryy ¥kim4 lm\'^&H^ at Hi»f(eHord Weti^
t GANDX '(<riMt9)j iM. «Jkle>krfiit^ ajtboUgh little kooim^
was born in 1619, and instructed by Vandyck; and his
' * ' Niohols*8 Bowytr.
i«t :g:an;d*y; > .
works are & sufficient proof of .the signal iinprovecDeAtiie
received from the precepts and example of that greai
master. The cause of bis being so totally unknown »wasi
bis being brought into Ireland by the old 4nke of OroMiid',
and rietiiined in his service. -And as Ireland .was. at' that
time in a very unsettled condition^ ^ tlie merit and the- me*
moiy of this master would have been entirely unnotibed^ if
some of bis peiformancesy which^still subsist, had not' pre*
served him from obtiviou^ There are at this dnaeinltie^
land many portraits, painted by him, of noblemen^ and
persons of fortune, \idiich are very^ little inferior to. Van-
oyck, either for expression, colouring, . or dignity ; ' and
several of his copies alter Vandyck, which were in the Or-
mond collection at Kilkennyj were sold fiar original paint-
ings of Vandyck. Mk. Gandy died in. 1689.^
GANGAN£LLI (JoHN' Vincent Antony), who vv»s
elevafed to the popedom by the nameof .Clement XIV.
was the son of a {^sician^ and born in 1705. ile was
educated at Rimini, near his birth^tplace, and at the age
of eighteen entered into the franciscan onier at Urbino;
After finishing /his studies at various seminaries,, he 'waa
appointed in 1740 to be professor of divinity in the college
of St. Bonaventure, at Rome.. In this situation he gained
the good opinion of pope Benedict XIV. who gave him the
place of counsellor of the. holy. office; and io 1759 Cle-v
anent XIII. made htm- a.caniinal. It is .said that in att
his intercourse with his brethren and at their pubUc assem^
blies, he endeavotnred to lower their tone, and to pei^suadiS
them thatit was' ahnost too late to oppose the will of tbd
sovereigns <^ £urope by a display of ecclesiastical powers
S^ This eould :not: • be very aoceptabie to the cardinals, who
I>er8ist4^ in tb^ opinioirof the poi^r.of the reigning
, pontiff^ and encouraged him in his disputes with Erance
and other kingdcmis. . On the death of Clemeot XIU. Gsm^
ganelli was elected in his room in May. 1769, chiefiy/bjr
the influence of the courts of France and Spain^ .who now
tirged him to suppress the orde^ of Jesuits, and, although
be did not enter on that measure . without ;mi;yph deUbe^a^
4ion, it was at last'Carriedyand fbrms therprinoipaKi^Ment
of his pontificate. . He.signed thert>ri^f ffor -^tbisvpurposd
on July .21, 1773, and h is said, mt^ c^ni^ei^te re)iH^
lance. The consaqpenee >to : papal power' was aor doubt
.»A
1
^ GANGANE.LLI. $«t
gi$eaA» ,biit k appeared after all'to be bat ooe link in th#
gt?eat cbain of causes fRbicb must relieve tbe world entirely
^<Ho its influence. Ganganelli did not long sotvive tb»
pvent, dying 8q»w 22, 1773. . After his death, a life of
Jiim was published by Caraccioli, replete, with arreodotes
iUustratire of bis amiable cbaraeter and liberal sentimeats-;
but w^ juiow not how to give credit to a writer whoisoon
afterwards pubtisbed some volumes of << Letters'' by Gan«
^anelU, wlttcb, it is now universally acknowledged, were
lbrgeriel«^ . t
' GARAMOMD (Claude), a French engraver and^ lett
ter-fpunder^ was. a name>of Parb,. and began to distinguisb
himself abbot 1510; wben.he fofinded his printing ty^>e8^
dear , from all remains : ef . the gotbic, or, as it is usualljF
called, tbe black letter. He brought them to so great a
degree of perfection, thai be ean neither be denied the
glory of having surpassed whatever bad ^been done inr tixis
way Jbefore, nor that of not. beisig excelled; by any of fats
succ^s^ors in this useful mechanic art< /His txjpm 'weim
prodigiously multiplied, « well by the great mumbiar of
matrices which -he engraved of ev^ry size, as by: the ItstierB
^bich were foilnded from: these, > soithat all pnrts of fiorope
were suppliecl with thehi'j and. ar often as they. were; used
Vy foreigners, tfaey took caire, .hyiway of recomowndio^
tbejr woirks, to distifi^isb than by his narne^' both riii
Italy, Germany, England, aDd;evenrin'HaUai3d ; pattttav
^ulariy tbe smsUtR<^msttv by w^ynf exahUence; was knowdl
emong tbe printera ill aU tfaescbcauGiides, by/ tbe qame 6t
Garamond^a small fi4»naB; >; Hei likewise^, by* the^speoial
commtind of sFjraneis* I. founded. three specifes.of Greek
types for . the uae of Rnhestififtepbeas, : who^printed with
4i9jn all. bis bean tifcil edladnsv .both of: the New Testament,
aod'several Greek authers. :: Garamond/died iii 15€( ; and
alibis fine typesmame into^tbe hands of Fobrnier the elder,
aneminaot letter-founder at. Paris. P .
. G A RA^SGr (Fft4NCi3),i a French Jesuit, and the author
of. tbe eniffiity biltMtednidse".Jetuits and the Jansenists, in
tbftt cfaifiith of ;Ro|iie^>'Was bonribt AigoulSme in 15ft 5, and
haniog.'iaid *4' goodtifoHmdation .of jpaimmar-flearning, en-^-
teorec^of! tb<^ J^uM eoUege in 16C]^.: * It iras tbe sfS^cial
Qi^re^pf; .tho9e> f^lhers^' tcfMtiAt none into their society but'
youths^ gmiu9';ya|«d Garaste was'*npt.:wanting in good
•J . } i^i0rH»«^, ::...> < Morerk
t#4 QAB A SS E^
9iluitl 'p«r^9 Hatf 4iA lia> ne^bct to Mnprove ^Uea^ hf
ftddi^snd itudy; of wktoh be gwre jm admirable jprd^
SB Jus book of ekigs^ on tM desth of Htory IV. anrf in
i: poeoi in heroio . i^ene^ addrosised to Lodis XIIL \i{>otl
iaaagmmtioDi io tho oame of the cdlt^ge ^ Poietiers;
latlfs cif thtiM two pieocft are^- L ^^ Eie^iaroid ^d fn<»
nesla morfce HeDrki magni Ubtr. singiilarisi-' Pie^Mri^
liSily 4 to. a* ^^ Sactra Rbelnenna Oarimiia il#r0fda tio^
mnm CoUegii PktaipeiiBit oblata Ludo«i Xlli. Regi C^Mwr
liamssimpinsuainavgQratione/' ibid. The two following
faeces are .abo ascribed :t6 : biai : !«' ^^ Be Wft^is^inblance
ite la lumiere da SloteiliSfrido Ja#iiMce>'* Bootdeaux^ 1619;
^. ^ Lea cfaanpi..El3FAeq^ ponjr JariBAcofytioil do Roy Louis
XUI. lort jqtt'jl entroit^ a fiourdeaujD k IViedaftion de isoii
. As bo;bad a gnrat 4eal cf sflirllb and (imaginatioo, and a
ctfong iiK^p, be became afSiopijlar ppaachet^ ^n tbe <hitf
eities of Franee. ..-He aivjqiistasri biiuself in tbe fhilMt
viidi'Uiiora>meii viTaoity^ , .sod bad »a . pdfcoiiai^ turn fei^ fber
Hvit then in^ roigiiei. viu^b^ Jieiag teo£cir<^ by a «uititble /
deliY^ryy made deep: impfeBifoba iqifsa bia ail#iende4 Bvi€
be wa6 no$ coa^fiiot with tbefaoabur^iie tbuadid t^bis ^eti
His avbkiofi led hioi ta ^m at bdbg moi^e OKtehaivdy
aervicMble by ii^ wisitiDg*. Witb ^t spirit) wbilQ y^ ht
bis oonMsiste, be pebibibed in 1614. a,; deffffftce of the JeM
saila agaioflt tbr^c^ of tbeii adversbrieitat bnoe; Tbii^ pieei^
be^entitledi *^ The. Hevoscope of ADts^doton^ togesber with
theiife^ deatby borialr and apbtbeosss ef Ma tvKo^^ cnU9hi<k
.fpemaas Man^iereand He^deialfiere.^ Tbe treatise ap«*
Ipeasad under a feigned nanbCM'^d wasdfasvik vp in Ati
itooiadi style^ bet.iaoiiwirtivittan^ by buf^iiery^; and^
in tbe auise ntgm; «nd: slyle, be priosed in 161^, ^< The
Gal?in«ilic Xiixir^ or.Refenn^ Pbilosapiier^s'StOHe) flnst
di^ op by Cabin aa Geneva^ and afeeimvda ffoHshed by
Isaa^ Casaubon at I^onttet^ wilfa the testamentary^ cod^x
of Attfci-'C^ton^ lately feuhdnpos Charanttin«-bri^." l%e
first of ftbes^ k. entitled ^^ >Aminm 8abtb||pli Osipiurlif^
frairis borosceptts,'' 4uu %4nlw«rp» l#44y 4tfc * Tb^ ie^
eond '^ Andres SebiappiiCk^iBiia Amifo Eixir GiiAi^M^
Onm^V &c. ibid* 165.1^ 8to«. .In*llielNMlie'aiUifcfi^ tiftf
tbree following pteoeai; L.t^l/Antumfd^ ^ ^ftklkMim
deleLettrede6laratWftdttiFere.C4iM»r J«l% CMi a*.
<* Plajrdoye du Piei;re de laMartiliere Avocat en nurleBient
pour le Recteor de VVjmemt£ ^it'-^ith Scentrn tea Je«^
Harass 8: ^ifet
Witt/' PiAsi iGlSf, av([». 3. «« PMH HM«Wnli«rK Aifld^
AeM^itf a t^»riii{ei»i adv^us PV^ibif tcrbi ft BdlMUiftMb
Colklgii OtiMihObtoiiii hlkbiU Iti 6«natti PiitfitfeA^i. anltt.
14^1 1," PftKfl, i^if, 9to. Nic^roti t>b^rve4, chM Mr iUb
fhor'g §atiri€al style Waiyery like tbut of the«lfMli« Sdltdf^
pius, whieh #as apparency th(^ reaibtt Of his chfiiftihg ift^
iteaftk, #lilch suited bim iexftbtly v^«lL . -»
Tbe iwd subsequent yc^iu^s he ^mpldyed bilk peh Iti AMMI
Ulid pane^fic, boih grossly tx^ggttAiei. Tb^Mr ptMiS^
liyrics Hre, 1. '^Oraisen L'Aiidre«; 'd« Ne^^oidtid pf^MMt
Pfesideflt du Pltrlemetit de BoiirdtatlX.** iThU ol'ittcm Wi(|
made iti 1616, wh^n tbat president died, aiid wa^ priln«A
with his reitionstrances atLy<H)4, i6St, 4te. 2. '^Coldft^
Henribo Mligho in poiite titiVo positti^, Ottrmeft/* PiHii^
!617, 4tOi That fittnous equestrfah statue wu ^reeAM
Aug. 25^ 1614. The sMtife i»» '^ L6 batkqii^ d«« Pli^jr^
doiers de Mt. 8eWlti^ ^r Ctitfftet d<^ rEsj^luMlH"* letf;
8vo; a lf>ii^(ilMt attack dh the ui^nrat^ S^tthl;
III 1 618, be tbdk tb« ibiir vows, kbd betettus li Mbisf ttF
his oitta*. I'hif ii «he higher tide^ toHfttt^d dn that 0^
itby tAht bf ihe thMtotic Itt^titatMrfft ; MA tPOtr ftUttfti!',
b^ilg ih^eUby admttMd t6 t^ad «itt ^lidy this' MMittbit
iiiyst^rieii 6f Ms f«H^dfi, id H'f&^y^rs ilpt>eMM M^
<h4i sta^ 6f ih^ ptiMi6 iti the cHthttfcter lof a >s^uii Ufcadi^
ti^oo fbi^ ttie fiiitb^ ^giittst the ififiddif tM pti^ban^^ b(
those Mvst^bs. Btut in ihetttetlif Hme his' pe)i illr^ftt
ttom fyiti^ idte; lit 1^6 j^o be printed i pteii« isllttttM
^* lUbei&is tabtmtA by tbe tnfllistets, piard^ariy l^Mtt
duMoahb, Mihisterdf eiMt^dti, ih ViUMrer to tftAbuf.
UoMntH inderbed in Ms bodk"* ' C<^ tb^ In^dei^tion of ^^
f^is) ; dnd tw6 yeilrs HftCiriirairds be ventttfed to ftttiti^k thij
^bst 6f St^eti Pmsqtitek*, iti Motbef ptee^, cfnMttod « Ife«
eber&h^ des K^^cbereh^ ^ft autifH c^Tfeft tPEHehne f^^
^uknr." Tbet^ ciitth^'bi^ giv^A a b^ttet ^6itAeil of fte
j^ulinr'strsthl ofbrs^iiMbal #rt, tbbn is fuf tilirtbed l^ xbt
6f3sUe dedifc^ory to IM^ 1)dcflf. tt is addressed td tbcr tste
sWfjp^Hto P^cpiter, ii1ii$t^«r Ne iiMy bt i ^ fdr,"* '^ays Ue^
« b^in^ itet'er^eiM AMd tp'INtd t^t your f dligioti, I kbOW
wok ^ wMtifta^ty yoa took ^ yeHif^dt^panHtire bttt of tifi*
Mf i ^Mid thertffbM I'attt forced to Mritdto you at a Veii*
ns^ tfbftto addrieiirflfis t>dtkM wtuHisiref you mity heJ^
Gatfassetbe next jear^ l€28. published <^ Lja-Doctriae
icupeuife des^.baAtts ispipks de oe4eo^[>s^ &c The curiousi
4oe(lrincj4>f thf ^.W]ts/mtpretei>dei^ to wit^ of this ^e^ eott**
mt 6 A R A 8 S £«
tp Aspbin ii^ Aqr fimnd theiMelves under a nwesiiep' of
0<difei>i»g thattfac^ v^r9 sonre pissagds in it which eon^i
malt ke msmxmd; ttbd tlM F» GarMBeiuid promUeA to-cXMr«^
rect tlieiDi without performing bis prontitt. On tbift, iAm
ddelevs agreeiiig iHat tlie bo6k otig^t to be (miuNittedi the
oeiiiufe w«f ftccdrdkigly piBied Stpt I^ and imtnedKaiiety:
l^iiUMhed^ wick ilie iMe of << Cenium S. Fiiduliati« HiM-*
kglcfli^ &0i The Oemiira d the lacred Fadid^ of A^
Clergy, at Parity upon e hook entitled Tbeologtoiil 8uift«^
9iat7 of F. FrhtioiB'GahMMe/' The sentence was to thi»
eiect^ that the venuHity doiytnoed aeveral bereiiciily er-'
etoeooi^ adandatoui, and rash prop68itions $ set^ral hU
4ifio«tienB ef pasaages of Scripture^ and of the holy fhtbefti
Ideeiy cited) atid wrested fitnn their truei sense ; and mf
infihitd naerfmr of expressiofls Unfit to be wrifxen or read
h J dMrittiaatt and' dMnea*
' This senteti^e fite peffealy agreeable t«y die ahhet of
Ski Oyniii% eridque^ iriiich^ after mafiy hindMuees '^\t»e&
hy the Jesttiife, cease out the ttine year, entitled, << A
CbUtttMMi bf the fiiuks and capital Aittitieii cOfitintiM iti ^d
llieoldgicalSoibmaryiyf F. Fral)OisG«rasie*/' Inati#0iW
iO'i#hibb, our hutbor wffrtei *^ Atris teuebAnt ta IreAitatloUi
4ce. AdTice eonc^rain]g the reftnaitten of tbd Theidtogleal
Sonaaary ef ¥* GaraasO." This Uaaye <mt aiteo hefbTe ttf6
tod of the yesiD, md oeiielud<eid the dispute hetwdetv fh«i
tmo aeiM>atants in^particular. Bet the awo ordeirs ef Jei^iei
and. Jdneenists in general^ of ^eui these wef^e reftpeetM^ty
the champions, grfewfrom the eonseqnenoei of it^ into
audi an. hnplaoaMe haired and vnttMsiiy agaitikt eadh odier i
iasenemed net bewranguiabaMeb^^rdbaiy lll^ Witll
re^pe^l to OaAttoe^ the .tosi^ta vsid seme hind tf predeweer
They did not ohstitiately penriav ki auppenlbg taitfi^'bttt
banished bim to ome ef - their bOCises at ft ^reVt dislilO<il!
f^oth Panb, whi^te he \lkM be«i4 wf x^ mere^ This fnintih^
watnt^ to a men ef his aoibittoot end busy tempei', wftii
#oiBd then death. Atstcotdiwghf ^ as if w<eaty of ^loeliia Mii
Wh^tt the plague imged nelendy in l^oktidrs, iu (681, M
ahi^ eirheetly ef his siiperasrs to atlMd tboMttmw^d
ieised withtt; learre was gfai^ed^ -and iu tbiltobMtiHbte
. . . • , ; • . . •!
^ He intended fbur Tolvmei, but <9Mi»iiieB4cUasons,<fC4b«.ii(oil UBaM-
tl^ t^^o ffMbniy irefe printed,- and am b'ooks a ma'u (^n rea<f, especiajfy if he
abridgment of the fourth ; his name deiigni to set up for an author who
m aht ftlMtille«ip4se^ itod>iDUif f^ri^ siaaerMkn««h«ritftl,«imsf6iil,'cte«^
Tilege prefixed, be asstines lb* asms fMMnif llc^ ^ *
of Alexandre dePExclusie* Baylere*
9^ce, catching the oontagion^ he died among die infecfted
persona in die hoapkal, on the 14th of June that year.
He is styled by bp. Warburton,in his Commentary on
the ^* Essay en Man/' an eminent casuiiit.^
GAtlCILASSO, or Garcias Lasso D£ i.A Veoa, a ee!e«
brated Spanish poet, was born of a noble family at Toledo^
in 1500 or 1503. His father was a counsellor of state to
Ferdinand and Isabella, and employed by them on several
important negociations, particularly inun embassy to pope
Alexander VI. Garcilasso was edueated near the emperor
Charles V. who had a partieulftr regard for hiisi, and took him
^ith biflft in his military expeditions, where he became as rp^
gowned for his courage as for his poetry, fie accompanied
that emperor into Germany, Africa, and Provence ; and
it was in this last expedition, in 15S€, that he commanded
% bftttalign, when be received a wound, of which he died
at Nice, about three weeks after, aged only thirty -three.
The ' wound was made by a stone tiirown by a countryman
Irom a turret, and falling upon his head. The Sp^ish
poejtiy arm greatly obliged to Garcilasso, not only for ex*
tending its bounds, but also for introducing new beauties
into it. He had strong natural talents for poetry ; and he
did not fail to innprove them ly culture, studying the best
poets ancient and modern. His poems are ftiTl of fire^
^ave a nobleness and majesty without affectation ; and^
(What is scmiewhat singular, there is in the^ <a great deal of
<ease, united with much subtihy. Paul Joviu^ has not
eorupled to say that his odes have a^tt the sweetness of Ho*
^ace» Though his imitations of the ancients may be traced
throughout almost all his works, yet, as they are conspicu-
ous for good taste and harmonious versification, and were
written amidst many distracting occupations, there can be
no doubt that he would have gained great celebrity if be
4bad lived )onger. The learned grammarian Sanctius has
written commentaries upon all his worlds, and has illustrated
iam every where with very learned and curious notes.'
They were all printed at Naples in 1664, with this title,
^^ Garcilasso de la Vega Obras Po^icas con annotationes
4e Franc. Sanchez,*' in 8vo. We must hot confound this
fleet with another person of the same name, ^'native of
Cusco, who wrote in Spanish th^ Hii^tory of JFlotidjBk, at>d
Ihat of Peru and the Ihcias.'
* Cleaii Bjct by Bayle.— Morerl-xNJ^ron, vpl. :PPiX.
^ AfitODla^nH. BIsp.-rMoren, ^ >
«tO GARDEN.
• GARDEN (Francis), tetter known to. tbtf public by
the title of Lord Gardi^nstone, was ' bom at Edmburgh
June 24, 1721. His father was Alexander Garden, of
Trotdp, an opulent )and-boIder in ' AberdeenshVe;*- and
bift mother was Jape, daughter of sir, Francis Grabt,, of
Cullen, one of the senators of the college of justice^ , After
pafsing through the usual course of liberal educatioti at
ischool and at the university, he applied to the . study of
law as a profession, and in 1744 was admitted a hiember
.o^tbe fatuity of advocateis, and called to the Scottish than
In his practice as an advocate he, soon began to be distin-
guished by a strong native rectitude of understanding y.hy
that vivacity of apprehension and. imagination, 'which i^
commonly denominated genius; by manly candour in; ar-
gument, often more persuasive than subtilty and.sojpfbasti'*
cal artifice ; by powers which, with diligence, might easily
attain to the highest eminence of the profession.; But the
same strength, openness, and ardour of mind which dis-
tinguished him so advantageously among the pleaijers.at
^tbe bar, tended to give him a fondness for the gay enjoy-
ments of convivial intercourse, which was in some respects
unfavourable to his progress in juridical erudition^ yet
.without obstructing those promotions to which his talents
entitled himl In 1764 he became his majesty's solicitor,
and afterwards one of the judges in the courts of sessioii
and justiciary, the supceme jqdicature^, civil and criminal,
for Scotland. On this occasion' he assumed, according to
the usual practice, the title of lord Gardeuf^tonevr His
place in the court of session be , continued, to. occupy till
his death, but had some year's before resigned the office
,of a commissioner of justiciary, and iii recompense got ^
.pension of 200/. per annum. Clear discernnient,: strong
.pood sense, conscientious . honestjr^ and amiable^ benevo-
lence, remarkably distinguished his opinions and conduct
Asajudge. • • . *.*. ;'
Ashe advanced in years, ^hupianity,. taste, thd public
spirit, becam^ still-more eminently the. predominant prin^^
ciples in his mind. He pitied 'the condition of; t^.i pea-
santry, depressed rather by theirvignorance. of .tbei'piost
skilful modes of labjaur, aud^ by their. remoteness, from t^e
sphere of improvement, than by any, tyranny ;Or^exiortioii
of their landlords: He admired, protected, and cuRiyatecjl
the fine arts. He was the ardent votary of political liberty,
and friendly to every thing tfa^at premised a ratibhid ifiune-
GARI>ENi 4tt
.Horation of public cecotiomy,* and the priociplas of go-
T.ernmeDt. . In 1762 be purohased the estate of Jobnstonr,
ICO. Kincardine. Within a few years after be began to at-
tempt a plan of the most liberal ioiprovement of < the yalue
.of tbiis estate, by an extension of the Village of Laurence*
kirk,< adjoining. He offered leias^s of small- farms, and of
{ground for building upon, which were to last for the term
spf one hundred ' years ; and of which the conditions were
extremely inviting to the labourers and tradesmen of the
surrounding cou nuy. -These ofF^^rs were eagerly listened
to; and being more desirous to make the attempt bene*
.ficial tatl^e country than profitable to himself, he was in^^
duced* within a few years to reduce bis ground*rents to
one. half, of the original ratel Weavers, joiners, sboe-
^maliKars, and otlierartizans in* a consi^lerable number^ re-
/•orte^ to settle in the rising village. His -lordship's ear-
nestness for the success of his project,- atid to promote the
prosperity of the people wboot be bad received under hi^
protection, led him to engage in several undertakings, by
the failure of which he incurred considerable losses. Pro<^
jects of aiprint^Beld, acid of manufactures of linen and of
.stockings, attenrpted with sanguine bopetf in the flew village,
atididhiefly at ^is lordship's cisk and; expence, misgave in
^uch' a: manner as might wellb^m dispirited a man of less
steady andvai:dent pbUaqtbiioiiy.: fint the. vHlage still coH^
titmed to a4vaDce under bis k>rd$^ip?aeye and fostering care.
, InJ7J9 b^ proQur^ it tabe erected into a burgh of barony,
leaving a magistracy, an annual fur, and a weekly niarket*
Her pro.^ded in it<a good inn for the irecepti^n of travellers,
and furnished it with a library for their amusement, the
only ,pneof the kind probably in either kingdom. We Ve-
..mepiberyv likewise, an ^/ium, in which were many^inge*
joious Gontributidnsy both in^proseand verse, by the lite-
rati^ of > Scotland* > He ^nvited^ an ar^st for drawing, from
the;: continent, to settle at Laurencekirk. He had at
i^gtbtbe:ple|»ure of seeing a considerable linen-mariu^
;fac(oryiifixed \ in tit ; ^and before ^ his death be saw hb plan
pfimfwomg fke condition of the labourers, by the forma-
^ tU^mof ai new ivallage atXaui^encekJirk, csd^vned with suc-
o(iss(beyiHid.hiav.mo8t sanguine' hOpe». -He has iJcknow-
. ledge^ulaimeoioii: conceminrg Uiis .village^ ^^Tbat be had
tried in some measure a variety of the ptj^surets which. man-
kind pursue ; but never relished any >o much a^ ^^ plefti»
sure arising from the progress of his village.''
m & A % d E K.
. Tn 1785| by tbe c}e4kth of a brother, be became pot^
sesfed of (be fignily eatnt^a, worth ^out aooo^. a year.
Which not only ^pable4 him to panue his usual course of
liberality, but to ieek relief from the growing iqfirfDitiea
of bi^ ^ge^ by a partial rela^^atioo from busin^sa, which he
4eteriained to epaploy in travel. Accordingly, be set out in
{$ept. 1786, 9ii4 perforiBed the tour of Frsaoe, Geneva
$wij^s^r}and, the ^retherlands, an4 Italy* and after three
years, ri^turnf d to bi% native eoiintry, with a large o^lec^
^ion of objects of natural history, aod speoiipehs of the
fine ^rts. H\^ \u$% yearfl were speet in the dischatige of
ibe dntie^ of his p€|ice as a judge ; ie pr rfonuiog anany ge«
^^rpus o(]iices of beneyolei¥?e and humanity, and in pfo«
paotfpg the comfort of (lis tenPsOts. As an amusement for
ibe last two or three years of bis life, he remed yoiBe of
the Ij^t fogipve piejees, in which he had indulged the
gi^ety of bi« fancy iq his earUef days ; and a small volmne
iwfs published iioder tbe title of *^ Miscellaniei ia prosf
f iVd yerse,*' }n whipb the best pieces are upon good aur
fhority jttcribed to lord Gardeostone* He revised also die
f^ |4efnprwdi|0i»'* wbipb be had made upon bis Um^k^
and two vpjuwep of them w^e published during his life*
itime, und^r the tJ^le of ^^ TmveUiug Memorandiims," con*
jtainipg a mmh^f of ia/tarestfiig observations, criticisnis^
jyad affscdptes. A third vobixae appeared after bk 4^atb}
with an ^kccovot of bi/n, fi^om which we have borrowiid the
^Keate^ pait pf tbi^ .artiele. His lordabip died July 22,
179?» d^^eply r^retHe^l by bis friends and by bia CQ|iiury«
Si« i|a$t pvkbAifiatioe was *' A Letter to the Inhabitaots of
|^ure9^JarA:«," ooiit$iinj«g fiondli saluury advice J
^AKPI/NSR I^Am&k » bfwe ofiiqer of the arasy, and
UPt jifes^ i^el^bf^^ for bis pietyt was bqro. at Carriden, i*
J^itbgo^h^er^ Af^Qlkiid^ Jao. 10, 168^7 *6» Hewaa
1^^ l^n ^ cf^tai^ Patmk. Gabrdiner, of the family of Ter^-
jlfOf41j^a^, by. Mo* Mary Bodge^ of the fapnly of Glsids*^
limir. .His iMiijf was mHit^rj, his fadier, h)s uncle by
t^.m^hf^^fifiid^ aed bis elder brother, ^1 fell in battleir
He wj^ ediicat^ at the school of lialithgow, bat wa^soeu
X/^moj^ from ii% lOwiug to bia early jseal to fi^Uow bia £s^
tber's prpfession. At tbe jige of faurteea- he haden ea^i-
|l|gA> ooqipiission in the OiH»b aenrice^Mi wfaieb lie qdu*
* ti^prdfixed to his M€moraodui]is:<^inQ]a}r's StatUtiAal iUM[rts*-v-filfia)i
GARDINER. 473
tinued until 1702 ; when he received the sapie from queea
Anne, and being present at the battle .of Ramillies, in hU
nineteenth year, was 9everely wounded and taken prisonoK
by the French. He was carried to a convent, where be:
resided until his wound was cured ; and soon after was ex-
changed. In 1706 he obtained the rank of lieutenant, and
after several intermediate promotions, was appointed ma-,
jor of a regiment commanded by the earl of Stair, in whose
family he resided for several years. In January 1730, be^
was advanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the same
regiment, in which he continued until April 1743, when,
he received a colonePs commission over a regiment of
dragoons. During the rebellion in Scotland., in 1745, his
regiment being in that country, and the rebel army ad- .
yancing to Edmburgh, he. was ordered to march with the ,
utmost expedition to Dunbar, which he did \ and that hasty
retreat) with the news soon afterwards received of the
surrender of Edinburgh to the rebels, struck a visible
panic into the forces he commanded. This aSected his .
gallant mind so much, that on the Thursday before the .
battle of Preston-pans, he intimated to an officer of con-
siderable rank, that he expected the event would be as it
proved ; and to a person who visited him, he said, *^ I
cftnnot influence the conduct of others . as I could wish ;
but I have one life to sacriQce to my country's safety, and
I shall riot spare it." On Fridav Sept. 20th, the day be-
fore the fatal battle, when the whole army was drawn up,
aboiit noon, the colonel rode through the ranks of hi$ re-
giment, and addressed them in an animated manner, to
exert themselves with courage in defence of their country.
They seemed much affected by his address, and expressed
a very ardent desire of attacking the enemy immediately; .
a desire in which he, and another gallant officer of dis-
tinguished rank, would have gratified them, had it been
in their power, but their ardour and theix: advice were over-
ruled by the strange conduct of thu commander-in-chief,,
sir John- Cope, and therefore all that colonel Gardiner
could do> was to spend the remainder of the day in making
as good a disposition as the circumstances would allow. He
continue all night under. arms, wrapped up in his cloak,
and Weltered under a rick of barley, which happened to
be in the field. By break of day the army was roused by
the noise of the approach of the rebels; and the.fttaok *
was made before sun^rise. As soon as the enemy came
Vol XV. T
274 GARDINER.
within gun-shot, they commenced a furious fire ; and the
dragoons which constituted the left wing immediately fled.
The colonel at the beginning of the attack, which lasted
but a few minutes, received a ball ip his left breast, which
made him give a sudden spring in his saddle ; upon which
his servant, who had led the horse, would have persuaded
him to retreat ; but he said it was only a flesh-wound, and
fought on, though he presently after received a shot in
his right thigh. The colonel was for a few moments sup«
ported by bis men, and particularly by about fifteen dra-
goons, who stood by him to the last ; biit after a faint
fire, the regiment in general was seized with a panic ; and
though their colonel and some other brave officers did
what they could to rally them, they at last took to a pre-
cipitate flight. Just ill the moment when colonel Gardiner
seemed to be making a pause to deliberate what duty re-
q^iired him to do in such a circumstance, he saw a party
of tiie foot fighting bravely near him, without an ofliicer to
lead themy on which he rode up to theni immediately, and
cried out aloud, " Fire on, my lads, and fear nothing/*
As he had uttered these words, a Highlander advanced
towards him with a scythe fastened to a long pole, with
which he gave him such a deep wound in his right arm,
that Ivis sword dropped from his hand, and several others
coming about him at the same time, while be was thus
dreadfully entangled with that savage weapon, he was
dragged from his horse. . 7'he moment he fell, another
Highlander gave him a stroke either with a broad -sword, or a
Lochaber axe, on the hinder part of the head, which was the
mortal blow. All that his faithful servant, John Forster,
who furnished this account, saw further at this time, was,
^t as his hat was falling off, he took it in his (left hand,
waved it a^ a signal for him to retreat, and ad led, which
were the last words he ever heard him speak, " Take care
of yourself." The servant immediately fled to a mill,
about two miles distant^ where he changed liis dress, and
disguised like a miller's servant, returned with a cart about
tvvo hours after the engasrement. He found his master not
only plundered of his watch and other things of value, but
even stripped of his upper garments and boots. He was,
however, still breathing,, and from appearances, not alto-
gether insensible. In this condition he was conveyed to
the church of Tranent, and from that to the clergyman's
house; .where he expired about eleven o*clock in the fore-
G A R D 1 N'E R; 275
noon, Saturday Sept. 21, 1745. The rebels entered \ih
house before be was carried off from the' fields' and (rluh**
dered it. His remains were interred on the Tuesday fbl^
lowing, Sept. 24, at the parish church of Tranent Evehi'
his enemies spoke honourably of him, and seemed to join'
in lamenting the fall of so brave and so worthy a mani.^
Nor was it for bravery only that colonel Gardiner was dis-^
tinguisfaed. He was perhaps one of the most pious men of
his age and country. He was, sslys his biographer, in tb6^
most amassing manner, without any religions opportunity,
or peculiar advantage, deliverance, or affliction, reclaimed'
on asudden, in the vigour of life and health, from u life'
of licentiousness, not only to a steady course of regnlarity
and virtue, but to high devotion, and strict, though un-''
a^cted sanctity of manners. Ail this is an^ply illustrated'
in Dr. Doddridge^s well-known life of this gallant heno,-'
whose death was as much a loss, as the cause of it, the
battle of Preston «-pans, was a disgrace to his country.-
In July 1726, Col Gardiner married lady Finances Er-^^
skine, daughter to David fourth earl of Buchart, by whotn
be bad thirteen children, fiveonly of which survived their
father, two sons and three daughters.^
GARDINER (Richard), an English divine,' a native of'
Hereford, where he was born in 1591, was educated at''
tlie school there, and became a student of Christ^chtircb^'*
Oxford, about 1607. After taking his degrees in arts, he '
entered into holy orders, and was noted for a quaint sin-
gularity in his manner of preaching. King James 1. being'
much pleased with a speech which he had delivered before
bim in the Scotch tone, when he was deputy-orator, gave '
him the reversion of the next canonry of Christ-church;
into which he was installed, on the death of Dr..Thomv
Thornton, in 1629 ; and .taking his degrees in divinity the
fiollowing year, he was made one of the chaplains in ordi* '
nary to king Charles I. In 1648 be was ejecteJ from his
canonry by ^be parliamentary visitors, and lived obscurely •
in Oxford, until the restoration, when he wsis re-instated
in his stall, and from that time devoted the profits of it to
charitable uses, with some benefactions to his relations,
and to Christ-church. He published several seimoms, par-
ticularly a volume containing sixteen, Loud. 1659, 8vo«
2. *' Specimen Oratorium,'* Lopd. 1653, containing some
^ Doddridgt'tt Life of Colonel Gardiner, tad Funeral Sermon on hin.
T 2
276 G A R Q I N E R.
Gtf.his unW^HM^y orations. -This was reprinted in 1657^-
und in 1^62, with additioBal orations and letters. Tberd'
Vf^re subseqiient editions printed ^t Oxford in 1669 and
^675^ &<;. ye^.t^e boolf is y^ry.sc^Q9. He died P^c. 20>*
1670, and was buried ip , Cbrij^t^.^urob catb^raU with'
a^ e)egan;t. i^tin ^pitapb^ writte,ii.a^ th^ de^ifeoi^bif exe*
Qutprsy by T)y. Sbvdi, wbo §uoc^cided bim in bil Qaoonry.'
-. QARPIN.ER .(SxifUlEw), bishop pf Witich$st0r, and
^f^ocfellor of England^ . was tbe iUegitifiiat« son of Dr
Lionel Woodvili. or Wydville, de^in of JCK^t^r/ and bishop
qf Salijsbury, ^rpjtfaer to Ebgabatbi oueeo jQonsQi;tto Cd«.
waff] ly,^ I^e-F^ borp in t4^S^ at J^uxy St. Edmonds^ in*
Suffolk, and took his nai^e .from .h^s reppt/ed &thert> wbom
his mqther viarried, r^bougb ia a m^enial situation, to c^it*
Cji^l tbe incontin/euce of the bisbQPr Affer -^ properedu^^.
catiop at spboo{^.|ie writs sen^tpTri^ity^b^U, in Cambridge;^
where ,p^^suing.)bia^st^di§^ wi]Jii diligeiip^^ b^ SQOn ob^
tained repqtation J^y tbe q^M^^nets of his partSy, ^nd was
pjO'ticnlarly gtistiingilisbed for i^is ^egan^e. io . wriding atid
speaKitig Latin, an well as. ^r hi'' ^i^oofBinon -skill in the
Greek Jangu^ge'it, In the fpr^iif r be ftiade Cicero hisip9Li>-.
tern, and became so absolute a «uu>ter of* bis styl^^ asto
bjf c)iaTged with affi^ctation in that respect,. ^With theise
a^tjainoients in classical learning, he applied himself to
the civil and canpn law ; and took bis . doctor's degree in
t&e^ first of these, in 1520; in the iatter> the foliowiog
year; and it is said, was the sai^ie year elected master of
liis college. > »
> .' ^m hia yii^ws were far fromb^ing confined to tbe tini-
▼ersity. He bad .some time before been taken into the
faoiily of j(be ^uj^e of >]orfQlk, and tbe^ca into tbnt^f
" - "• . * ' - »
* Mr. Lo^f e f ay t, that one of Raw- Suff«lk» with a distinction of a border ^
linov't MSS. in the Bodleian library, . and at ia6t they were impaled with the
with oiore probabiKty qiaket him -a arow of the see «f ^iii«he«ter wMrbeut
younger so« of sir Tkoma/Oardi|»er,. the dirttinetion. SirypeV Meatofff^ls,
kilt, the repreteittative .of a very ah. vol. III. fiefbre that time be asujilly
cient family' in I^ancallure. LodlpB^f went by tbe naaie of Stephens;; * '
lilastrations, vol. I. p. 102. But thi» ■ } Lelaod cofUplim«ots him o« this
contradicts all former accounts, and account, in a poem addressed to bim
leaves us at a losn to conjecture why ' by the name of Stephen- Gitrdineri id
lie was in eafly Life often oalled Pr. ,the close -of arbiob he ftiretela him» that
Stephens. his brow wouicl be honoured witl| a
*f Viz, Gardiner ; but this was not mitre ; a proof that his surnaniiV was
dQ||^,..tiiL'af^ef,be became biabop of at least given him b|^ otbers befi»re h«
Wjnchester, wben he also assumed ;the waa a bishop. J>taQd*s Encom. Ulustr*
armsof the Oardine:'* ofOlemsford,' in Viror. p. 4^.
t AOi. Ox. Tdl. IJI,— ^i«». Rrit. rol y;.^p, jg7$5. _ . , !
O A R D I N E R. 27T
csifdxiinl Wolsey, who made him his secretary. This post he
now held, and it^ proved the foundation of lys risef at couirt..'
The cardinal having projected the treaty of alliafeic^'
With Francis t. in 1^2^^, employed bis secretary to dHtw^
up the plan^ and the king coming to bfs house at More-^
parky ill Ifertfordshire, found Gardiner busy at this worV
He looked at rt, liked the performance exireniely welV
the performer's conversation better, and bis fertility in th^
invention of expedients best of all; ahd from this dmtf
Gatdinei' was admitted into the secret ofslflPairs, and eri^
tirely con6ded in, both by the king and his first minister.
He reoeived a public marH of that confidence in 1527,'
when he was sent to Rome, in order to negociate the a^«
duous business of Henry^s divorce from queen ^athariha;
£dVrard Fox, provost of King's-college, in Cambridgey
w^nt with him on this embas^ ; but Gardiner was th^
chief, being esteemed the best civilian in England at thii
lime; and having been admitted into the king's cabinet*
cduncit for this affair, he is styled in the cardinal's cre<^
dential letters to the pope, *^ primary secretary of the
most secret counsels,'* He was now in such favour with
the cardinal, that, in these very letters, he called Gar^-
dinet the half of himself, ^ Dimidium sui," than whom
none was dearer to hini. He wrote that Gardiner should
unlock his [the cardinal's] breast to the pope; who, itt
hearing him speak, he might think he heard the cardinal
himself. The successful issue of this embassy in obtaining;
a new commission, directed to the cardinals Wolsey and
Campejus, as well ai Gardiner's address in the negociatiotf,
may be seen in the general histories, of England. Wp
shall only notice one particular not mentioned there, which
is his success' in' disposing Campejds'to make m toiir to
England. This, requiring some extraordinary toanag^«
ment, Gardiner took it upon himself; and having put evety
thill g requisite to set the affair in a proper light at hom^,
into the hands of bis colleague Fox, dispatched him to
carry the account to the king, who jbined with Anfne Bo-
leyn in applauding * the ingenuity, intrepidity;* and ifi*
dustry of the new minister.
^ ^ There is a letter from thit lady to yoq for my Ic^er, wfaereia I peroeWe
our oeg ooiator in the Paper-oiiiee, mp- the willing and faithful miad you have
.poeedto be written on thit oocasion, to do ke pleasure,*' |bc* See tho
' which bcfius, ** Mr« Stophmi, I tksak whole in Biog, Biit*
27« G A R D.I N E R.
. But the loudest in his praises was the cardioal, in whose
private business Gardiner had reconciled the pope to the
endowment of his two colleges at Oxford and Ipswich *,
out of the revenues of the dissolved lesser monasteries.
This added to the rest, made such an impression upon the
csrdiiial*s mind, that crying out, ** O inestimable treasure
and jewel of this realm!'* he desired Fox to remark those
words, and insert them in his letter. There was still aop*
ther instance of Gardiner^s abilities and attachment to
Wolseyi which had its share in exciting this burst of ad-
ntMration. During the course of this emba<)sy, the pope
falling dangerously ill, the cardinal set all his engines to
work, to secure the keys provisionally, to himself, in case
of a new election, and the suffrages of one-third part of
the cardinals were procured for him. He dispatched orders
immediately to provide that those cardinals should be
withdrawn to a place of safety, and should there declare
him pope^ though the majority should appear against him ;
assuring, his own party, that they should be vigorously susr
tained by king Henry and his allies. This scheme, how*
ever, was rendered abortive by the recovery of Clement
VII. but the pains taken in it by the cardinal's agents,
^mong whom Gardiner had at least an equal share, could
not fail to be highly pleasing to him. In the event, in-
deed, the king h^d most reason to be satisfied with his mi<<-
nister^ who gave his opinion that all solicitations at Rome
would be lost time; the pope, in his judgment, being
immoveftble in the resolution to do nothing himself; though *
he might not improbably be brought to confirm such a
aentence as his majesty could draw from the legates f.
^Henry, fully persuaded in the issue of the sincerity and ^
Judgment of this advice, recalled Gardiner, resolving to
.make use of his abilities in managing the legantine '
courtj.
During his residence at Rome, he had among other
. things obtained some favours at that court for bishop Nix
. of Norwich, who on his return rewarded him with the
.archdeaconry of Norfolk, in 15^9; and this probaiply was
* Gardiner and Fox^ were the per<r othen writteo at tlie same time, or
MMW oo whom the cardinal chiefly re- eveo later,
lied for laying the plan of these mag- X Th^ ^i"£> ^^^ ^^ snfflnr the pr«h>
- mSoent frandationi, Strype. eeMinga to be btfpm befoiw the car<« .
f The whole letter if inserted in the dinals till Oardioer's ratum. fumeVa
Btof. Brit, as an instance of Oardi- Hist of Reform. foL II«. . ■
mfi elsiant ityl# in RugliMht shove
GARDINER. 2J$
the first. preferme&t be obtained in ibe church.* Jn trulihy
it must be owned that bis merit as a divine did fiol entitle.
,bi{n to any extraordinary expectations, that way, but as be
n^ade.bi^ first entrance into business in a civil capacity, so
.be continued to exercise and improve bis talenta io «tate
affair^, which gave him an opportunity of rendering bimr
self useful, and in a^ manner necessary to the king; who
soon .after hia arrival, tooic him from Wolsey^ and declared
.him seci^etary of state. Thus introduced into the ministry
at home, besides the ordinary business of bis office,- and
the lai'ge, share be is said to have had in the administratioa
of affairs in general, he was particularly advised widi by
the king in that point which lay nearest to hia heart; and
when cardinal Campejus declared that the cause of the di**
.varce;was evoked to Rome, Gardiner, in conjunction, mth
J'ox the almoner, found out Cranmer, and discpvering his
opiniop, introduced him to bis ma|estyt whom they thus
enabled to extricate himself out of a difficulty then con*
£idf red as insuperable.
As this step proved the ruin of Wolsey, la bis distresa
he applied to bis old servant the secretary, who on tbis>
occasion is said by the writer of bis life in the Biog*^ Bri-
tannica, to have afforded an eminent proof of bia gratitude^ :
in soliciting his pardon ; which was followed in- three days
by his restoration to his archbishopric, and 6000/». sent
him, besides plate and furniture for his bouse and chapel*
It is certain, however, that Gardiner did not interpose be«A
fore Wolsey had supplicated him more than once in th^
most bumble manner, to intercede for him, and it is equally
certain that Gardiner did not risk much in applying to the
king, who for some time entertained a considerable regard
for the fallen Wolsey. Gardiner also, at the cardinaVa
recommenclation, in 1530, introduced the pirovost of Be*
verly to the king, who received him graciously, and shewed
him that he was bis good and gracious 4ord, and admitted
and accepted him as his orator and scholar. .Th^^se. weri»
matters of easy management. But the yeaic bad not ex-*
pired, when the king's service called the secretary to a
task of another nature, which was to procure from the uni-
versity of Cambridge tbeir declaration . in favour of bis ma-
jesty's cause, after Craumer'a book should ^>pear.ii| siip<9
port, of it. In this most difficult point bis did colleague
FdiCivas joined with him ; and they spared no pains, ad-
dress^ or artifice in accomplishing it To make attends.
390 G A R D I N £ It
for ftneli an utmserved compliance with the royal will^/a
door^was presently opened in tbe church, through which,
by one single step (the archdeaconry of Leicester, iatb
which be was installed in the spring of 1531), Gardinc^r
advanced to the rich see of Winchester, and was there
consecrated the November^ following. Gardiner was
not, at the time, apprized of the king'ii design of confer*
ring on him this rich bishopric ; for Henry, in his caprice,
would sometitties rate him soundly, and when he bestowed
it on him said^ ^^ I Itave often squared with you, Gardiher,
but I love you never the worse, as the bishopric I give yOu
will convince you.** As bishop of Winchester he now as-
sisted in the court when the sentence, declaring Katharine's
aiarriage null and void, was passed by Cranmer, May
82, 15S3. Tbe same vear be went ambassadoi^ to the
French kiag at Marseilles, to discover the designs of tbe
pope and that monarch in their interview, of which Henry
waa very suspicious; and upon his return home, bein^
called, as other bishops were, to acknowledge and defend
the king's supremacy, he readily coniplied, and published
his deface for it, with this title, ** De vera Obedientia.'*
His conduct was very uniform in this point, as well as iii
that of the divorce and the subsequent n^rriage, and he
acquired great reputation by bis writings in defence of
them.
• In 1535, Cranmer vinting the see of Winchester, in
irirtde of bis inetropolitan power, Gardiner disputed that
power with great warmth. Some time afterwards, he re-^
kumed his embassy to France, where he procured the re-
moval of Pole (then dean of Exeter, afterwards cardinal]
out of the French dominions, having represented him as
bis master's bitter enemy ; and this was the original, root
of that disagreement between them, which in time became
bnblic. Before hjs return this second time, being applied
to by Cromwell for his opinion about a religious league
with tbe protestant princes of Germany, he declared him«r
self against it, and advised a political alliance, which h<i
judged would last longer, as well as answer the king's cfnds
better, if strengthened by subsidies. In 1538 he was sent
ambassador to the German diet at Ratisbon, where he in-!^
curred tbe suspicion of holding a secret cori'espondence
^^ Regiitr. -C^otoair. Re had re- eorperated LL. D. at Oxibrd, Octobef
•igned the arnhdeaeonry of Leioeiter. precediiif- AUien. Oxon, Vol* I; coU
ii^e ^Dd of September, and boen in* 158.
G A ft DIN Eft. 281
with the p6pe. Whatever truth there may be iti this
qhar^, it is certain that Lambert this year was broiight to
•the stake by his instigation, for denying the resll presence
ID the sacrament. This instance of a sanguinai^ temper
Was then ' shown before the statute of the six artitles was
toacted ; a law on which nliany were piit to death, and
which he undeniably framed and promoted in the bouse of
lords to the utmost extent of his influence. This act passed
in 1540; and the first person condemned by it, add burnt
in Smithfield, the same year, was Robert Barnes, who at
his death declared his suspicion of Gardiner^s having a
hi&nd in it *. Upon the death of Cromwell, his rival long
in the king*s favour, the university t>f Cambridge, where
he still h^ld his mastership of Trinity-hall, chose him their
Tice^chancellor ; and in return he shewed his sense of it
by an assiduity in his office among them, tind li warm zedl
to assist them on all occasions with his interest at court;
which, as long as the sunshine of any signal service lasted,
was very good. But in this, his case, like other courtiers,
was subject t6 the sudden vicissitudes of light and shade
which so remarkably cbecquered the series of that reign ;
and this minister was no more excepted than his fellows
from complying with those conditions of ministerial great*
ness, which were indispensable as long as Henry sat at th^
helm : and, though he tells us himself that, after the king
had let him into the secret, that he could look sour and
talk roughly, without meaning much harm, he ever after
bore those sallies with much less anxiety, and could stand
a royal rattling pretty well t ; yet this was only sometimes^
iltid oh some occasions. For upon others, we find him sub-
Initting to very disagreeable supplications and expressions
of deep humility, and great sense of hi& failings, directly
eontrary to the convictions of his own conscience and un*
* Hit words at the stake wera, that not baen aaftaged to the kiii^*t iatiiU
lie forgave the world in general, and faction, upan which he. treated QarW
the bishop of Winchester in parttcolar, diner in the presence of the earl with
If he had any hand in his death ; which fudh a storm of words as qnite oon-
inptying a doubt, Bayle, preposte- fbnnded him ; but balsre they parted^
roosly enough, infers Qardioer's iooo- the king tooli him into his chamber*
4eaoe of this man's blood. See his and told him, that he was indeed very
9icC. Ml Barnes (Robertv) Mgry, yet aoC paciicniarly with him;
4 This secret Heury acquaiuted him though he bad iisad him so, because
on the following occasion : Our he could not take quite ao mtich liberty
doctor had been joined with the earl of with the eari See his letter to Somorir
Wiltrtiln^ hia relation by blood, in set in Fok's Acts aiid MonunentSy an4
SOBM aOhif'^f eoBteqaan^, whick htd in Biog; Brit,
i^is GARDINER
derstaDdio^, Of this we bave the following remarkable
i;i$tance*
The bishop bad for his secretary a i»(ation of his own
. name^ Garctiuer, wbo« in some conference with jFrytb the
martyr. . had, acquitted himself so well, that they were
jud^c^<^,fiV fpr the. public view^. This young clergyman
was much.^n l>is master'^ favour, yet he fell under a pro-
8ecution,.u|)oi> the act of supremacy ; and being very ob*
stinate, was exey:uted, a3 a traitor, March 7^ 1544. Tbw
was made an engine against the bishop by his enemies, who-
ipriiispered the king that he was very likely of bis secretary's
opinion, notwithstanding all he bad written; and that if
he was once in the Tower, matter enough would com^ cwt
.against bimy/On this suggestion, his majesty consented
to his proposed imprisonment , But the bishop being in»>
forn^ed of it in time, repaired immediately to court ; con^
fessed j^U.tbi^t his majesty had charged him with^ whatever
it w^; &n!i thus, jiy, complying with the king's hamour,
and shewing the deepest concern for real or pretended
failings, obtained full pardon, to the great mortification of
his enemies. We have selected this instance, from many
others of a similar natare» all which are evident proofs of
Gardiner's want of honest and sound principle, because it
ii^ay be. of use in discovering bis real principles upon the •
subject of the supremacy,, which will at last be found to
be nothing more, in fact, than an engine of his political
craft. . It bas.i^ndeed been alleged in hiis behalf, that he
was npt always so servile and ready an instrument of the
king's will, especially ufM>n the matter of the supremacy,
and Strype publishe& (Memorials, voL J. p. 215) a letter in
the Cottonian library, which Gardiner wrote to. the king in
consequence of his majesty's being angry with him for ap«
proving some sentiments in a book that seemed.to impugn
bis supremacy. But if this letter, as Strype conjectures,
was. written about 1535, this was the time when the king,
had some thoughts of a reconciliation with the see of
Home, and of returning the supremacy to the pope, w;hich
being very well known to Gardiner, might encourage him
to speak with the more freedom on that subject Gardiner, -
than whom no man seems to have more carefully stedied
the king's temper, was not accustomed to look upon hinm
• Tbe title of this piece if, " A Let- may see tb^ demeanour and hevetj of
t'er 6f a young gentleman named mas- Jojin Fcyth/ lately bufOl, fcc.*^
ter Germaa Ganiioari wbcreiQ men
G;A: R D I^N E R« 29%
fiolf jkS uoidoue because be sometimes received $ucb notices
of his majesty's displeasure as threw some other courtiers
iotp the roost, dreadful apprehensions. This knp\yledge
and bis artful use of it taught him to seek his own safety,
in tt|king a share with others, in the divorce of Apne of
CleYes, and that of queen Catherine Howard ; the first of
whic^^ if we Consider his skill in the law, fnust have been
against bis conscience, and the second as much against his
inclination, on account of his attachment to that noble
fiamily. The same regard for himself might also, had he
been in the kingdom at the timey have led him to take %
part against queen Anne Boleyn, sir Thomas More, and
bishop Fisher.
..All his sagacity, jstubtlety, and contrivance, however,
were not su6Bcient to save him from a cloud, which shewed
itself in the close of this reign ; a change which might be
attributed to the unsteadiness of the master, were there
jnpt facts sufficient to throw tbe imputation in some mea-
sure upon the servant. Certain it is, though uppn what
particular provocation is not known, that he engaged
.deeply in a plot against th^ life of Cranmec; which, hiding
discovered and dispersed by th^ king, bis "majesty, ^ully
satisfied of the archbishop's innocence, left all his enemies,
and among the rest Gardiner, to bis mercy. ,The pialice,
though forgiven by Cranmer, cannot be supposed to be
forgotten by Henry, But this did not hinder him. firom
leaking use of this willing servant, against his last queen,
Katharine Parr. That lady, as well sis her preceding part*
ners of the royal bed, falling under her consort's distaste,
he presently thought of a prosecution for heresy; upon
which occasion be singled out Gardiner,' whose inclinations
that, way were well known, as a proper person /or his pur-
pose to consult, with. Accordingly . tbe minister listened
.to his master's .suspicions, improved his jealousies, and
cast the whole into the form pf articles ; which being signed
.by the king, it was agreed to send Katherine to the Tower.
.But she had the address to divert the storm from breaking
upon her head, and to throw, some part of it upon her per-
secutors. The .paper of tlie articles, being entrusted to
chancellor .Wriothesiy, was dropt out of bis bosom, and
carried to her ; , and she, with the. help of this discovery to
her royal consort, found charms enough left to dispel his
suspicions: the result . whereof was, severe reproaphes to
jbe chancellor^ and a rooted displeasure to the bishop^ in-
i«* G A R ri 1 M^ R.
jtbiiitich that ^£ \At\^ wd'ulj il^m iec! hii (s^cii lafterwtrdi!;
Mis behaviour td him' corresponded with that resei^trni^ntJ
Iti the draught' of 'his ihajesty^s Will^ bef^i/re his departtirid
Oh his last e^p^ditidh to France, the bSsh6'p*& name Wa^
ih'sertdd 4niong his estecUtors knd' couirseRori io princi
Edward. Biit after this, wheii the will eam^ to be drawiS
afresh, he was left but ;' knd though sir Anthony Brdwti
riioved the kin^ tWice/ to put his name as before into it;
yet the motion was rejected, With this remark, "that '^ if
he (Gardiner) waij one, he would trotible them all, and
they should never "be able to rule 'him.'* Besides this;
when the king saw him once with some of the privy- cotni^
sellors, he shewed his dislike, and asked his business',
which was, to acquaint his majesty with a hefievolence
gratited by the clergy : the king called htm immediately
to deliver bis n^essage, and having received it, went away,
gurnet assighs Gardini^r's known attachment to the Nor-^
folk family foi* the catkse of this disgrace : but, wfaktevef
viras the cause, br whitt^ver usage he met with on other ,
occasions, this iastice is tmdenisibly.due to him,^ thalt hl^
ever shewed a high respect to his master^s medibry, mA
Either out of policy ot gif'atftude, he always spoke and
Wrote of hitt? With tnuch deference. - : iv
' Ih this Unhinged situation hfe stood when Edward VE
asceiid'ed the throne ; and his behaviour tmd^^ the soh
mote thah justified thd father^s censure upon the unnili-
ness of his temper. Bfeing prevented ffom distiivbing the
council within doOH, he opposed all their teeasures with-
out. The ^eforriaation was the great object of this teign';
knd that, as planned b}^ Cranmer, he c6u1d not by any
condescension of the archbishop be brought to approtj^
or ^ven to acquiesce in. He condemned the diligence hi
bringing it bu as too hasty, which #ould cause a miscar-
riage; observing, that under i minority, all shonlA bb
lept quiet, and for that reason no alterations attetnpted,;
knd this served him also for ia, ground to oppose the wajr
v^ith Scotland, as too hazardous and <bxpensi\re. Froni the
same principle, he ho sooner heard of the intehd^^ rOyii
visitsCtioh, than he iraised objections to' it: hie both quesT-
ti'oned its legality, atid censured its imprudence; as an in-
novation ; alletlgJhg that it wotild tettd td weakeW thiS prcJ-
Vogative as assumed by* Henry, in the eyes of tfa'e taei^neii,
when they saw all dion^' by die kind's powbr al suiilreiife
Heiad <i{ the chnrch (on the due nsfe Of which all. reiormac-^
G A R DI N £ R. HM.
tion mast depend) while he was a chil(}> and CQuld know
n/Gatiingat aI^ andih^ pro^ector,^ being absent,. not xn\xcl\
mQre. These, however, were words only, and be did no^
atop tt^ere ^ for when th^ homilies and injunctions for that
^sitatipn w^re published,, he insisted, on the perusal oC
ibem, that h^ <;ould not con)ply with them, though at the.
. escpence of losing his bishopric ; asserting, ^t the same
ijine, that all their proceedings were framed against the
law both of God and the king, of, tb^ danger of which, he,
faid, he was well apprised. .
Upon his coming to London .he was filled before the
council, Sept. 25^ IHl ; and there refusing to proipise
either to receive, tlie homilies, or ps^y pbedience to the
visitors, if .they came into his dioceses he was committed
close prisoner to the Fleet. Some days after, be was $e|i{:
^r to the deanery of St PauVs \>y Cranmer, who, witb
other bishops, discoursed in defence of the homily upon
justification ; which he had censured, a^ excluding charity
fiTom any share in obtaining it. The archl^ishop proceeded
tp apologise, for Erasmus*^ '^ Paraphi'ase on tl^e New Tesr^
tament,^' as the best extant ; which, being prdere^ by the
injunctions to be set iip in ^\\ churcl^es, bad been pbjcQtied-
to by Gardiner. . His gifac^, seeing no hopes from argu*
aients, which made no impression, let fall some words of
bringing hiin into the privy-council,, in case of his conqur*
rence with them; but that too having no effect, be was
remanded to the Fleet, wb.ere he cootinqed till the parliar
n^ent broke up,. Dec. 24, and ih^n wa^ s^t at liberty by
the general act of amnesty, usually passed on the accession
of a prince to the throne. He was never enlarged with aiiy
offence judicially^ every thing being done in virtue of that
extent of prerogative which nadi)een assumed by Henry
VIII. which was thought necessary for mortifying the pre-
Ute^s haughty, temper, as well as to vindicate their pror
ceedipgs from the contempt he had shewn them. . \
After his discharge he went to his diocese ; and, thoQg]^
he opposed, as much as possible, ,the new establishment
in its first proposal, yet now it w^s settled by act of par-
liament, he knew how to conform ; which fie not only did
inmself, but took 5:are that others should do the same.
Yet he no sooner returned to town than he received an
order, which brought him again before the council.;
where, after some rough treatment, he was directed nqt
tft stir from his bouse t^i^l hf w/snt .|o, giv^ satisfjiittion in$^
^se G A E D ! ^ E It
sermon, to be preached before* the king and court in a
public audience ; for the matter of which he was directed
both what he should, and what h6 should not say, by sir
William CeciL He did not refuse to preach, which was
don^ on St. Peter's day; but so contrarily to the purpose
required *, that he was sent to the Tower the next day,
June 30, 1 548, where he was kept close prisoner for a year/
But his aflairs soon after put on a more pleasing counV
tenance. When the protector's fall was projected, Gar-
diner was deemed a necessary inlplement for the purpose ;
his head and hand were both employed ibr bringing it about,
and the original draught of the articles' was made by him.
Upon this change in the council he had such assurances]
of his liberty, and entertained so great hopes of it, that it'
is said he provided a new suit of clothes in order to keep
that festival ; but in all this he was disappointed : his first '
application for a discharge wa^ treated with contempt by
the council, who laughing said, '* the bishop had a plea-
sant bead ;'* for rewarU of Whieh, they gave him leave to
remain five or six weeks longer in prison, without any
notice taken to him of his message. Nor did the lords
^hew any regard to his next address: and he had been
almost two years in the Tower, when the proiector, re-
stored to that high office, went with others by virtue of an
order of council, June 9, 1550, to confer with him in that
place. In this conference they proposed to release him
upon his submission for what wa's past, and promise of
obedience for the future; if he would dlso subscribe the^
new settlement in religion,^ with the king's complete power
and supremacy, though under age ; and the abrogation' of
the six articles. He consented to, and actually subscribed,^
all the conditions except the first, which he refused, in*
sisting on his innocence. The lords used him with gfeat'
kindness, and encouraged him to hope his troubles should^
be quickly ended, and upon this, seeing also the protector
among them, he flattered himself with the hopes of. being
released in two days, and in that confidence actually made
his farewell feast. But the contempt he had at Rrst shewn'
to the council, being still avowed by his refusing to make
a submission now, was not so readily overlooked. On the
4
^.Hitjiest vai Mattbew vtiL IS. rery ooDtemittuoiuly.' The MS, is ex-*
whence he took occasion, in acknov-. tant in Bene't college library, at Can«^
kdgihf the king^ tuprertacy, to deny bridge. Tanner's Bibl. Brit. Hibern.
that of his ooupcil, wbom he teaated ^.-dOS*
GARDINER. 287
Qontrary, this first visit was followed by sevei^ai others of
the like tenor ; which meeting with the same refusal, at
length the .lords Herbert, Petre, and bishop Ridley,- brbaght
him new articles, in which the required acknowledgement,
being made more general, runs thus : ^* That he had been
suspected of not approving the king*s proceedings, and
being appointed to preach, had not done it as he ought to
have done, and so deserved the king^s displeasure, for
which he was sorfy ;'* and the other articles being enlarged
were, " besides the king's supremacy, the suppression of
abbies and chanteries, pilgrimages, masses, and images,
adoring the sacrament, communion in both kinds, abolish-
ing the old books, and bringing in the new book of service,
with that for ordaining priests and bishops, the complete-^
oess of the scripture, and the use of it in the vulgar tongue,
the lawfulness of clergymen's knarriage, and for Erasmus's
Paraphrase, that it had been on^ good considerations or^
dered to be set up in churches.'^ These being read, he
insisted first to be released from his imprisonment, and
said that he would then freely give bis answer, such as he
would stand by, and suffer if he did amiss ; but he would
trouble hiroielf with no more articles while he was detained
in prison, since he desired not to be delivered out of his
imprisonment in ^he way of mercy, but of justice. .On
July 19, he was brought before the council, who having
told him that they sat by a special commission to judge
him, asked whether he would subscribe these Mast ' articles
or no ? which he answering in the negative, his bishopric
was sequestered, and he required to canform in three
months on pain of deprivation. Upon this the liberty he
had before of walking in some open galleries,- when the
duke of Norfolk was jnot in them, was taken from l;iim, and
he was again shut up in his chamber. At the expiration* of
ti)e limited time, the bishop still keeping his resolution,
was deprived for disobedience and contempt, by ^ court of '
delegates, in which Cranmer presided, after a trial which
lasted from Dec. \S to Feb. 14 following^ in t\feiny*four-
sessions. He appealed from the delegates to the king ; but '
no notice was taken of it, the court being known to be '
final and unappealable.
In the course of the proceedings, Gardiner always bew '
haved himself contemptaously' toward the judges, and par* '
ticularty called them sacramentarians and heretics ; on
which account he was ordered to be removed to a meaner
aU QA.BOINEIL
lodging in the Tower; to be attended by ose servant only^
of the lieutenant*8 appointment ; to have bis books and
papers taken from him ; to be denied pen, ink^ or paper;
and nobody suffered to visit bim. Uovtrever, as be con*
tinned a close prisoner here during the rest of Edward's
reign, the severity of this order was afterwards mitigated ;
as appears from various pieces written by him in this con-
finement. He is said to have kept up his spirits and reso-
lution, and it is not improbable, that he foresaw the great
alteration in affairs which was speedily to take place. The
first dawning of this began to appear on the demise of king
Edward, when Mary was publicly proclaimed queen July
19, 1553. On Aug. 3 she made her solemn entry into the
Tower, when Gardiner, in the name of himself and his.
fellow-prisoners, the duke of Norfolk, duchess of Somerset,
lord Courtney, and others of high rank, made a congra-
tulatory speech to her majesty, who gave them all their
liberty^ The spokesman took his seat in council the san^e
day, and on the 8th performed the obsequies for the late
king in the queen^s presence. On the 9th he went to
Winchester-house in ^outhwark, after a confinement of
somewhat more than five years ; and was declared chan-
cellor of England on the 23d. He had the honour of
crowning the queen Oct. I, and on the 5th opened the
first parliament in her reign. By these hasty steps Gar-
diner rose to the prime ministry ; and was possessed at
this time of more power, civil and ecclesiastical, than any
English minister ever enjoyed, except his old roaster car-
dinal Wolsey. He was also re-chusen chancellor of Cam-
bridge, and restored to the mastership of Trinity-hall
there, of which, among his other preferments, he had
been deprived in the former reign.
The great and important affairs transacted under his ad-
ministration, in bringing about the change in the consti-
tution by queen Mary, are too much the subject of general
history to be related here. The part that Gardiner acted
is very well known ; and although from the arrival of car-
dinal Pole in England, he held only the second place in
affairs relating to the church, in patters of civil govern-
ment, his influence was as great as before, and continued
without the least diminution to the last By his advice a
parliament was summoned to meet in Qct. 1555. As he
was always a guardiaii of the revenues of the ecclesiastics,
bothi regular and aecular^^ be bad at this time projected
GARDINER. 289
some additional security for church and abbey lands, tie
opened the session with a well-judged speech^ Oct. 21^
and was there again on the 23d, which was the last time
of bis appearing in that assembly. He fell ill soon dfter^
and died Nov. 12, aged seventy-two. His death was occa-
sioned probably by the gout ; the lower parts df his body^
however, being mortified, and smelling offensively, occa-i
sion was hence taken to consider the manner of his death
as a judgment. The report that he was seized with the
disury in consequence of the joy with which he was trans-
ported on hearing of the martyrdom of Latimer and Ridley^
has been disproved by the dates of that event, and of his
illness, in this way. Fox says that when seized with the
disorder he was put to bed, and died in great torments a
fortnight afterwards. But, says Collier, Latimer and Rid-
ley suffered Oct. 16, and Gardiner openc^d the parliament
on the 21st^ and was there again on the 23d, and lastly^
died Nov. 12, not of the disury, but the gout. The readet
will determine whether the disorder might not have been
contracted on the 16th, and increased by his subsequent
exertions; and whether upon the whole, Collier, with all
his prejudices in favour of popery, which are often very
thinly disguised, was likely to know more of the matter
than the contemporaries of Gardiner. Godwin and Parkeif
say that he died repeating these words, ^^Erravi cum Petro,
at iion flevi cum Petro ;** i. e. ** I have sinned with Peter,
but! have not wept with Peter.'*
He died at York place, Whitehall, whence his body wasi
removed to a vault in St. Mary Overy's church, South-
wark ; and after great preparations for the solemnity, was
carried for fink\ interment to Winchester cathedral.
Gardiner, says an excellent modern biographer, was
one of those motley ministers, half statesman and half
ecclesiastic, which were common in those needy times,
when the revenues of the church were necessary to support
the servants of the crown. It was an inviduous support ;
and ofiten fastened the odium of an indecorum on the
king^a ministers; who had, as ministers always have, op-
position enough to parry 4n the common course of business ;
and it is viery probable that Gardiner, on this very ground,
lias .met ; with hardar measure in history, than, he might
otherwise have done. He is represented as having nothing
of a churchman about him biit the name of a bishop. He
bad been bred to business from his earliest youth ; and wa»
;,yoL, XV. V U ••' "i '
290 ifc A ll D I N E k
thoroughly vcrsQcl in all the; wil^s of men, con^idefeJ
either as individuals, or emboii^ed in parties. He krieW
all the modes of access to every foible of the human heart;
Bis own in the mean time was dark, and impenetrable.
He was a man, ** who,'* as Lloyd quaiudy says, ^ ^as to
le traced like the fox ; , and^ like the Hebrew, wfi» to be
read backwards ;'' and though the insidious cast 0f his eye
indicateclf that he was always lying in wait, yet his iltrong
sense, and persuasive manner, inclined men to believe ht
was always sincere ; as better reasons could hardly be
l^tven, than he h^d ready on every occasion. He wets aa
littlQ troubled with scruples as any man, who. th;oiight it
not proper entirely to throw off decency. Wba^ moral
firtues. and what natural feelings he had, were all under
the influence of ambition ; and were accompanied by a
happy lubricity of conscience, which ran glibly over ev6ry
obstacle. JSiich is the portrait, which historians have give^
ns of this man ; and though the colouring may be mbi^
heighteued in some than in others ; yet the same turn of
feature is found in all.
^ . In opposition to this character^ so ably epitomized by
|if r. Gilpin, in his Life of Crantper^ we are riot siirprized
at the labours of Roman ipathblic writers to palliate the
vices of Gardiner; our only surprise^ not unmixed with
^bame, is that such writers as Heylin and Collier, and Dr.
Campbell in the *^ Biographia Britannica,'' should bav^
engaged in the sam^ cause, and with such effect as to be
quoted as authorities by the enemies of the reformation;
Alter all, however, Gardiner's actions sufficiehtly attest
the badness of bis character. Nor ca^i he even be screened
tinder the pretext that he acted under mistaken princijples^
of conscience, unless at the same tin>e we deprive him of
that knowledge and those talents which have been justly
Ascribed to him. In the first edition 6f this Dictionary^ it
was said that ^' no maxim w^s more cooktdnlly professed;
nor more uniformly observed by him» jA>an thiit of ihaUng
the law the rule of his conduct.'* But this is oioC justified
by fact. Many of the protettants were thrown into furisoft
l^y him, while the laws of Edward VL Were yet iii forces
ind they were kept there until he could prOcAre a law by
which they might be brousht to the stake. And that aah-
guinary measures were delightful to htm, appears frbm the
gross 8<^urrihtv with which he treated the pvoteiftauts vi^
were tried before him. Auoiter curious apology has been
GARDINER. 391
^Adyaiicedj. tl^jt fltb,ough be w^s the author pi those;Cru^
. tiesi jf t he very sopn grew weary of them, and refused t0
have apy hand in tbem, leaving the whol^ to Bonner. Bu(^
pven tius was, without any alteration .^ bi3 di8pQ8itio%
jnerely a change of policy* U^.^^yf tj^?t,4hQ end wa^xioi:
prqmot^ by tbe.^eansy md, t|^at tbe courage of the. maVf
l^r^jip their sufferings ,qould not .be icoipcealed from.thf
p^opie^ ofi whQOQ it produced, ap effect ^het^ very reverse of
|vbat he pprpo^ ; . and he seem^ to bc^VQ. discovered tb»
tr^tb pf the loaxim that '^ the blood of tbe martyrs was thm
•e^d of the cburoh.** . x
f Ip, bis private character, Gardiner is entitled to somft
' i^peqV not from its. morali^y^ f^r he is, said to have been
licentious ; b^t b0vw^ a man of learnings and in some ra-r
inarkablei.instanpeS{ a patron of Jtearnedi.men^ Thomaa
Smith, who .bad be^n se^rc^y to Edward VL was pec*
|ni|ted by<bim to, live ip Itfaiy's. days, in a state, of privacy
unipol^ste4» aud with a pensiop of IQOL a ypar.forhis bettev
fiippor^ though b^ bad .a good estate of his own. Rogec
AschaiHyt another secretary to tbe same prinoe^ oC th^
I«atin jtpDgi)^ waitcoptinu^d.in bis pfiice, and bisisalarf iq'*
pjri^a^d by thill prelsjte's fayoufi ; which he fully repaid, by
those elegant, epistle^^ to bim>^..tbi^t.arje extant in Jus wcarksi
Stryp^, who nqtipes this cirprnpstanee, adds : ^^Thus lived
two ei^cellent proteatants, Muder -the wings, at it were, of
thp sworn enemy and destroyer of protestajats,^* ;Heis said
^SQ. to .haVie been of a liberal and gCMUirous dispositiooi $
k^pt a good bo\|se» and bnought .up seiwral young gende**
me^, aome of whom became afterwards men of the first;
rank in. the state.
.. He MfCote>a^veral books^ of which die principal, aie^i li
V JDq vfera Obediential 1594.'\ ^. ^Palinodia diotllibri ;'1
wbei^ UUs. wa$ published is not known. . 3. ^,iA necessaiy
-doatrine of . a .Christian man, set forth bvthe kingVma?
jestie.of. Englfmd^ .1543«V. .4.. M> An. Explanation andAs-i
sertion of die true Catholic Faith, touching the most
b}a9i^8^craniwt of the Altar, &c. l$5i:\ L fVConfu-
to(i9. C^vUlatjiQnum quibns jaccosanctum £ucharisti».sa^
cramentum ah impiis Capernaitis impeti solet^ 1551."
This he composed while i^ prisoner in the Tow^r : he m%-.
9«l0ed this .cpnttgyer^yagaiiist Peter Mactyc ^nd others^
«^p espoused Cranmer. After the, accession of queen
Mary, be wrote replies in his^owjn.dpfpnce, against Tur;^^
oerj Bofietj and other pvolostant exiles. •
or 2
\
292 GARDINER.
• • ^ '
Some of his letters to Smith and Cheke, on the pronun*
ciatton of the Greek tongpe, are still extant' in Betie't-
coflege library at Cambridge. The controversy made a^
great noise in its time, but was not niuch known after-
wards ; till that elegant account of it appeared in public,
which is given by Baker in his " Reflections on Learning,"
p. 28, 29, who observes^ that our chancellor assumed a
power, that Consar never exercised, of giving laws to wot ds.
nowever, he allows that, though the controversy was ma-
naged ' with much warmth on each side, yet a man would
ivonder to see so much learning shewn on so dry a subject
Du Fresne was at a loss where the victory lay ; but Roger
Aschand, with a courtly address, declares, that though the
knights shew themselves better critics, yet Gardiner's let-^
ters manifest a superior genius ; and were only liable to
censure, from his entering furUier into a dispute of this
kind, than* was necessary fpr a person of his dignity. ^
GARENCIERES (Theophilus), a physician at Caen,
but a native of Paris, received his degree before the age
of twenty, and came over to England, where he abjured
the Roman catholic religion. He was incorporated m
the university of Oxford on the 10th of March, 1657, and
having settled in London, was appointed physician to the
French ambassador ; but fortune was altogether adverse to
him,' and he died overwhelmed with poverty and distress,
in some part of Westminster, occasioned, as Wood< says,
^' by the ill usage of a certain knight," whose name, bow*
ever, he does not mention, nor the time of our aulhor's
death. * He was a man of some science, as his works evince.
They consist of a treatise, in English, on the nature and
properties of the tincture of coral, printed in 1676, ia
12mo; and another in Latin, entitled ^'Anglise'Flagellum,
seu. Tabes Anglica- nUm^ris' omnibus absoTuta,'' 1647, in
18 mo. He. also translated into English, **The true Pro*
phecies or Prognostics olf Michael Nostradamus, physician
to Henry II. Francis U. and Charles IX. kings of France,^'
167.2, folio.« . • - ...
. GARENi&EOT ,{R£NB James Croisstant 0£),' an ^i«
nent French surgeon, was born at Vitre, a small town in
} Bii)^' B^ii. — StiypQ^g Cranmer passim.— -Strype's Annals and Memorialfl.
<^-^urnet's llist. of the Reformation. — Lloyd's State Worthies. — Gilpin's Life
•f Craamer, pp. 6*7^ 95, 119, 178.— For his leaming, see a note on Warton's
Life of Sir T. Pope, p. 238.— Of bis conduct as a persecutor, Foit's Acts sm^
Monuments, and in defence Collier's Chnrch History.— Hey Un*8 Hist, of the
Iteformation,— «iid Dodd's Church Hist.
s Wood's Fasti, ?oL lI«-*ReM'0 Cyd«p«duu
G A R E N G E 6 T. 293
" • • ■ .'
JBrittany, on the 13th of July, 1688, where hisfBther pr$ic-
Used surgery. . In order to improve himself, he spent five
years in the hospital of Angers, and in the^great naval bps-*
pitals of Brittany ; and afterwards made two voyages ii? the
rfavy. In 1711 he went to Paris, and studied under Win-
slow, Tbibaut, Meri, &c. and afterwards gave a course of
lectures on anatomy in the medical schools ; and hence-
forth his reputation extended even to foreign countries;
for he was elected a member of the royal society oV Lon-
don. He was also apppinted demonstrator royal in the
schools of medicine. On the establishment of the society
of academicians, under the patronage of the king, in 1731,
Garengeot was chosen ^' Commissaire pour ies extraits,''
which office he retained until 1742. He then succeeded
Terryer in the place of surgeon-major of the king's regi-
ment of infantry. He died at Cologne, in consequence of
an attack of apoplexy, Dec. 10, 1759.
The first of the works of Garengeot, entitled ** Trait6
des Operations de Chirurgie," was published at Paris in
1720, and translated into the English and German lan-
guages. 2. *' Traits des Instrumens de Chirurgie,'' print*
ed at Paris and the Hague, 1723, and at Paris again in
1727, in two volumes, with plates. 3. " Myotomie hu-
maine," Paris, 1724, 1728, 1750, two volumes, 12i|ao.
The last of these editions is much more correct than the
two former. 4. ** Splanchnologie, ou, Trait6 d* Anatomie
<;oncernant Ies visceres," Paris, 1728, 1729, in 12mo; ibid.
1742, in two volumes, 12mo. A German edition was
printed at Berlin, in 8vo, in 1733, which is said to con-
tain some valuable matter, but chiefly belonging to Win-
slow and Morgagni. 5. " His last work was " L' Operation
de la T^ille par Tappareil lateral corrig6e de tons ses de-
fauts," Paris, 1730, in 12mo. \
GARISSOLES (Anthony), a French protestant divine,
was born in 1587, at Montauban. During his academical
studiejs, he made so rapid a progress in divinity, that he
was appointed minister at Pujlaurens, when only twenty •^
four years of age, by the synod of Castres. He was after-
wards minister and professor of divinity at Montauban, and
died there in 1650. His principal works are, an epic poem,
in 12 books, entitled ^^ Adolphidos,'' in which he cele-
brates the great exploits of Gustavus Adolphus, in elegant
) Diet. Hist.'— K^ees's Cyclo/»diiH
f 94 G A R I S S O L Ig; S.
Latia verse ; another Latin poem in praise of the protes-
tatfit S#iss 'Carildtis V several thisologieal theses ; a treatis^
«^D(B Imputatione primi^peecaiti Adae,*' 8vo ; another, •* D^
Christo Mediatdrfe/* 4to ; and an explanation in Latin of
Cdvin*s Catechism, f^hlch he wrote with his colleague M.
Charles, 8vo, &c. * '
GARLAND (John), or Joannes de Garlandia, a
Srammafian, is said to have been a native 6f Garlande en
ri'e in Normandy; bdt aSbe came into England soon after
the Conquest, ' Bale^ Pitt^, Tatiber, hav^ supposed him
tfn Englishihan, and Prince has efrroU'ed him among the
*» Worthies of Devon.** He wis not dead in 1081. Hii
works have not all been printed ; but among those that
have, are, 1. *' A Poem oh the fcontetapt of the World,*^
ibiproperly attributed io St/Bernard, Lyotis, 1489, 4to^
2. Anbther poem, entitled ** Floretus, or Liber Floreti ;*'
on the Doctrines of T'aitb, aiid almost the whole circle oi^
Christian morality. &. A treatise on "Synohlmes," and
toother'bn Equivoques,'* or ambiguous terms; Paris, 1490.
4tb, and reprinted at London by'Pyntoh' in 1496, ana
again in 1500. 4. A poem 'in irhymed versJes, entitled
^Facetus,** on the duties of maA towards* God, his neigh-^
Bbur, and himself, Cologne, 1 520, 4to ; tUe three poems are'
often printed together. ' 5. '< Dictionarium irtis'Alchymiaej^
eum ejusdem artis' compehdio,**^ Ba^le, 1571, 9vo. '
• GARNET (Henry), a person memorable in English
history for having be^ti privy'to the celebrated conspiracy
called ** The Gunpowder Plot,** was borii in Nottingham-
Aire in 1555, and bred at Winchester school ; whence he
went to Rome, and took the Jesuit*s habit in 1575. Afteif
studying under Bellarmin, Saurezj and Christopher Cla-
fius, he was for some time professor 6f philosophy and
Hebrew in the Italian college at Rome ; and when Clavius,
professor of mathematics, was disabled by old age^ he sup-
plied his place in the schools. He returned to England in
1586, as provincial of his order; although it was inade
treason the year before, for any Romish priest to come
into the queen's dominions. Here, under pretenc^ of
establishing the cathoUe iaith; he laboured incessantly to
raise some disturbance, in order to bring about *a revolu-
tion; and with thts view held a secret correspbridehce
1 Gen. Diet, hy Bayle. — Moreri. *
9 Taaner. — Moreri.— *Priace's Worthies of DeTon,"-»Dibdiii'8 Typograp]|ica|
Antiquities, vol. II. , o -. . * ' i •
0 A B. N E '^. , -j^SfeSf'
>
wit^ the kiipjp of, Spajp, ^hon^i lie solicited| to pff^^i vfi
expedition a^ga/nst uh cguntr)^. This pgt profjepding
so fast as be would iiave it, he availed hicuself pf the
z^al of some papists, wbp applied to him, as hea^d. of their
or^d^r^ to resofv^ this case of conscience^ namely, " Whj^
ther, for the sake of promoting the catholic religion, it
Oiigbt; be paroiitt^d, should necessity so require, to in-
volve the innocent in the same destruction with t/ie guilty ?*'
to which this casuist replied without hesitating, th^t^ ** if
tb^ guilty should constitute the greater number, it might/'
This impious determination gave the first motion to thsvt
horrible conspiracy, which was to have destroyed at onp
stroke the king, the royal fiimily, and both houses of par-
liament) but the plot being providentially discover^d^
Garnet was sent to the. Tower, and was afterwards tried,
qondejpfkn^ tp be, hange4 for high-treason, anfl Q^ecut^d of,
the wes); end of §^. I^ajul^s, ^zy 3, 1606. ^e declare^
just before w ^i^qi^UPQi tl^at he was privy to. the gqpr
pqwder plot; but^ as it was ri^ves^lpd to bixn in qqpfession,
tt^QJigfit it his duty to conceaFit^ But besicjes tbis.misera^
ble sifbferfuge^ it ws(s proved that hp knew s9XD^tl^ing of
it, put of. confession. Ete has be^n pjs^qed by tl)e/Jesui(f
among^ theijr noble army of martyrs. He was. p;pbat))y ^i|
eptl^usiast, and qertainly behaved at his exequtioj). in ^
mannf^r .tbat. would hav^ 4^ne credit to a better caus|e. I^
is said, hpw^y^, upon other, authority, tb^t he.declinbe4
the honour of martyrdom, eiccl^mi^g, '^ Me i^a,rtj(r^J
<) quale o^artyrem !" — " I a martyr ! O what a^ n^^tyr V^
J^bcuTs account of* his execution is ratlier inter^sjting. H(^
published some, works, among which ar^ ^nuq^rajec),^ l«
^^ A tre^atise of Christian nepovation or iBirth^'* LonfJpo«,
1616, 8jvo. 2. ^^. Canisius's Catectiisn^, translated from th^
Latir^" ibid. 1590, 8vo^ and St. Omers, 1622. Sever^
>vorks were published in d^fetoce of tl^e measures takei)
agai^ist bim. '
OARNET (Thomas), an Jng^nioi^s pngUsb physiyiaiij, w^
born a^ Carterton, n^af. Kirjtby Lo^nsdale;, We^tmorelaiiidt
April 21, 1766. Abput tb^ ag^ qf fpurte^n,; after haying, r^-
ce^Y/e4 ^^^1 fy^^ ruqiments of education at his natiye village,,
b^,. vyas place^d.a$ an^ apprentice undej: the tuition of Mr.,
JDawsoo, ajt,Se(lbe;:glV in. Yorkshire, a celebrated ma^lb^np^*
tician^ wbp, was at. tha^ tii?^ a surgeon and apothecarjT^
1 HiBt. of Eii^laDd.-TDodd*s and CQ\\s^f» Church Hii^ries^
«f« GARNET.
Here he laid the fotindation of bis medical and philosopbi-
eal knowledge. After this he proceeded to Edinburgh,
and took his degree about 1788. During his residence
there, he became the pupil of Dr, Brown, whose new sys-
tem of medicine Dr. Garnet, from this time, held *in the
highest estimation. Soon after he visited London, and at-
tended the practice of the hospitals. He had now arrived
at an age which made it necessary for him to think of some
permanent establishment. With this view he left London,
and settled at Bradford in Yorkshire, where he gave pri-^
vate lectures on philosophy and chemistry, and wrote a
treatise on the Horley Green Spa. In. 1791 he removed to
Knaresborough, and in summer to Harrogate, and was
soon engaged in an extensive practice. As this, however,
was necessarily limited to the length of. the season, which
lasted only three or four months. Dr. G. soon after his
marriage, which took place in 1795, formed the design of
emigrating to America. At Liverpool, whete he was wait-
ing to embark, he was strongly solicited to give a chemical
course of lectures, which met with a most welcome recep-
tion, as did also another course on experimental philoso-
phy. He then received a pressing invitation frpm Man-
chester, where be delivered the same lectures with eqiiat
success. These circumstances happily operated to pre-
vent his departure to America, and be )3ecame a success-
ful candidate for the . vacant professorship of Anderson's
institution at Glasgow, in 1796. In Scotland, bis leisure
hours were employed in collecting materials for his ** Tour*
through the Highlands ;^' which work was in som^ degree .
impeded by the sudden. death of his wife in child-birth ; an
event which so strongly affected his feelings, that be never
thought of it but with agony. Dr. G. was induced to re-
linquish the institution at Glasgow, by favourable offers
from the new Royal Institution in London, where, for one
season, ^e wa^ professor of natural philosophy and che-
mistrv. and delivered the whole of tbc?^ lectures. On
retiring from this situa^tion, which was far too laborious
for the state of his health, at the close of 1801, he devoted
himself to his professional practice, and took a house in
Great Marlborough-street, where he built a new and con-
venient apartment, completed an expensive f^pparatus, and
during the winter of 1801 and 1802, he gave regular
courses on experimental philosophy and chemistry, and
jiIsq'^ new course on « ^oonoipia," pr^ « the l-aw^ of Ani«
GARNET. '991
inal Life, arranged according to the Brunonian theory.'*
These were interrupted in February, for some weeks, by
a dangerous illness, which left him in a languid istate;
though he not only resumed and finished the lectures he
had begun, but aJso commenced two courses on botahy,
one at his own bouse, and the other at Brompton. lo the
midst of these, he received, by infection, from a patient
whom he had attended, the fever which terminated his life,
June 28, 1802. His " Zoonojnia" was afterwards ^pubr
lished for the benefit of his family. ** Thus," says his bio-
grapher, *' was lost to society a man, the ornament of his
country, and the general friend of humanity. In his per-
sonal attachments, he was warm and zealous. In his reli-
gion he was sincere, yet liberal to the professors of con-
trary doctrines. In his political principles he saw no ^nd,
but the general good of mankind ; and, conscious of the
infirmity of human judgment, he never fai^led to make al-
lowances for error. As a philosopher and a man of science,
he was candid, ingenuous, and open to conviction ; he
never dealt in mystery, or pretended to any secret in art;
he was always ready in explanation, and desirous of assist-*
ing every person willing to acquire knowledge." Besides
his **Tour in Scotland," and the other works mentioned
before. Dr. Garnet contributed many papers to the Me-
moirs of the Medical Society of London, the Royal Irish
Academy, and Other scientific societies. *
GARNHAM (Rev. Robert Edward), an English divine,
was born at Bury St. Edmund's, May 1, 1753, and wa«
the only surviving child of the rev. Robert G. many years
master of the free grammar-school at Bury, and rector of
Nowton and Hargrave, in Suffolk ♦. ' His mother was
JVfary, daughter of Mr. Benton, and sister of the late Ed-
ward Benton, esq. secondary in the court of king's-bench.
He was educated partly by his father, who supported a
considerable reputation for classical learning, i^nd partly
at Bury school, whence he Was admitted of Trinity-college,
Cambridge, in 1770, and the following year was elected
scholar. In 1774 he was admitted to his degree of B. A.
' ♦ He wM formerly feHoi^r of Triilky n98» aged 82. His wid«w survived
eoliege, Cambridge, and took t^e de- him iitUe more tbaa twelve months,
gree of B. A. 1737, and M. A: 1747. dying at Bury> Dec. 6, 1799, aged 79,
After having retired tome years from They were buried in the cbaneel of Um.
IMS school, he died at Bury, Nov. 8, parish*cbarch of Nowton*
I Preface to his ** Zoo&onia.''— -Qeot. «od Baropeaq Al«g« <^r XfQfiL
298 G A R N H A M.
;^bich be obtained with credit to his college and himself^
and was elected fellow in 1775, and proceeded M. A. m
1^77.' In 17^3 he Was elected college preacher, and in
Kovemb^r 1797. was advanced into tbe seniority. He
was ordalnea deacon March 3, 1776, and afterwards entered
on tbe curacies of Nowton and Great Welnatham, in the
neighbourhood of Biiry. pn June 15, 1777, he was or*
dained priest, but having imbibed some scruples as to the
articles of tlie church, of the Socinian cast, he determined
never to repeat his subscription to tbe articles for any pre-
feirmtot which he mieht become entitled to from the col-
lege patronage, or which might be offered to him from any
biher quarter. Agreeably to, and consistently with, this
statebf mind, he resigned, at Midsummer, 1789, the cu-
racies ib which he was then eneaged, and resolved thence-
forward to aectine officiating in the ministry. Mr. Garn-*
nam*s health was never robust, and, during the last five or
aix years of his life,' suffered much from sickness^ whic^
prevented his residing at 'Cambridge after tbe death of his
lather^ in 1798^ and indisposed and disqualified him froiu
|>iirsuing his former application to his studies. His indis-
position and' ibfirmities continued to increase j and, in the
summer of IBOl, he evidently appeared to be much broken^
For some short time he had. complained of an astl^ma; and^
on the Saturd^ay preceding bis death, was at^icked with an
inflammation oh tjie lungs arid breast. He continued till
the morning of the following Thursday, June 24. 18p2,^
iyben;he expired in the 50th year of his age, and wa^ I^Ur
ried in tne chancel of Nowton church. His writinc^s were
nunierous^ but all . anonymous. 1. "Examination of Mr.
Harrison'*8 Sermon, preached in the cathedral church or
St. Paul, London^ before the lord mavqr^ on May 25,
1788, 1^89.'* 2." Letter to the right rev. tbe bishop of
Norwich (Dr. Bagot), requesting him to name the prelate
to whoin he referred as *'contendino: strenuously for the
general excellence of our present authorized translation oi
the Bibley i789.''*' 3. "Letter to the right rev. the bishop
of Chester (0r. Cleaver^, on the subject of. two sermons
addressed by him to the clergy of his diocese ; cbmpre*
bending also a vindication of ;the late bishop Hoadly,. 1 790.'*
4, *• R^tieW . of ^ Dr. Hay*s sermon, entitled^ ♦ Thoughts
on.t|ie Ath^ni^i^i) Creed,* preached ApriJ 12^ 17.90, at the
visitation of the archdeacon of .Bucks,** 1790. 5. <^ Out-
liiHe cfa Commentary on Revelations xi. If— 14,** 1.794.
G A R N B A M. 299
6. *' A Sermon preached in the chapel of Trinity-coUegey
Cambridge, on Thursday, Dec. Ifi itdS, the day'ap*
pointed for the commemoration of the benefactors to' that
society,'* 1794. He wrote also the papers in ^'Commen-
taries and Essays** signed Synergus : and some iii '^The
Theological Repository,'* signed Ereunetes, and Idiota.' *, '
GARNIER (John), a Jiesuit, professor of classical
learning, philosophy, and rhetoric, was b6rn at Paris in
)612, and died at Bologna in 1681, in a deputation to
Rome from his order. His principal works are, I.Anedt^
rion of ** Mercator,** folio, 1673. 2. An edition of th?
•* Liberat,**'in 8vo, Paris, 1675, with learned notes. 3. Ad
edition of the " Liber diurnus,** or Journal of the Popes;
with historical notes, and very curious dissertations, l^Sb^
4 to. 4: "The supplement to the works of Theodoriet,*^
1 68^5, 4to. 5. ^' Systema Bibliotbecee Collegii Parisiehsis,
societatis Jesn,'* Paris, 1678, 4to; a very usefnl' book to
those who are employed in arranging large libraries. *
GARNIER (John Jam£s), ian ingenious FVench writer^
was bom at Goron in the Maine, March 18, 172d^. 'Afte^
being* educated, probably in hi^ own country, hi came t6
Paris, without money or intei^est, dnd dependitig bhlj^oh
his- learning. This soon recommehded him, however, to
a place in the college ^f Harcodi*t, and in 1760 he was
appointed coadjutor to the abb^ SelKei^ in the rbya! cdllege^
and was made before 1764 Hebrew professor, and diosefl
a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettresl
His useful studies Were interrupted by the revolution^
and in 1793 be was compelled to fly, for refusing the re-
publican oaths. He thetl went to B6Ugival,^bere he di^d
in 1795. AH he could save frontf confisoatlbn \i'as hti
libranr ; but his friend Lalande, the celebrated astronbmer,
so effectually repre'sebted to the government^ the dts'gr&ce
of suffering a man of so much merit to want bread, tbat i,
pension was granted him. He wrote, 1. " L*Homnlfe'de
lettres,*' Paris, 1764, 2 vols, 12mo, in which the niethod
he lays down to form a man of letters is highly liberal ati^
ingenious. "^ 2. "Traitfi'de Torigine dn gouvernemettt
Frtmgoise,** 1765, ib. 12nial S. ^« De Peducation dvile,**
1765, l^mo. 4. " De cbiftmerce remis asa piacei*** * In
r77a he published the 9th Vol. 4t6 df Velly and yillaret*tf
History of Franfce; begiflning *lth the yeaf^469, and
continuing his labours in this work, produced the 15th vol.
I Qent Mas* ^^^^ ^ Morej(i.*<'Niceroi|« roll. XL«— Sawi OoGmust
SOO G A R N I E R.
in 1786, displaying throughout the whole more erudition
than his predecessors. He wrote several papers in the
memoirs of the ^academy of inscriptions, relative, among
other subjects, to the philosophy of the ancients, and
especially to that of Piato, of which he was perhaps ratber
too fond, though less fanciful than some modern Platonists.*
GARNIER (Robert), a French tragic poet, was born
at Fert6 Bernard in the province of Maine, in 1534. He
was designed for the law, which he studied some time at
Toulouse; but afterwards quitted it for poetry,. in which
he succeeded so well, that he was deemed by his contem-
poraries not inferior to Sophocles or Euripides. Thuapus
says, that Ronsard himself placed nobody above Garnier
in this respect : what Ronsard says, however, is no more
than that he greatly improved the French drama.
P^toix Garnier, la scene des Francis,
Se change en or> qui n'etoit que de bois.
But although his tragedies were read with great pleasure
by all sorts of persons, and held in the highest estimation,
when they had no better to read, upon the. introduction of
a more refined taste, they gradually felt into disesteem^
and now only serve to shew, that France, like other na-
tions, has been capable of admiring very indifferent poets.
Besides tragedies, he wrote songs, elegies, epistles, eclogues,
&c. of no better stamp. He died in 1590, after having
obtained several considerable posts. Seneca the tragedian^
was Garnier^s model, which 'single circumstance may easily
give the learned reader an idea of his taste and manner.
His dramatic works were printed collectively at Lyons, in
one vol. 12moi^ 1597, and reprinted at Paris in 1607.*
GAROFALO. SeeTISI.
GARRARD (Marc), or Gerards, a Flemish painter,
was born at Bruges in 1561, and practised history, land-*
scape, architecture, and portrait: He also engraved, illu-
minated, and designed for glass-painters. His etchings
for Esop^s fables, and view of Bruges were much esteemed.
He came to England not long after the year 1580, and re^
mained here until his death in 1635, having been painter
to queen Elizabeth and Anne of Denmark. His works are
numerous, Uiough not easily known, as he never used any
peculiar mark, in general they are neat, the ruffs and
* Diet. Hist.— Month. Rev. vol. XXX.
' >{oreri.—Niceroo, vol XXVI a— Diet. Hist.
GARRARD. 30l
J*
habits stiff, and rich with pearls and other jewels. His
flesh-colours are thin and light, tending to a blueish tinc-
ture. His procession of queen Elizabeth to Hunsdon-
house has been engraved by Vertue, who thought that
part of the picture of sir Thomas More's family at Burford
might have been completed by this painter.*
GARRICK (David), an unrivalled actor, was grandson
of Mr. Garrick, a merchant in France, who, being a pro-
testant, fled to England as an asylum, Opon the revocation
of the edict of Nantes in 1685 ; and son of Peter Garrick,
who obtained a captain^s commission in the army, and
generally resided at Lichfield. Peter Garrick was on a
recruiting party in Hereford, when his son David was born ;
and, as appears by the register of All-saints in that city,
* baptized Feb. 28, 1716. His mother was Arabella, daugh-
ter of Mr. Clough, one of the vicars in Lichfield cathedral.
At ten years of age, he was sent to the grammar-school at
Lichfield; but, though remarkable for declining puerile
diversions, did not apply himself with any assiduity to his
books. He had conceived an early passion for theatrical
representation ; and, at little more than eleven years of age,
procured "The Recruiting Officer" to be acted by young
gentlemen and ladies, himself performing the part of ser-
jeat Kite. From school be went on invitation to an uncle^
a wine-merchant, at Lisbon; but returning shortly to
Lichfield, he was sent once more to the grammar-school,
where, however, he did not make any considerable pro-
gress in learning.
About the beginning of 1735, Mr. (afterwards Dr.)
8amuel Johnson, undertook to instruct some young gen-
tlemen of Lichfield in the belles lettres ; and David Gar-
rick, then turned eighteen, became one of his scholars, or
(to speak more properly) bis friend and companion. But
the master,' however qualified, was not more disposed to
teach, than Garrick was to learn; and, therefore, both
growing weary, after a trial of six months, agreed to try
their fortunes in the metropolis. Mr. Walmsley, register
of the ecclesiastical court at Lichfield, a gentleman much
respected, and of considerable fortune, was Garrick's
friend upon this occasion, recommended him to Mr. Col-
son, an eminent mathematician, to be boarded and in-
structed by him in mathematics, philosophy, and polite
1 Walpole's Aoecdotes^. wbore are a f«w other partitfttUr* of tfai»>art»st.
io^ G A R R I C K.
learning J with a view of. being sent within tw^ or tfhxe^
years to the Templ^, and bred to the law. B^t wjien
Garrick arrived in Xoqdon^ he. ifound that ,bv^ finai^^e^i
>6uld not suffice to put him under Mr. . Colson, ^yi th?
death of his ijncleji who, about 1737^, left Portugal,, auj^
died in London soon after* He bequeathed his, nephew
lOOO/. witb the interest of whic}), Ke pr^jdently epibr^iced
the means of acquiring, useful knowledge uQder Mr. Col*
son. His proficiency,, nowqvcr, in mathematiqs aiidphir
)osophy was pot extensive ; his mind was sti^L tbeat;rically
disposed^ and, ^t>9tb faUier s^nd .mother living .bi|t a short
iime after, he ^ave hlpisejjp up to. iiis darling passjion fof
acting;. |^rom.wyiichj^,says His historian, ^* nothing hpt hi$
tenderness for so dej^r,^ gelation as a mother had }4ther|i)
restrained him^",; I)uring the short interval, hqw^yer^ bq-
tween his moth<?r's ,de^t)^ and his^ cqmmenci,ng con^ediap,
he engagea Jp. the wiiie tr^d^ with his brother Peter Car-
rick ; and th^y tiir^d vaults ii) JDurh^in-yard. ^,,.. ,„
Wneh he had at lep^tt^ formed his final resolution^ I^
prepared himself in ear^^st, for that ^ploymeo^t, he ,s^
ardently loved, and in which be so. eminently e^c^UQd|
tie was frequently ih tne cfmpany of, the i^o^t^dpiir^a
actors; he obtained intifqductions to the piaqager^ 9/ t^q
theatres; Jbe^^fiejinj^ talent, in renting pajrjipular a^d f^s
vourite portions of plays ; and spmetimes wrote criti$;ispa3
upon the actipn ancl elpcution of the players. His,d\^de^9^
however, withheld him from trying his strength, a); Qr^ uppo
a Lpndpn theatr^ : be thought jhe hazard too grqat ;.AP$
therefoire cqmfuen,ced, his noviciate in actiag, with a^ 'Cfiqy?
pany of players then ready tp set out for Ips>yich> .'aj^^x
the direction of JVir. ^IHa^d s^d JV^r. Dunsitall, in. ^e sjom^
fiiejr of nil[ T^jfe lirst e%f^ of his th^s^uri^f^l ^al^p|;s was
exerted in Abpan,^, in . " Orponpto ;", jind met , i^id^ ap^
^Jaupe . equs^l to ^is most sanguine desires, iLTpde]: .th^
assuinei^ n^i^e of l^yddal, )ie not piijy %ct^4 ajyariety.oiF
characters ill plays, particulars .Chamont in the ** Qxpim^]
captain Brazen in the *^ Recruiting OUScer,^' .and sir Han^c
tVildair;. but be likewise attempted the act^v^.fe^ts of the
harlequin. In every essay .he was gratified witb/.pPQstant
and loud applause, and Ipswich has alw^3 boailted of
Kaving first seen and encouraged this mi^mpc^l^MCtor* .. ..
Having thus tried his powers before a provincial an-
dienpe,.. and taken all the necessary steps for a l^on^on
stage, he made his appearance at Goodman^s-fieldsj Oct^
G A R R I C K. 303
L9> 1741^ when hfe acted Richard HI. for th^^nt time^
His ac^ting was attended with the loudest acclamatipns of
applause ; and his fame was sq quickiy propagated through
the town, that the more established theatres of Druryrlape
and Covent* garden were deserted, The innabitants of the
ipost polite parts of the town wer^ drawn afte^ him ; and
Gooamah'8-6eIds were full of the splendor of St James*^ and
Grosvenor-s^uare, We must not wonder, that the playera
were the last to admire this rising genius ; who, accprdin^
to his biographer (and surely he must know), ^^ are more
Kable to envy and jealousy tha^n persons of most other prp*
fessions,'* and Qiiin and Gibber could not .conceal their
uneasioeas and disgust at hU great success. The patentees
a'^o of Druiy*lane and Covent«garden were, seriously
alarmed at the great deficiency in the repeipts of theiir
'bouses^ and at the crouds which coostantly fillec) the thefi^
tre of Goodman^S'^fields ; for Gii&rd, the manager tbere^
having found his advantage from Garrick^s itcting, had ad-
mitted hkn to a full moiety of the profits ; and Garrick^
in consequen(^e of bia being perpetually {tdmired, acted
almost every night. Nay^ to a long and fatiguip^ charac-
ter in the play, be would frequently add another in the
farce. Those patentees^ therefore, united their efforts, to
destroy the new-raised seat of theatrical empire, and for
this pur{>ose inteiided to have recourse to law.. An acit of
parliament, the 1 1th of (j^eorge IL co-operated with their
endeavours ; which were further aided by sir John Barnard^
who, for some reasons, was incensed against the. comediana
of Goodman's-fields ; in consequence of which, Garrick
entered into an agreement with Fleetwood, patentee of
Drury->lahe^ fbr 500/. a-year; and GifFard and his wife^
soon after, niad^ the best terms they could with the sam^
proprietor. During the time of Garrick's acting in Good^
man's-fields, he brought on the stage two dramatic pieces^
'^ The Lying Valet, a Farce ;** and a dramatic satire,
called *^ Lethe ;*' vi^hich are still acted with applause. The
laiteir was written before he commenced actx>r.
GarricVs fame was now s6 extended, that an invitation^
vpon very profitable conditions, was sent hini .to act iti
Dublin, during the months of June, July, and Augixst,
1742; i^hich invitation he accepted, and went, accom^
paoied by Mrs. Woffington. His success there exceeded
all imagination ; be was caressed by all ranks as a prodigjt
of theatrical accomplishment ; and the playhouse was so
30« 6 A R ft 1 C K.
4
crouded during this hot season, tbat a very mortal fever
was produced, which was called Garrick*s fever. He r^-'
turned to London before the winter, and attended closely
to his theatrical profession, in which he was now irrevoca-
bly fised. To pursue the particulars of his life through
this would be to give an history of the stage ; for which,
we rather choose, and it is more consistent with our plan,
to refer to Davies's very minute account.
In April 1747 he became joint-patentee of Drury-lane
theatre with Mr. Lacy. July 1749, he was married to
mademoiselle Viletti ; and, as if he apprehended that this
change of condition would expose him to some sarcastical
wit, be endeavoured to anticipate it, by procuring his
friend Mr. Edward Moore, to write a diverting poem upon
bis marriage. In truth this guarding against distant ridi-
cule, and warding off apprehended censure, was a favourite
peculiarity with him through life. When he first acted'
Macbeth, he was so alarmed with the fears of critical exa-
mination upon his new manner, that during his preparation
for the character, he devoted some part of his time to write
an humourous pamphlet upon the subject. It was called,
*^ An Essay on Acting ; in which will be considered, the
mimical behaviour of a certain fashionable faulty actor,
&c. To which will be added, a short criticism on his act-
ing Macbeth."
in 1763, he undertook a journey into Italy, and set out
for Dover, in his way to Calais, Sept. 17. His historian
assigns several causes of this excursion, and among the
chief, the prevalence of Covent-garden theatre under the
management of Mr. Beard, the singer ; but the real cause
probably was, the indifferent health of himself and Mrs.
Garrick, to the latter of whom the baths of Padua were
afterwards of service. During his travels, he gave fre-*
quent proofs of his theatrical talents ; and he readily com«
plied with requests of that kind, because indeed nothing
was more easy to him. He could^ without the least pre- .
paration, transform himself into any character, tragic or
comic, and seize instantaneously upon any passion of tb&
human mind. He exhibited before the duke of Parma,
by reciting a soliloquy of Macbeth; and haid friendly con-'
tests with the celebrated mademoiselle Clairon at Paris;
He saw this actress when he paid his fifst visit to Pariis th '
1752'; and though mademoiselle Dumesnil was then the
favourite actress of the French theatre^ he ventured to
G A R R I C K. 305
tmmottnce that Clairon would excel all competitors ; which
prediction was fulfilled.
After he had been abroad about a year and a half, he
turned his thoughts homewards ; and arrived in London in
April 1765. But, before he set out from Calais, be put
in practice his usual method of preventing censure, and
blunting the edge of ridicule, by anticipation, in a poem
called ^< The Sick Monkey," which he got a friend to
print in London, to prepare bis reception there. The
plan of it was, the talk and censure of other animals and
reptiles on him and his travels. Wretched, surely, must
be the life of a man exposed continually to public inspect*
tion, if thus afraid of censure and ridicule, and afraid with
so little reason. In the mean time the piece died still-
born ; and bis historian says, ** is among the few things
he wrote, which one would wish not to remember.*' After
his return, he was not so constantly employed as formerly
in the fatigues of acting; he had now more leisure to
apply himself in writing; and in a few months he produced
two dramatic pieces.
' In 1769 he projected and conducted the memorable Jur
bilee at Stratford, in honour of Shakspeare ; so much ad«
mired by some, and so much and so justly ridiculed by
others. The account of it, by bis biographer, is curious,
under more points of view than one. On the death of Mr.
Lacy, in 1773, the whole management of the theatre de-
volved on him. He was now advanced in years ; he had
been much afflicted with chronical disorders; sometimes
with the gout, oftener with the stone : for relief from the
latter of which, he had used lixiviums and other soap me-
dicines, which in reality hurt him. Yet his friends
thought that a retirement from the stage, while he pre-
served a moderate share of. health and spirits, would b^
more unfriendly to him, than the prosecution of a business,
which he could make rather a matter of amusement, than
a toilsome imposition. Accordingly, he continued upon
^he stage some time after ; but finally left it in June 1776,
and disposed of his moiety of the patent to messieurs She-
ridan, Linley, and Ford, for 35,000/. In Christmas, 1778,
when upon a visit at eavl Spencer^s in the country, he was
aeized with a (it of his old disorder ; but recovered so far,
as to venture upon his journey home, where he arrived, at
his house in the AdeJphi, Jan. 15, 1779. The next day,
he sent for his apothecary, who found him dressing hixii*
Vol. XV. X
c Sp6 G A R R I C K
. self, and seemingly in good health ; but somewhat alaraiedy
that he had not for many hours discharged any urine^ cen^
4trary to his usual habit. The disorder was* incessantly
gaining ground, and brought on a stupor, which increased
'gradually to' the time of his death. This happened JalL
:20, without a groan* The celebrated suigeon Mn Pett
-pronounced his disease to be a palsy of the kidneys. His
body was interred with great magnificence in Westminster-
abbey, and in 1797 a monument was erected to his me^
;mory, at the expence of a private friend. Garrick is-sup-
:po$ed to have died worth 140,000/.
Mr. Garrick in his person was low, yet welUshaped and
.neatly proportioned, and, having added the qualifications
.of dancing and fencing to his natural gentility of manner,
bis deportment was constantly easy and engaging. His
complexion was dark, and the features of bis mce, wbtcb
irere pleasingly regular, were animated by a full black eye,
brilliant and penetrating. His voice was clear, raelodidiMi,
land commanding-, with a great compass of variety; and,
from Mr. Garrick's judicious manner of conducting it, en*
joyed that articulation and piercing distinctness, which
Tendered it equally intelligible, even to the most distant
parts of an audience, in the gentle whispers of murmuring
love, the half-smothered accents of infelt passion, or tte
professed and sometimes aukward concealments of an
aside speech in comedy^ as in the rants of rage, the darings
^f despair, or all the open violence of tragical enthusiasm.
. As to his particular fort or superior cast in acting, it
.would be perhaps as difficult to determine it, as ic w6uld
be minutely to describe his several excellencies in the very
difFerent casts in which he at different times thought prCK
-per- to appear. Particular superiority was swallowed v^
in bis nniversality ; and although it, was someiimes cod-
tended, that there were performers equal to bim in their
jowu respective forts of pbying, yet even their partizans
'^ould not deny that there never existed any one perforiner
tbat came near bis excellence in so great a variety of parts.
rTragedy, comedy^ and farce, the lover and the hero, the
jealous husband who suspects his wife's virtue withoiijt
^ause, and the thoughtless lively rake who attaqks it withotAt
design, were all alike open to lijs imitation, and all alike
did honour to his execution. Every passion of the buniaii
breast seemed subjected to his powers of expression^; 'nsi]^,
:even time itself appeared to stand still or advance ai^ be
G A R R I C K. SOr
urottld have it Rage and ridiculey doubt and 'despair^
iraosport and tenderneM, compassion and oontempt, love^
jealousy^ fear, fury, and simplicity, all took in turn posr
•ession of bis features, while each of them ir^ turn appeared
|o be the sole possessor of those features. One night old
«ge sat on his countenance, as if the wrinjklet she had
stampt there were indelible ; the next the gaiety and blopia
of youth seemed to overspread his face, and smooth eveo
those marks which time and muscular conformation migb^
have really made there. I'hese truths were acknowledged
by all who saw him in the several characters of Lear or
, Hamlet, Richard, Doril^s, Romeo, or Lusignan; in his
Ranger, Bays, . Drug^er, Kitely, Brute, or Benedict. In
short, nature, the mistress from whom alone this great per-
former borrowed all bis lessons, being in herself ioexhausti-
ble, aad her variations not to be numbered, it is by no
means surprizing, that this, her darling son, should find
an unlimited scope for change and diversity in bis manner
of copying from her various productions ; and, as if she
had from !his cradle marked him out for her truest repre-
sentative, she bestowed on him such powers of expjressipii
in the muscles of his face, as no performer, ever yet pos*
sessed ; not only for the display of a single passion, but also
for the combination of those various canSicts with which
the human breast at tiroes is fraught; so that in bis coun«
tenance, even when his lips were silent, bis meaning stoo^
pourtrayed in characters too legible for any to mistake it.
His conduct as a manager, and his private character, have
jbeen variously estimated. No .man perhaps had more
friends, or more admirers, but he could not fail to create
enemies by a superiority which so frequently bid defiance
to rivalsbip. On the other baud it is allowed that as he
excelled all other performers in dramatic merit, so he also
excelled them in jealousy of fame. This seems to have
l^ceompanied him through the whole course of his life, and
foprmea a perp^uitl source of uneasiness to himself, fnd
:ridicule tQ his enemies. As by his vast riches he |iad the.
-power of doing good, his liberality has been asserted by
one party, and denied by another. But it is impossible to
refuse credit to the many instances of generosity which his
ji^iograpbers have produced, and as impossible to reQOQcila,
Ihem with the common notions of avarice. This, however^
•aftd other questk)ns respecting the public and private eha*
rapter of GarVick, will be found amply discussed lu 91^
X 2
808 O A R R I C K.
references. As a performer it has been again and agaift
^aid) that we ^ shall ne^er look on his like again/* |l sen*
terice sufficiently mortifying to the lovers of the draoia^
but which perhaps may be confirmed without any positive
deflect in the merit of his successors. If another Gsirrick
in all respects equal to the former should appear, and we
may form the supposition, there would always be an tn-
disiinct, traditumaty idea of the original English Rosciut,
which would obstruct the fame of a new candidate. The
idea of Garrick must soon become of this description, a^
the generations who admired him are fast decaying, and iu
a few years criticism will be able to do no more than strike
a balance between the contending opinions of his firiends
and foes.
As a writer, Garrick claims but a second place. There
is in the Biog. Dramatica a list of about forty drainatie
pieces, some original, but chiefly alterations of old plays,
or light temporary pieces. Besides these he wrote some
minor poems, and a vast number of prologues and epi-
logues. The general character of all these is vivacity,
neatness, and a happy adaptation to the occasion. '
GARSAULT (Francis Alexakdek de), was grandson
of M. de Garsault, groom of the king*s grand stable, whom
M. de Colbert made inspector general of the studs
throughout the kingdom in 1663. His uncle was captain
of the ktng^s studs, and he was appointed captain in rever-
sion, but did not succeed to the place; he nevertheless
paid much attention to horses, and was by that means qua-
lified to publish his *' Nouveau parfait Marechal,^' the
fourth edition of which is, 1 770, 4to. It is the best Frencli
work on that subject; nor has it been exceeded by any
that have since appeared. M. de Garsault had before
translated Snape*s " Anatomy of a Horse** from the Eng-
lish, which translation appeared in 1737, 4to. In 1756 he
pobiished his treatise on carriages, including a description
of a coach that cannot be overturned ; which he made use
6f a long time. " Le Guide du Cavalier,** 1769, 12mo,
is the last work published on horses by this author; he
afterwards employed his leisure hours in painting, engrsv-
rng, and several other works ; as '' les Faits des Causes
celebres,^' 12mo; " le Notionaire de ce qu*il y a de plus
> Davies and Murphy's Lives of Q^rrick.— Biog. Dramat40a.-«*Nicboify
JBowyer.-T-Cumberlaml's lAta. — Dr. Johnson's Work'— -Qod Life bjr.Boswe^.-f
Msron'a life of Whitehead, p. 63, &4, &c. &c.
' GAR SAUL T. 30©
\
^liie dans lea Connoissances acqaifes/* 8vo. He wrote
alsQ in the coUectioQ of the academy of the sciences, the
arta of the tennis-racket • oiaker^ the peruke-maker^ tbq
^ylor, the sempstresSt the sheemakeri the harness-maker,
the ^ler« and ^ eollection of plants engraved, in 4 vols, 8vo.
A palsy brought him insensibly to his grave, November
1778, at the age of 86.'
GARTH (Sir Samuel), a celebrated poet and physician,
%aa born of a good family in Yorkshire, and sent from
school to Peter-house-coUege in Cambridge; where .mak-*
ing choice of physic for bis profession, be acquainted him-
ftelf with the fundamental principles and preparatory re-*
quitttes of that i^Mful science^ At the same time he bad
an admirable genius and taste for polite literature ; andr
being' much delighted with those studies, he continjued at
college, . employing bis leisure hours in that waj^, till ha
took the degree of M. D. July 7, 1691. Soon after this,
resolving to undertake tbe practice of bis profession in*
London, he offered liimself a candidate to the college of
physicians.; and, being examined March 12, 1691-2, was
admitted fellow June. 26th following.
, . The college at this time was engaged in* tha( cbaritafale
prcgect, of prescribing to the .sick poor ^ gratis, and fur«
^i^ing them also with medicines at prime cost. The
foundation of this charity was first begun by an unanimous
YQte passed Jul^r 2^i 1687, ordering all their members to
gire their, advjoe gratis, te aJl their sick neighbouring
poor^ . when desired, within the city of London, or seven
miles. round* Wit^ the view of rendering this tote mord
<^&pt«ial, fmother was passed August 13, 1688, that the
Ubotatory of ihe college, should be fitted up for preparing
medicines for tbe.poort and also the room adjoining, for
airepofitory^ But due apothecaries found means to raise
a. party afterwards in the college against it ; so that the
design could nol^ be carried into execution. The college
was in this . embipiled slater when our author became a
&llow; and eoii$^rci9^ heartily with those members who
jreffolredt . notwithstafidM^ tbe disoouragemenDs. tbey met
nJnhf . tp pftHtoete Ihe enerity^ an order was made by the
iinanimous consent of the society in 16S4, requiring strict
*< ' ♦ By flift pftof Hi«re iflitf ersliMd tudh «r tHe pcf ish #li«te' th«y dw^tt, to wl^icA
aibrou^t€erUi6ate«of tbftif beln^fso, \tett added tl;« tihtirclmardeni and
'•igotd by-tlw rtdor, Ticsr, mt cumM tfteilteera.
' Diet Hii^t. de L»ATOc»t.
SI* GARTH.
obedience ftom all their members to the order of ISH/
This new order was presented to the City on June IS^*
1695, for their assistaince ; but this too being defeated hj
the dissolution of the common-council at the end of the
year, a proposition was made to the college, Dec. 22, 1696,
for a subscription by the fellows, candidates,* and Ucen*
tiates, for carrying on the charity, by preparing medicines
in a proper dispensatory for that purpose.
' In the same year. Dr. Garth, detesting the behaviour of
the apothecaries, as weii as of some members of the faculty
in this afiuir, resolved to expose them, which he accord-
ingly exectited, with peculiar spirit and vivacity, in his
admirable poem entitled << The Dispensary?* The first
edition came out in 1699,^ and it went through, three im-
pressions in a few niionths. This extraordinary encourage-
ment induced him to make several improvements in it;
and, in 1 706, be published the sixth edition, with several
descriptions and episodes never before^ printed *. In 1697
he spoke the annual speech in Latin before the college, on
8t. Luke^s day ; which being soon after published, left it
doubtful, whether the poet or the orator- was most to be
admired. In his poem he exposed, in good satire, the
false and mean-spirited brethren of the foculty; In the'
oration, he ridiculed the multiforious classes of the quacks,
with spirit, and not without huri^our.
So much literary merit did not fail to gain him great
reputation as a polite scholar, and procured him ftdteit<»
tance into the company and friendship of most of the no-
bility and gentry of both sexes ; who being inclined hf
his agreeable conversation to try bis skill in his profession,
were still more pleased to find him answer their wishes
tad expectations. By ^uch m^nis^ he came into vast prac-
tice, and endeared himself to his patients by his polite-
ness, agreeable conversation, generosity, and grMt good^
nature.' It was these last qualities that* prompted him in
170rto provide a suitable interment for the sbamefnUy
abandoned corpse of Dryden ; wbkb ha caused to be
brought to the ccrflege of physiciai»i proposed and encoa«
raged by his own example a subscription for defraying the
^ • • ■ '
^ Pope obsertretl that th« Disptni aiy 8om«thiiigof poetical ardour; and boios
Had been corrected in-eTery edition, no longer •upnortedbyaooideat^i and
and tbat wwery chang^e was an iinf»iv>ve. extrinsic popalariiy» hst icaroely bsca
inent. Dr. Johnson, boweTer, ,addft nble to ioppor(it8el£. .
not witboot FtasoBy tbat it «tiU wants
G A- R T H.* ^*
%
Mpence^of II funeral, pronounced 8 suitable ofalioH' ovei^'
Ule fetnains of the great poet, and afterwards attended the:
aolemeity from Warwick-lane to Westminster-abbey r 1 1 is^
commonly deserved, that the making of a man*s foi tuaeis ^e^
nerally owing to some one lucky incident ; and nothing was'
perhaps of more service in that respect to Dr. Garth, tbanP
ibe. opportunity he had of shewing his true character by-
this memorable act of generosity.
' . Inhis Harveian speech he had stepped a little aside
^rom the principal subject, to introduce a panegyric on*
king William,, and to record the blessings of the revotution«
The address is warm and glowing ; and to shew that his^
iiaod and heart went together, be entered with the first
members who formed the famous Kit-Kat club, which*
consisted of above thirty noblemen and gentlemen^ and
was erected in 1703^ purely with the design of distinr
guisbing themselves by an active zeal for the protestaiu
succession in the house of Hanover^. TJie design of
these gentlemen to recommend and encqurage Joyalty, by
the powerful influence of pleasantry, wit, and humour,
- furnished Dr. Garth with an opportunity of distingaishvng
'bimiself among the most eminent in those quahties, by the
extempore epigrams he made upon the* toasts of the club,
, yfhi^h: were inscribed on their drinking-glasses.
In politics, Dr. Garth ^ras prompted not more by
* S^^ sense than by good disposition, to make bis muse
-fufeeervient to bis interest, only by proceeding uniformly
• itt 'titt : same, road, without any malignant deviations.
Thus, as he had enjoyed the sunshine of the court
. tiiifilig k»rd:Godolphin's administration in queen Anne's
inig^f\timt .minister bad the pleasure to find him among
-lfcd&Sil.t>£ those who paid the muse's tribute on the
^S^yeyse .of his fortune in 1710^ and in the same un*
-llbangeaUle spirit^ when both the sense and poetry of
. tbfts jiddress i'^re^ttad^ed by Prior with all the outrage
' ^ifMoly .vmileocef ' be took no notice of it ; but had the
' nafcisfaptton to see .an .unanswerable defence made for him
- byJ^ddisDO^ - The/t^sk, indeed, was easy, and that elegant
writer in yMi ccmclttuoaof it c^serves^ that the^ame person
";• . . . ' •'
- '• * Bayer'i Life of qaeen Anii«. The with tarts» and other articlee fer the
- iiame of kit-Kat w«s taken from oiie table. Jacob Tooson was their secre-
' €3iYistepfaer* Kat, a pa8try-«oook, -near - taiy,- and in virtue of that offiee, be-
^le MTeWiiy Kinf -etraet,)VeiUiiinster» came poasf $ie4. of the pieturea of. aii
where they met, who often served thein the original memberi of iM club^
ax* GARTH.
wbb has endeavoured to prove that be i^bo wmte die << Dhh^
peasarj" was no poet^i will very suddenly undertake to^
§he^ that he who gained the battle of Blenheim, was wr
general. Thexe was, indeed, no fieed of a ptopbetie
apirit to inspire the prediction. It was written in Sept.
1710; and tiie following year, in Deoember, tbe^dukeof
Marlborough was removed from all his places, and having^
obtained leave to go abroad, embarked at Dover for Od**
tend, Nov. 30, 1712. Dr. Gai^th had lived in the partica*
lar favour and esteem of this g^reat man while in power,
and when he was out of power be lamented in elegant verse,
bis disgrace and voluntary exile.
In the mean time, with the same feelings, he had writ^'
ten a dedication for an intended edition of Lucretius^ in
17 1 J , to his late majesty king George L then elector of
Brunswick; and on the accession of that prince to the
&rone, had the honour of being knighted with the duk^
of Marlborough's sword, was appointed king^s physioiati
in ordinary, and physician general to the army* These
were no more than just rewards even of his medical merit;
He bad gone through the office of censor 'of the college in
1702, and had practised always with great reputation, aad
a strict regard to the honour and interest of the faculty ;
never stooping to prostitute the dignity of his prefession,
through mean and sordid views of self-interest, by courting
even the most popular and wealthy apothecaries. In a
steady adherence to this noble principle, he concurred
with the much celebrated Dr. RadclifFe, with whom lie waa
also often joined in physical consultations.
Garth had a very extensive practice, but was extremely
moderate in bis ^ws of advancing his own fortune ; bii
humanity and good-nature inelining him more to make use
of the great interest he had with persons in powev, fcv the
support ^and encouragement of other men of letters. He
chose ^o live with the geeat in that degree of indqseudeney '
and freedom, which became a man possessed of a tuperier '
geniu% ef ishidi he was daily ffnag fresh proofs to the '
public^ One of these was addressed to the late duke of
Newcastle, in 1715, entitled *< Claremoot ;'' being wite^*
ten on the occasion of giving that name to a villa belon^n^i
tor tbat nobleman, who was then only earl of Clare, wnici
he had adorned with a beautiful and sumptuous structures
Among the Latia writersi Ovid appears to heve been the
GARTH. a^l5f
doctor'ft favottrile ; and it has been thought tbat there
aome raaciQiblance in their dispositionsi mannerfy and
poetry* One of his last performanceSi was an edition of
0?id*s Metamorphosesy translated by various hands^ ia
which he rendered the whole 14tb book» and the story oC
€!i(^iii in the 1 5th. It was published in 1 7 1 7p and h^
pie&xed m pre£sce| wherein he not only gives an idea p£
the work, and points out its principal beautieSf but ahewa
the uses of the poeoi^ and bow it may be read to most ad-
vantage.
The distemper which seised hiln tbe ensuing year, ^nd
ended not but with his life, caused, a general concerui and
was particularly testified by lord Lansdown, a brother
poet, Uu>Bgh of a different party, in a copy of versus
written on the occasion^ He died after a short illnesSf
which he bor« with great patience, January .18, 17 1 8-) 9*
His loss was lamented by Pope, in a letter to a fdend^ w
foUows : << The best«-oatnred of men," says tbi? isiaoh*
admijred poet^ *< Sir Samuel Garth, has left me in the
truest conoern for his loss4 His death was veiy heroiQal#
and yet unalEected enough to have made a saint or a pbi^
loaopher fismoiuu But ill tongues and worse hearts bav^
branded even his last moments, as wrongfully as they did
bis life, with icreligbn. You must have heard many tal^
on this subject; I ImiI if ever tberft was a good ehrialiaii^
wsthotti kaMKMig himself lo be so» it was Dr. Garth." ThtSi
however, is nothing against positive evidence, that Dr«
Garth was a free-thinker, and a sensoalisi ; and the latter
part of it, his bemg a good Christian without knowing
Uoiaelf to he ao^ if it be not aonaense^ is a proof tbat Pope
cannot deny what he is angry to hear, anld lol^b tocoallsast
Ur* Johnson observes^ tbat !^ Pcpe afterwards declared
Idmself. convinced that Garth died in the cMsm^nion irf
the church of Borne/' and adds a sentiment of Lowth'i^
*^ that there is less distance than is thought beiwieen scep^
lieism and pq>enr; and that a mind, wearied, with per^
petual doufa^ willingly seeks repose in tbe bosom .pf aa
iafalUUe chnrch." If Dc. JxJmaou took this decWilation of
Pope's from Spence's '* MS Anecdotei^" to which, it ia
known he- bad aocess, he did not transcribe tbe whole*
What Pope said is thus given bv Spenee : << Garth talked
in « less Ubertine manner than be bad been used about thil
three last years of his life. He was rather doubtful and
514 GARTH.
fearful than irretigioiis. It was usual for hioi to say, tluil^
if there was any such thing as religion, it was aiaoiig th»^
Boman catholics. He died a papist, (as I was assured by
Mr. Blount, who called the father to him in bis last mo*
ments) probably from the greater efficacy, in which we
give the sacrameots. He did not take any care of bimaelf
in his last illness, and had talked for three or four years a»
dne tired of living.'' The same MS. insinuates that thia
impatience of life had nearly at one time pErompted him to
suicide. - ■ '
* Dr. Garth was interred Jan. 29, in the -dtarob of Qar-
fow*on-tbe*hill> near London, where he bad caused <«
vault to be built for himself and his family ; being .^ur^
vived by an only daughter, married to the faonoorabie eo^
lonel William Boyle, a younger son -nf due-honourable eor
lonel Henry Bpyle, nncie to the last earl of Burltngtfui of
that name.'
GAilTHSHORE (Maxwell), an eminent physician,
and> very .amiable man, was born at Kircudbrigbt, the
prineipal town of the county of that name in Scotland,
Oct S8, 1730. 'He was the son of the rev. Greorge Gavtb»*
•bore,' the minister of Kircudbright, and received hi^
early education at home. At the age of fourteen * he waa
placed with a surgeon-^apothecary in Edinburgh, wheae
be attended the medical classes'of the university, and; the
infirmary. In his twenty-second year, wlmi he had
finished bis medical studies, he entered the army, aa nmte
to surgeon Huck (afterwards Dr« fiuck. Sanndors) m ioefl
Charles Hay's regiment. In.lTi&he bad a»Qpportnm^
of reiinquisbiiig this service for the more advaiatageeua sin
tuation of'sncceeding'to the practice of Dr. John FcMtyce,
« pbysidanat Uppingham, in Budandsbite, who was
about to remove to London. In this place, Dr. Garth*
shore Tc^hled * until 1763^ giving much satisfaiction by *hls
activity,., asaicluity, and successful practice ip physic ispd
inidwifeiy, in a very extensive range of covntry* Hero
also he formed some valuable connections, and in 1^5B
married a young lady heiress to a small estate. Thia: laat
advantage encouraged him to remove to London in tt^S,
and after a short residence in Bedlbrd*street^ Covenir
garden,' he settled ina hcmse in St. Martinis lane, where
he continued :nearly fifty years. .His professional vi^ws m
' Bioff. Brit« — JobasoB's Lires.— >Cibber's Lives.— Spence's Anecdotes, MS:;
* •
G > R T H S H O R £. SIJ
doming to London were amply gratified*; but here h^
was soon assailed by a heavy domestic affliction, the loss
of his wife, which took place the 8th of March, 1765.
From this calamity Dr. G. sought relief in the practice of
bis public duties. His natural susceptibility, the instruc-
tion of his father, the correspondence of Mr. Maitland, an
Mrly friend arid patron, had deeply impressed him with
devotion to his Maker, and taught him to consider it a»
inseparable from good-will and beneficence to men. Vo-
lumes of his Diary, kept for the whole of his life in I^n«
don, and amounting to many thousands of close- written
pages, in contractions very difficult to decypher, consist
of medical, miscellaneous, and eminently pious remarks,
meditations, Mid daily <^abillations of praise and thanks-
giving, with fervent prayers to be kept steady m that course
of well-doing essential to happineiss in the pvesent life and
in that which is to come. The tone and teniper, 'elevation
and energy, acquired by thi^. sublime heavenly . inter-
course, appeared indispensable to this good man, not only
as the consolation of sorrow, and the disposer to patience
and resignation under the ills of life, bat as ttie sprifig and
principle of unwearied perseverance in active virtue i the
liberal, charitable exercise of the profeaion t^
he was devoted* From this time forward he <»n«
for nearly half a century cultivating nfedtcine in all
its bnmches, most attentive to every new improvement in
tbemf, physician to the British lying-in hospiul, feU
low of the rojral and antiquarian societies, renderings his
bowie an asylum for the poor, as well a^ a centre of cooT-
■ranication for the learned i for Ins connection witb the
kigfaer orders of men never prevented his habitual atten-
tions and services to the less fortunate: in geneml, to ^nd
^ Am ma aciBoadMury be wag ac- f In 1769 he read befcre th&jocifCy
BQOirledged by the best judi^i to hare of physiciani a cate of fatal tleas,
had tbe followiof very admirable qua- wfaich was publiihed in tiM foorth ysI.
ktifM: << He wafestremelypatieat, as ofMed-Obt. and Boqairiei. Andia
loQf as patience was a virtue ; and in the same year two cases of retrovert^
I of difficulty or of extreme danger. Uterus, which were published in the
hi deeided with qsiekaess and great fifth volmne. la 17S9 he pablishedin
Mgment | and he bad always a mind the I^oadoo Medical Journal, ObBer«>
sufficiently firni to enable his hands to Tations on Extra-uterine cases and
•a#ea*e that vhieh hid head had die- ruptmnes of the Tubes and Uterus; and '
fated." Sir O. Baker made him ae* In the same year sent to the royal so^
quainted with the celebrated Dr. Wil- cieiy.a remarkable case of numerous
Mara Hunter, through whose recom* Births/ with obserrations ; printed in
■Mndation and interest Dr. Oarthshora the 17th Toloma of the Philosophical
«as4:hosett physiciai^- to. the hospitiil Toma^Qiiy*
In Browolow-strcet.
S16 G A R T H S H OR £*•
in need of his asustonce was the surest recoQamendaliaOn
to his partiality.
To the last he maintaiDed bis gaiety and briskaesf ; and,
in company with bis friends, was always ready to give wayr
to those innocent sallies of pleasantry* that facetiousnea»
and hilarity which are the natural fruity of an unblemished,
lifei and of a benevolent disposition. In 1795 be married'
a second wife 9 but she died long before him* The day.
previous to his death he. said to a foend* in the wonls of:
Grotius, ^^ Hen vitam perdidi . Qperose nihil agendo t\
adding,^ that be b^d firm reliance on God's goodpeas,
througb Christ H^ died ne^it dayi the 1st MarcE* i&l2>,
and was interred in BunbUUfields burying^gmund. . >
. In person he bore fo striking a resemblance to the iirsti
earl of Chatham, that he was sometimes mistaken for bim^
This likeni^ss once produced considerable ^nsation in tb.f^
house of commons. Lord Chatham was poioted to in the
gallery ; all believed him to be (here ; the person really,
present was Dr. Garthsbore. He died worth about 5$,Q00L
and by his. will, made only a few day9 before hit deaths
after the payment of a considerable number of legacies^i
names as residuary legatee, John Maitlandf etc^ M. PJ . ..;
. GARZI (Louia), born at Rome in 1640, was adiscipW
of Andrea Saccbi» and consideir^d by many as an eqvM^^^ ii
not superior rival of Carlo Marat. /. His painlings are not)
much known in this country, but in Italy are cAAnXmA
for the highest excelleoicies.of <:olouriiig, deaigni. and cokn4
position* He ^ved a considerable time . at Naples^ but
ir^turned before \ki» death t^o Romey where he Jnd «Mim<*.
menced his career, ^ndat the age. of. eighty,, pointed. tho
dome of the cburch of Stigppatie (by order of CiementXLX
which was reckoned his mp&t. perfect, wodu He lived, io
complete it, and died in 1721, having survived a son who
attained great ex^cellence in painting, and much imitate4
bis father's manner.^
GARZONI (THOMA9), anitaliati writer of some note, was
bom in 1 549, at Bagnacavallo, near Ferrara ; be was a regi^^
lar canon lateran, and died in hsaown countryi 1589, let 40^
He had chiefly educated himself^ and learned Hebrew and
Spanish without a master* He was author of several moKal
works, printed at Venice, 1617, 4to. But the principal
pro4uctiQn of this, active writer and general read^; ia §n^
> Qeot. Mag. toI. LXXXIt > iTArgeitvinei t^. L^^FUtiD^CMi, .
G A R e O N L «i7
jtitM '' La Piazza universale di tutti le profession!: dd
mondo/' a work of infinite labour and considerable. use at
th» time it was written, aa the author bad almost all the
jnaterials ta seek, there being no direct model on so ex*
tensive a seale then extant. It seems first to have been
published at Venice, the year in which he died, and after-
wards went dirougb innumerable editions. Superficial
knowledge only is to be found in bis book ; but it points
out where more and better information may be found. It
has been truly said by Niceron, that the works of Garzoni
prove him to have dipped into all the sciences, and suffi-
ciently manifest the extent of his knowledge, and of what
he would have been capable with a regular education and
a longer life. His reflections, when he allows himself
time to make them, and room in his book for their inser*
tlon, are excellent But the task he had^ set. himself waa
too great for a single, mind, or the bodily labour of an in*
dividual. It is extremely difficult to render the title of
this book in English ; the word Piazza has twelve or four*
teen different meanings and shades of meaning in the
Gru^ca ; it implies a square or market*place appropriated
to commerceb Perhaps '' the universal commerce of all
the arts and professions in the world*' may nearly express
the author's meaning. ^
GASCOIGNE (Gkorqe), an old English poet of con**
stderable merit, was born of an ancient and honourable
family in Essex, and was son and heir of sir John Gas*
coigne, who, for some reason not assigned by his bio<*
grapher. Whetstone, chose to disinherit him. Previously
to this ha»h step, he had been privately educated under
a clergyman of the name of Nevinson, perhaps Stephen
Nevinson, LL. D. prebendary, and commissary of the city
and diocese of Canterbory* After this he was removed^
either to Oxford or Cambridge. Wood says, he <* had
his education in both the universities, though chiefly, as
he conceives, in Cambridge ;'' but Gascoigne himself, in
his << Steele-Glasse/' informs us that he was a member of
the university of Cambridge, without mentioning Oxford.
Bis progress at Cambridge is unknown, but he reipoved
. from it to Gray's-inn, for the purpose of studying the law.
^t is probable that in both places he wrote a considerable
Dumber of his poems, those of the amatory kind partica^
» Niceron, toK XXXVl.-*-MorerJ.— R«e$'s Cy^op«£s.
Sl« GASCOIGN'R
larly, as he seems to include them aoKmg his yonthfut
foUies.
Wood now informs us, that Gascoigne '' having a ramb-
ling and unfixed head, left Gray's*mn, went to varioua
cities in Holland, and became a soldier of note, which fad
afterwards professed as much, or more, as learning, and
therefore made him take this motto, Tam Marti quam
Mercuiio, From thence he went to France to visit the
fashions of the royal court, there, where he fell in love
with a Scottish dame.** In this there is a mixture of truth
and error. The story of the Scottish dame has no better
foundation than some lines in his <^ Herbes,*' written pro-
bably in an assumed character. His being in France is y«t
more doubtful, and perhaps the following is .nearly the
fact. While at Gi*ay's-inn, he incurred the expences ot
a fashionable and courtly life, and was obliged to sell his
patrimony, whatever that might be, and it would appear
that his father, dissatisfied with his extravagance, refused
him any fartlier assistance, and probably about this, disia<«
herited him.
Without blaming his father, farther than by calling his
disinheritance ^^ a froward deed,'' he now resolved to as^
sum^ the airs of independence, in hopes that his courtly
friends would render him in reality independent; but hct
soon found that their favours were not to be obtained with*
oiit solicitations incompatible with a proud spirit* A more
honourable resource then presented itself. William prince
of Orange was at this time endeavouring to emancipate
^he Netherlands from the tyranny of the Spanish monarchy,
and Gascoigne, prompted by the hope of gaining lauretiT
in a field dignified by pati'iotic bravery, embarked on the
19th of March, 1572, for Holland. The vessel bein|f
under the guidance of a drunken Dutch pilot, was run
aground, and twenty of the crew who had taken to the
iong*boat w^re drowned. Gascoigne, however, and his
friends remained at the pumps, and being enabled again
to put ^to sea, landed safe in Holland, where, haying obi
tained a captain's commission under the prince of Orangey
he acquired considerable military reputation, but ai|
unfortunate quarrel with .his colptiel retarded. his career^
Oonscious of his deserts, be repaired immediately to Deli^
and resolyed to resign his commission to Uie hands Iroin
;wbich be received it ; the prince in vain endeavouiiog i0
^lose the breach between his officers. '
G A S C O I G,N E. 31^
Daring this nieg^iation a circumstance occnrred which
bad nearly cost our poet his life. A lady at the Hague
(then in the possession of the enemy) with whom' Gas-
coigne had been on intimate terms, had his portrait in her
hands, and resolving to part with it to himself alone, wrote
A fetter to him on the subject, which fell into the hands of
his enemies in the camp ; from this paper they meant t6
hare raised a report unnivourable to his loyalty : but upon
its reaching his hands, Gascoigne, conscious of his fidelity^,'
laid it immediately before the prince, who saw through
their design, and gave him passports for visiting the lady
at the Hague : the bilrghers, however, watched his mo«
tions with malicious caution, and he was called in derisionr
•*the Green Knight." Although disgusted with the in^
gratitude of those on whose side he fought, Gascpigne still
retained his commission, till the prince coming personally
to the siege of Middleburg, gave him an opportunity of
displayhig his zeal and courage, and rewarded him with
SOO gilders beyond his regular pay, and a promise of fu-^
ture promotion. He was, however, surprised soon afiter
by 3000 Spaniards, when commanding, under captain
Sheffield; 500 Englishmen lately landed, but retired iii
good order at night, under the walls of Leyden.; the jea-
lousy of the Dutch was then displayed by their refusing to
dpen their gates, and Gascoigne with his band were in
consequence made captives. At the expiration of twelve
days bis men were released, and the officers after aii im*
{»risonment of four months, were sent back to England.
On hts return to England, he resided partly in 'Gray's-
inn, and partly at Walthamstow. In his ^^ Flowers" he
infbrfkMi us, that be had, in the midst of his youth, deter*
diined to abandon all vaine delights, and to return to
Gray^8*inn, there to u ndertake. a^am the study of the com*
inon law ; and that at the request of five gentlemen of the
inn, namely Francis and Anthony Kinwelm^rsh, Messrs.
Vaughan, Nevile, and Courtop, he wrote what he calls his
" Memoires.*' These tasks, however, may have been per-
formed at an earlier period of lif'e^ if it can be proved that
he left the inn twice before this time^ but his general de4
$ign now was to trust to his wit, and to publish his early
pa^ms, and those other works, written in his more serious
moments, that were intended to counteract the licentious
tendency of his amatory verses. In the summer of 1575,
be aocompefiied. queen Elizabeth in pne of her stately pror
520 fi A S C O I G N E.
gresses, and wrote for her amusement^ ia the month of
July, a kind of mask, entitled ** The Princely Pleatofes of
Kenelnrortb Castie/' Some of the verses were not only
written, but spoken by him on this occasion ; but the whole
of the entertaiomenty owing to the unfavourable weather^
was not performed. On his return from this progress, bis
principal residence, while preparing bis works, was at
Walthamstow. Here it appears, by Whetstone's accocmt,
be wrote the <^ Steele Glasse,'* the *^ Glass of Government,**
the *^ Delicate Diet," a book of hunting, and the '< Doom's
Day Drum/' which last was not published until after his
death. He left other pieces behind him, some of vdiich
were afterwards printed in various collections, but without
his name.
Although hd enjoyed the esteem of many of his poetiail
contemporaries, and the patronage of lord Grey of Wilton,
the earl of Bedford^ sir Walter Rawleigb, and other per«
sons of distinction ; yet during this period, he eotnpUtns
bitterly of the envy of rivals, and the malevolence of
critics, and seems to intimate that, although he appaciently
bore this treatment with patience, yet it insensibly wore
bim out, and brought on a bodily distemper which hi»
physicians could not cure. In all his publications, bd
takes every opportunity to introduce and bewail the errors
of his youth, and to atone for any injury, real or suppos^d^
which might have accrued to the public from^ perusal of
his early poems, in which, however, the proportion of
indelicate thoughts is surely not very great. His biogra*
phers, following the Oxford historian, have hitherto placed
his demise at Walthamstow in 1578; but Whetstone, on
whom we can more certainly rely, informs us that he died
at StamfoM in Lincolnshire, Oct. 7, 1577. He had per*
baps taken a journey to this place for change of air, ac-
companied by his friend Whetstone, who was with him
when he died, so calmly, that the tnoment of his departure
was not perceived. He left a wife and son behind him,
whom he recommended to the libenllity of the queen,
wbedier successfully, or what became of them, cannot nbw
be known. The registers of Stamford and of Waltham*.
3tow have been examined without success.
Akfaough his age is not mentioned by any of his bio-
graphers, yet from various expressions in his wdrksi it may
bd conjectured that it did not exceed forty years, and even
a much shorter period might be fixed upon with great pro<^
G A S C O I 6 N E. 321
babi1i^\ His stay at Cambridge was perhaps not long; iti
1566, wben bis comedy of the-^* Supposes*' was acted at
Gray's'iiui, be is denominated 6n€ df ihJe students. In one
of his prefaces, he- caVU bitnself of middle age ; his •ex-
ploits in the army are consistent with the prime of life ;
and it is certain that he did not survive these afbove five
years. The editix^nsof Gascoigne's works are all extremely
scarce, and often imperfect An account of them may be
seen in the late edition of the English poets, from which
this article is taken.
If we consider the general merit of the poets in the early
part of the Elizabethan period, it will probably appear that
the extreme rarity of Gascotgne'S works has been the chief
cause of his being so much neglected by modern readers.
In smoothness and harmony of versification, he yields to
no poet of bis own time, when these qualities were v^ry
common ; but bis higher merit is that in every thing he
discovers the powers and invention of a poet» a warmth of
sentimeiit tender and natural, and a fertility of fancy, al-
though this be not always free from the conceits of the
Italian school. As a satirist, if nothing remained but his
^'Steele Glasse,*' he maybe reckoned one of the first-
There is a vein of sly sarcasm In this piece, which appears
to be original ; and his intimate knowledge of mankind,
acquired indeed at the expence probably of health, and
certainly of comfort and independence, enabled him to
give a more curious picture of the dress, manners, amuse-
ments, and follies of the times, than we meet with in almost
any other author.
• A pamphlet of uncommon rarity has lately been brought
to light, after a concealment of nearly a century. Bishop
Tanner is the first who notices this pamphlet, under the
title of ^< A Remembrance of the welUemploy^d life and
godly end of George Gascoigne, esq. who deceased at
Stamford in Lincolnshire, ttb October, 1577, reported by
Georgie Whetstone.** But it is very extraordinary that
the learned prelate should inform us of this pamphlet being
in his possession^ and ait the same time express his doubt
whether it was the life of this, *6r of -another George Gas-
coigne, when a very slight inspection must have convinced
him that it could be no other, and that, in its prinqipal
facts, it agreed with the account be had just transcribed
from Wood. Since the antiquities of poetry have become
a favourite study, many painful inquiries have been made
Vol. XV. Y
3S2 Q JkSG Ol an E.
alter this tr^t, but it could aot be fouiMl ia Tanuei^s li^
brarjr, which fonm part of the Bodleiaiiy or io any odier
collection, private or public, aod 4tuabt% begao to he
entertained wbethinr 9uch a pamphlet had ever eaistedl^
About six or seven years ago, feudwever, it was discover*
ed in the collectioo of a deceauied gentleoian, a Mr. Voigha
of the Custoip-bous^ Loudon, and was purchased at ifais
$ale by Mr. Malone* It consists oi about thirteen pages
small quarto, black letter, and contains certainly not mwdt
life, but some particulars unknown to his biogfapheesi
A transcript of the whole is given in the late edition of the
English Poets. ^
GASCOIGNE (Sir Wiluam), ditef justice of the kingfe
beuch in the reign of Henry IV. was descended of a noble
family, originally from Normandy, and born at Grawtbeep
iu Yorkshire, about 1350. Beiug designed for the law, he
became a student either at Gray Vina or the Ini^er Tern-*-
pie * ; and growing eminent in his profession^ was made:
one of tl^e king's Serjeants at law, Sept. 139S. In OctobeF
following, he was appointed one of the attornies to Hfery
IV. then duke of Hereford, on his going into banishmeiit r
and upon the accession of that prince to the tfarone,^ in
1399, sat as judge in the xourt of commoBf pleas. .In
Nov. 1401, be was made chief justice of the king's beneh';.
and how miich he distinguished himself in that office^ a|k-.
pears from the several abstracts of his opinions, argumentSg
distinctions, and d^sisisions, which occur in our aid boofcsr
of law*reports.
In July 1403, he was joined in a commission with Ralpb.
Nevil,.earl of Westmoreland, and othen^ to issue tfa«ir
power and authojity, for levying forces in. Yorkshire and'
Northumb^rl^iidt against the insunrectioii of Henry Percys
earl of tha| county, in favour of Richard IL and,* after tfaiati
earl bad submittedi was poiuiuated April 14^5, in another
commissi^a to. treat w^b his rebellious abettors, a.pioch^'
mation to t\ie p^rp^se being issued ne^trday by. the king at
Pontefract. These were legal trusts^, which he executed*
from a principle of gratitude and loyalty,^ with spirit and*
steadiness. But, on. the taking of archbishop Scroop ^in;
,* jailer says, tbe latter: Dogdale risdic. p. 308^ edit 1 671* folio. . Tbe
ttie fornMr, fcom his arms on one of the anus are. Argent, on tt pale Sable> a
wjiifiiM in.OfSjr'irinQ-b^U. Oris* in- cteaiy-kice Or.
• ^ JoUnaqnaod Chalmers's edition of theBftglish Poets, with the refereaee»^
tiicre.
GASCOIGNE.' SS3
armsiihe same year, when tiie king re<][mfed him* to pugs
sentence upon that prielate as a traitor; ih Ms manor-housis
at Bisboptborp near York, no prospect dt fear or favour
^oras Mb to corrnpt him to' atny siich Tidlati6A of the sub-
j^ctsr rights, ^or infringement of tfadse Islws, which sti£-
ho religious.perdon to Ue brought to a secular or lajr
trials unless he were a heretic, and first degraded by th^
church. He theirefbrei refased td obey the royal tomniand,
ikid said to his Miajesty : '^ Neither you, my lord the king^
nor any liege subject of yours in your name, can legally,
aecording to the rights of the kihgdom, adjudge si!ny bishop
to death/' Henry was highly displeased alt this instance
of his intrepidity ; but his anger must hav'e been shbrt, if,
2ti Fuller tells uh, Gascoigne had the honotir of knighthood
conferred on him the same year. HoWeVer that be, it is
eartain, the king was fully satisfied with his fidelity and
cin:umspection in treating with the rebels ; and on that
ao:oant joitied him again in a commission as before, dated
at Pdntefruct- castle, April 25, 1408.
Besides the weight of his decisions in the King^s-bench,
already mentioned, be w&s engaged in reforming and re-
gulating other public afiairs, pursuant to the resolutions
aud direction? of the parliament. Of this w6 shall give one
instance. The attornies being even then growrl by their
multitude and mal-practice a, public grievance"*^, an act
was^madein 1410, not only for the reduction' and lijuita*
tion of them to a certain number for every county, but also
fer their amendment and correction ; as that they should
be swotn evety term to deal faithfully alid truly by their
jdients, and in breach thereof b^ idaprisoned for a twelve-
mon&, and then make their ransom according to this king's
will : and it being ferther enacted, that the justices of
both benches should mak^ this regulation, sir' W. Giiscbigne
must unavoidably have' had a principal part iu' proiUdting
th^ general bienefit by redressing thaS grievance.
Prom his general conduct, as related by historians, there
ir sufficient reasdtl to phCe air William Oiiscoigne. in the
rank of chief justices of th^ first merit, both for his ihte«
grity and abilities, and he had once occasion to distinguisti
* There wtre^but 140 Uuryeri- aod inccMsed in a little mom than 100
attoniet Uk Eo^aody. in the time of yean to about 3000; but afterwards
JBdward I. as appears' in a parlia* they were reckoned at 10,000 by lord
nent-roli, ann. 20 pf that reigo, in Coke, in £piL to Inst. iv. .
1292. Yeti Fortescue assures us, they
y 2
524 GASCQIONE.
himself »bove hi$ bretbreo^ by a mexnorable transaction in
the latter end of this king^s reign. A servant of the prince
of Wales (afterwards Henry V.) being arraigned for felony
at the bar of the ItiDg^s-bench ; the news soon reached bis
tpaster^s ears, who, hastening to the court, ordered him
to be unfettered, and offered to rescue him. In this i;>eii)g
opposed by the judge, who commanded him to leave the
prisoner and depart, he rushed furiously up to the bench^
and, as is generally affirmed, struck the chief justice, then
fitting in the execution of his office. On this sir Williaiii,
aftier some expostulations upon the outrage, indignity, and
unwarrantable interruption of the proceedings in thatplace^
directly committed him to the king^s bench prison, ther^
to wait his father's pleasure; and the prince submitted ^
his punishment, with a calmness no less sudden and sur-
prising, than the offence had been which drew it upon
him. The king, being informed of the whole affair, in-
stead of being displeased with the chief justice, returni^
thanks to God, ^'Tbat he had given him both a judge wW
knew bow to administer, and a son who could obey jus-
tice." This extraordinary event* has been recorded, not
only in the general histories of the reigns of these two sqt
vereigns, but celebrated also by the poets ; and particu-
larly Shakspeare^i in th^ second part of " Henry IV.!'
This unparalleled exaniple of firmness and civil intrer
pidity upon that bench, happened in the latter ^cLijf
Henry IVth's reign, which our chief justice did not long
survive^ He. was called to the parliament whicb, met ia
the first year of Henry V. but died before the expiratiqa
of the year, D^c. 17^ 1413^ He was twice married, apd
had a train of desqendants by both bis wives : by the for-
mer, the famous earl of Strafford, in. the reign of Cbarleai I.*
GASPARINO (Bauzizza), one of the revivers of Ut^»
rature, and an able grammarian, took his name from the.
village of Barizizza, near Bergapfio, whqre he was^b^rnia
1 370. It is thought that he studied at Bergamo, and kept
a private school tliere. He afterwards became professor
of the belles lettres at Pavia, Vepipe, Padua^ and Milan*
He was in this last mentioned city in 1418, when pope
Martin V. passed through in his return from the council of
Constance. Barzizza was on this occasion appointed to
payyhim the compliments of the city, and the two univ^er-
* Bioj. Brit.— Archawlogia, rol VI. p, 334.— -Gough's Sepulchral Mpnn-
inent?.
C A S P A R I N O. 325
kities of Pavia and Padua having sent orators to the pope^
he was also employed in preparing their intended speeches.
He was during the rest of bis life patronized by the duke
Philip-Maria-Visconti, and enjoyed the esteem due to his
ieaming and talents until his death at Milan about the end
of 1430.
" His Latin works, consisting of treatises on grammar and
rhietorie, orations, ' letters, iScc. do not form the only title
he has to be considered among the revivers of learning and
elegant Latinity. He merited this honour also, like
Aurispa and Guarino, for his ability in explaining the an-
cient classics,' and ih decyphering the manuscript copies
Hvhich at that time engaged the curious researches of the
learned world. His ** Epistles" form an epoch in the his-
tory of French printing. When two doctors of the Sor-
))onne, William Fichet, and John de la Pierre, had en-
gaged frdm Germany three printers, Gering, Crantz, and
Friburger, t6 come to Paris, in 1459, a printing-press
Was set up in the house of the Sorbonne, and Gasparino^s
*^ Epistles'* were the first typographical production in
France. The title was "TJasp. Pergamensis (Bergomensis)
Epistolae," 4to, without date, but printed in 1470. All
Gasparino's works were collected and printed by cardinal
Furiettiat Ronie, 1725, 4to, with those of his son Gumi-
1*0 RTE. This son was born at Pavia in 1406. He had not
the same reputation for eloquence and elegance as his fa-
iher ; but his works shew that he had studied the ancients
Vith equal assiduity. He lectured at Novara on Cicero*s
Offices, and Terence's comedies, when a lucky circum-
stance introduced him to Alphonsb king of Arragon. Be-'
hig admitted to addre$s him at Barcelona, in 143^, the
king was so struck with hi$ eloquence, as immediately to
appoint him one of his council, and Guiniforte in conse-
quence had the honour to accompany him in his expedition
to the coast of Africa. Falling sick, however, in Sicily,
he obtained I^ave to return to Milan, but without any loss
of the king's respect and friendship for him. Here the
duke Philip of Milan gave him the title of bis vicar-general.
With this he held the office of professor of moral philoso-
phy, the duties of which were frequently interrupted by
' Mis being employed in diplomatic affairs to the courts of
Arragbn and Rome. After the death of Philip, his suc-
cessor appointed Guiniforte to he ducal secretary, and he
526 G A S P A R I N O.
passed the rest of bis life in that office. It is diought he
died about the end of 1459.*
GASSENDI (P£T£r), a very eminent mathematician
and philosopher, was born Jan. 22, N. S. 1592, at a village
called Cbantersier, about three miles firom Digne in Pro-
vence, in France. His father, Antony Gassendi, a Roman
catholic, educated him with great piety, and the first
words he learned to pronounce were those of his prayers.
This practice made such an impression upon his infant
mind, that at four years of age he demonstrated the good
effects of it in reproving or exhorting his playfellows, as
occasion prompted. In these first years of his youth he
likewise took particular delight in gazing at the nioon and
stars^ in clear uncloudy weather, and was so intent on
these observations in solitary places, that his parents had
him often to seek, not without many anxious fears. At a
proper age they put him to school at Digne, to Godfrey
Wendeline, an excellent master, under whose care he
made a quick and extraordinary progress in learning. In
a very short time he learned not only the elements of the
Latin language, but was so far advanced in rhetoric as to
be superior %o all the boys in that school ; and some friends
who had witnessed his proficiency, recommended to have
him removed, in prder to study philosophy under Fesay, a
very learned Minorite friar, then at Aix. This proposal
was. not much relished by his father, whose design was to
breed up his son in his own way to country business, or
farming, as a more profitable employment than that of a
scholar, nor would he consent but upon condition that the
boy should return home in two years at farthest. Young
Gassendi accordingly, at the end of his allotted time, re^
paired to Cbantersier; but he did not stay there lon^
being invited to be a teacher of rhetoric at Digne, before
he was full sixteen years of age ; and he had been en«
gaged in this not above three years, when his master Fesay
dying, . he was made professor of philosophy in his room
at Aix.
He was scarcelv yet past the bounds of childhood, when
his merit raised him also above this professorship. Having
at his leisure hours composed his *^ Paradoxical Exercita-
tions,*' they came into the hands of the famous Nicolas
'^ Ghigneii^-Hist Lit. d'ltalie. — Tirabosehi.-— Moreri. — Hody deOrscis illus-
tribos.— Idit prefixed to Furietki*! edition of hit Work8.<-4SaxM Oooina^
G A S S & N D I. Sii
Peiresc, mho jioined with Joseph Walter, prior 6f Valette,
in a ries^lu^n to take hiiii out of the' way of losing bis time
ia empty scfaolaartic «q«HEibbles, and procure biih a place in
the churchy which would afford him sitth leisure and qniet
as was nObessary for ctfltrvating ihci^e useful re^i^earcb^s.
Being now of yea^s sufficient to receive the priesthood, h^
entered into holy orders; and aft^^ b^ftig first iki^de a!
Canon of the church 6f Digne, and D. D. be obtained the
wardenship or rectory of the siame chtn'cb, v^hith w^^ car-
ried by the interest of his twt> fri'elids, though not wftfhent
some difficulty, agikiA^t several competitors. He held this
place for the space of twenty years; and during that time
scvqral of those pieces were written which ifiafce up the
eoiiectio«i of his works;.
In 1 62S he aecompanied Fr^incts Luillere, ifnaster of ac-
counts ai Paris, in hi^ journey to the Nethelrlands ; which
wa^ the only time' he Waid ever out of France. In Holland
be wrote bis £itereitavion against Fluddin d'l^'fence of Mer-
seanus, who, upon bis setting; out! on this journey, had
put Fiudd's book into fatS' hands for tb^t purpbse. During
Im stay in^ tfhiii country, he also beoathe acquainted, amortg
edi^rff^ with Des GarteS. and John Gerard Vos^io's ; against
the former of whom he maintained a dispute lipon the sub-
ject of inetlaphysics, and he convinced the latter of bii(
great skill in mathematics. In 1640 he was nominated for
prdotor of bis- diocese in the general synod of the Galliciln
churchy but the elecltion was carried for another by the
interest of caiKlinal Richelieu.
Gassendi had from his infslncy a turn to astrotiomy,
which grew up with his years ; and, in 1618, be bad be-
gun to make observiktidns upon the sialic, and to digest
them into a method. His reputation- daily increasing, he
became so eminent in that science, that in 1645 be was
appointed royal professor of mathematics at Paris, by the
interest of Alpbonse du Plessis, cardinal of Lyons, and
brother to cardinal Richelieu. This instittition being
chiefly designed for ast^nomy, Gassendi not only em-
ployed himself very diligently in obserrscticins, but read
lectures with great applause to a crow*ded audience, He
did not^ however, hold this place long ; for, contmcting a
cold, which^ brought on li dangerous cough, and an in-
fliimmatlon of his lungs, he found himself under a Necessity
of qvitting Paris ; aiH) being advis^^d by the physicians to
setorn to* Soigne for the' benefit 6f bis native air, he went
328 G A S S E N p L
there io 1647. This advice had the desired success ; wbidi
was also effected the sooner by the kindness of Louis
Valois, earl of Alais, and viceroy of Provence, who, ob«.
serving the philosopher's circumstances, invited him to his
house ; where G.assendi's conversation upon points of learn-
ing gave him sq high an idea of his talents, that be fre-«
quently made use of him as a friend and counsellor in po-
litical aiFairs. After enjoying this honourable ease until
this nobleman was called to court, Gassendi returned to
Digne, where he began to write the life of bis patron, the
famous. Nicolas Peiresc, a task which had been enjoined
him by the earl of Alais.
He resided at Digne till 1653; when, in company of
Francis Bernier, physician, and Anthony Poller, his ama-*
nuensis, he returned to Paris. Here he lived in the house
of M. Monmor, ms^ter of the court of requests, at whose
request he had formerly engaged to write thelifeof Tycho
Brahe, and then inade several collections with that view y
andrthis request being now renewed, he immediately set
about the work, and published it at Paris, with the lives of
Copernicus, Purbachius, and Regiomontanus, io 1654, 4ta
But he neither suffered this nor any other business to pre-^
vent him from going on with his astronomical observations,
and had no • sooner finished the last-n^entioned book than
he proceeded to complete his system of the heavens.
While he was thus employed, too intensely for the feeble
state of his health, he relapsed into his former disorder,
which had been relieved by the intermission of his studies;
so that he was neither able to enjoy his garden-walks, nor
the society of his friends^^ with his usual alacrity ; and in
the autumn of his years, his ca^e became desperate.
In the first attack be had been relieved by bleediug,
wbich, however, so much enfeebled him, that he never
recovered his former strength. Yet this, as the only re-
Biedy in his case^ was judged necessary by his physicians.
He had suffered this depletion for the ninth time, when,
perceiving himself to be too much sunk, he modestly pro-
posed to forbear a repetition, as thinking himself not able
to undergo it ; and tvyo of his physicians had yielded to
this suit, when a third, obstinately insisting on the con-
trary, drew his colleagues into his opinion. Gassendi sub-
mitted, and the operation was repeated even to the fourth
time, at which, holding out his arm for the purposei he
said to Peter his amanuensis, who constantly attended him.
WW <i<»i»w „^m 1^ »■ I ■ w^
d A S S E N^ D I. 329
^ tt ts more eligible by this deprivation of strength to
sleep qaietly in Christ, than to be taken off with more pain
by sunocation.'^ Having undergone the operation, he
presently felt himself approaching to his last hour, and
sent for a priest to administer the viaticum ; which being
given, he expired about four in the afternoon, on Sunday,
Oct 22, 1655, in the sixty-third -year of his age. At his
death, his hand was found upon the region of his heart,
Vvhich place be had frequently desired his amanuensis to
touch, in order to mark its motion, which when this at-*
tendant observed to be very faint and Buttering, hesaid,
*^ You see what is man's life ;'* which were the last words
be spoke.
He had made his will Oct. 15 preceding, by which he
appointed M. de Monmor hi$ executor, and left him all
liis MSS. with leave to publish such as he should think fit
for the press ; and that gentleman, with the assistance of
another friend*, having carefully collected and perused
them, came to the opmion, that he had written nothing
which was not worthy of him, and the whole was published
by Monmor's order at Leyden, 1658, in six volumes, folio.
This honourable friend ^had before testified his great re-
spect for Gassendi^s memory at his funeral, which was
performed two days after his death, by depositing his
corpse with those of his own ancestors, in the church of St.
Nicholas in the Fields, at Paris. Here also he erected a
bandsopne monument, exhibiting his bust, by Nanteuil, set
upon a frame of black, inclosing a plate of white marble ;
upon which was an inscription, in the close whereof his
character is elegantly and literally expressed in three
words, attesting his ^* piety, wisdom, and learning.^' His
dirge and requiem, and funeral rites, according to the
usage in the Romish church, were likewise performed in
the church of Digne ; and a funeral oration pronounced by
Nicolas Tixelius, his successor in that rectory, who printed
it at Leytien in 1656. It appears by his letters, printed
in the sixth volume of his works, that he was often con-
sulted by the most famous astronomers of his time ; as
Kepler, Longomontanus, Snellius, Hevelius, Galileo, Ker-
cher, Bullialdi, and others; and he is generally esteemed
one of the founders of the reformed philosophy, in oppo-
sition to that of Aristotle and the schoolmen.
The sound judgment, extensive reading, and capacious
memory of Gassendi, indeed qualified him to attain great
no G A S SiE N D I.
^ifitinctidn amoog pbiloi<^beri. He is abo laiikeii by
Barxow aaipng^ the most etininent m^tbemaliciaiv of^th^
age/ aad m^ntipned mth Galileo, Gilbert, and JDes CiNrtes*
HU coauneatary pi>lbe tenth book of Diogeaea La^rtiua i» n
sufficteqt proof of bis erudition. With uRcoauDpa ahilitiei^
for the tafik^ be undertook to fraaie from Lucretius, LaertiQSy
?Dd other aucieet writers, a. cofisiatent schejne of Epicif^
reau doctrine,, in wbkk the phaenoineua of. natune arj$ un-
ipo^diatdiy desivedi fi^m the faotkm of primary at«ms. But
he v^^ .aiyajte of tbe/uftdamental djefeqt of this aysteno,. and
added to.it the. iin|ioctant doctrine ot a DtFinesuperiiw
tending Muii4, frocn whom he conirei^ed the. first naotion
and subsequent arrangement of atoms to have been d^r
rifled,, and whom be regarded as the wise (^v^rtoof of the
Y9rI4. Gassf ndti strenuously? oiaintaioed the atoosic doc*:
trine in opposition to the fictions of tbe GartiisHin philoso^
phy, which were ^t that time obtaining gi^at credit ^ aiid
particularly asserted, in opposition to Des Qartea^,* the doc«
Urine of a vacuum* On the subject of morals^. Grassendi
explained the permanenjt pleasure or indolence of Epieai'-
rus^ in a manner perfectly consistent with the. priest pre-^
cepts of virtue.
{jlis large ^aid valuable library, tog^er .with bist astro^
pomical and philosophicail appairatus, was purchaaed' by
the emperor Ferdinand IIL and afterwards, deposited,, with
9ther choice coUectians, in, the imperial library at Vienna.
The edition of has wonks aboive mentioned contains the pbi^
losophy and li£e of Epicurus ; the author's own philosophy ;.
bis astronomical works ; th^ lives of Peiresc, Copemiousy
Tychp Brabe, Purbacb, Regiomootaiius,. John Mailer, &e..
^ refutation of the Meditatiei^s of Des Cartes ; Epistles f
and other treatises. Bernier, a, celebrate French pbysi<»
qian, has given an accurate view o£ the philosophy of Gas««
sendi in his abridgment of it, publi^d in French at Lyons,,
in 16S4, in eight volumes 12mow The Life of Gassendi,
accurately written by Bougerelle, a piiest of the oratory,
was published at Paris in 1737. *
GASTAUD (FaANCis), a French divine of the eigbteen^^
century, descended from a family of distinction, was born
at Aixy in Provence, and being at an early age admitted
into oriders, officiated (br some years. as. priest in the parish*
church of St. *PauL Ai»ong his theological puhlicationa is
1 Life by Bpagerene.-«>Huttoii's 0ict. — Margin's Biog. Pbilosophica.-^
Brocker.— SaiKii Oaomait.
O A S T A U D. m
^ A Collection of Homilies on the Epistles lo tbe RomsiQa/*
in two Tolunies, ISmo, with a delineation of tbeobaracter
joi St Paul prefixed. But on the death of bis elder .bro*
ther, a celebrated advocate ip the parliament of Province)
-he retired into the country, stu4^ law, and beings ad-
mitted an advocate, practised with uncommon success*
The interests of the poor he advocated without hope of
reward ; and in 17 17 he gained a fomous cause against the
Jesuits, of whom he was an active oppone^l. Not coa*
tented with pleading professionally against them, be at-*
tacked them by means of the press, and wrote a piece
entitled << The Jesuits unmasked/' He pubKshed some
treatises against the bishop of Marseilles, who procured
him to be banished twice to Viviers, where he died in 1 73 1,
and on account of his reputed heresy he was denied the
rites of Christian burial. ^
GASTRELL (Faancis), a distingt^sbed English bishop^
was born about 1662, at Slapton in N<Nrthamptot%shire ; and^
being sent to Westminster school in 167^ W83 admitted
on the foundation, and elected to Christ Churefa, in Ox-»
ford, where he of course became a student in 1680. He
took the degrees in lirts in 1687 ; after whiclp, entering
into orders, and proceeding in divinity, he took a bache*
lor^s degree in that faculty, June 29, 1694- The same
year he was made preaohfsr to the hon. society of liocolo^a
Inn, in which station he acquitted himself so well that he
wag appointed to preach Mr. Boyle's lecture in 1697.*
Having finished those eight sermons, he drew them up in
the form of a continued dacourse, which be published the
same year. The subject of this piece being a defence of
religion in general against atheism, Gastrell prosecuted
* the design further, in asserting the truth of the Christian
religion against the deists. This he published in anothep
discourse, in 1699, by way of continuation, or second part
of the same subject. He commenced D. D. July IS, 1700 ;
being then chaplain to Robert Harley, esq. speaker of the
house of commons. The ferment that had been raised by
the dispute between South and Sherlock upon the Trinity,
being still kept up, Dr. Gastrell, in 1702, published^* Some
Considerations concerning the Trinity, akid the ways o£
managing that Controversy :'' and the same year was col-
lated to a caqppry of Christ Church in Os^ford.
* Morerr^^Dict. Hist.
352 GASTRELL.
Meanwhile, he continued to give public proofii of his
hearty concern for religion; and pnblishedy in 1707, his
excellent work entitled *^ The Christian Institutes, or the
sincere Word of God, &c.*' collected out of the Old and
New Testament, digested under proper heads, and de-
livered in the wordsf of scripture. This has been repeatedly
printed. The same year alsoj being appointed to preach
the sermon at the aniversary meeting of the charity-schools
io London, he printed that discourse; in which the pecu-
liar advantage of theie charities is set in a new light, by
contrasting tb^m with the popish monasteries. Mr. Col-
lins, in his " Essay concerning the use of Reason," having
animadverted on some things in the doctoi^s '^ Considera-
tions concerning the Trinity," which had gone through
two editions, he this year published a third, subjoining a
vindication of the work, in answer to Collins. In 171 (
be was chosen proctor in convocation for the- chapter of
Christ Church, and appointed one of the chaplains in or-
dinary to the queen. In 1714 be published '< Remarks
upon the Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity, by Dt. Samuef
Clarke,'* who acknowledged that the objections to his doc-
trine were there set forth to particular advantage;^ by the
akill of a very able and learned writer, and proposed with a
reasonable and good spirit. He resigned the preacher's
place at Lincoln*s-inn this year, upon his promotion to'
the see of Chester ; and he was allowed to hold his canonry
of Christ Church in commendam. He had for some tiirie
before been appointed one of the commissioners for build-
ing the fifty new chtirches in and about London ; and had
become a member of the society for propagating the gospel
in foreign parts.
Thus his merit found all the reward and encoiiragement
which he could e^tpect, from the court and ministry of
q\ieen Anne ; but this brought him under the di&rpleasnre
of the administration in the succeeding reign, which, being
shewn, as he conceived, without any just or reasonable
gprounds, was resented by him. - At this period he became
a patron to the university; and appeared warmly in its
vindication in the house of lords, wheti it was attacked
there for a pretended riot on the birth-day of the prince of
Wales in 17 1 7. At the same time he testified the greatest '
abhorrence of thiff and all other marks of disloyalty, and
used all his. influence to prevent and check them.
He now engaged in a very remarkable contest with the
G A S T R E L L. 333
arehbisbop of Canterbury, about tbe degrees granted in
virtue of his metropolitical power. - The occasion ,w^s thia :
The presentation to the place of warden of the collegiate
church of Manchester in Lancashire falling to the crown^
George I. nominated Mr. Slamuel Peploe, vicar of Preston^
in the s^me county. But that gentleman, being then only
M. A. found himself obliged by the charter of the college,
to take the degree of B. D. as a necessary qualification to
hold the wardenship. To that end, having been bred at
Oxford, where he had taken his former degrees, be went
thither in order to obtain this ; and had actually prepared
the best part of his exercise for that purpose, when he was
called to Lambeth, and th^re created B. D. by the arch-
bishop, who thought the university ought, in respect to
the royal nomination, to dispense with the usual exercise.
With this title, he applied to bishop Gastrell, in whose
diocese tlie church of Manchester lies, for institution.
But the bishop, being persuaded that his degree was not a
sufiiciejut qualification in this case, refused to admit him ;
and observed to him, that being in all respects qualified to
take his degree regularly in the university, he might pro-'
<;;;eed that way witSiout any danger of being denied; that,'
However, if he desired any favour usually indulged lo^
other persons, he would endeavour to obtain it for him,
and did not doubt but the upiv^rsity would grant it. On.
the other hand, Mr. Peploe insisted on his qualification by
the^ archbishop, and had recourse to the court of king's-
bench,. where sentence was given in his favpujr. ,. On this, '
bishop Gs^trell, in his own vindication, published <' The
bishop of Chester's Case, with relation to the Wardenship i
of Manchester. In which. is shewn, that no other degrees
but such as are taken in the university, can be deemed legal
qualifications foic any ecclesiastical prefermejut in Euglaud*'-
This was printed at Oxford , and that university, March ;
22, 1720,, decreed in a full convocation,, that, solemn thanks
should be returned to the biishop,^ for having so fully as«« *
serted the rights, privileges, and dignities, belonging to
tbe university degrees in this book* This was attempted
to. be answered in a pamphlet entitled ^^ Considerations,
&c.'' proving that bistfop Gastrell's pamphlet 'lis injurious,
1. to ibe. prerogative royal of the imperial crQwn of Eng-
land; . 2, tQ the prerogatives, powers, apd privileges, of ,
the archbisbops of Canterbury ; and 3. to the legal rights,
privileges, and liberties of the reverend presbyters ottbe
334 G A S T R E L L.
church of Eoglaad ; wherein it is plidnly proved, that tl^
universities have ti6t the sote power df granting d€$grees.'*
It is somewhat remarkable, that this Mr. Peploe succeeded
him in the bishopric of Chester.
This affitir was scarcely cdneluded, whetl the prosectt-
tion comtnenced against Atterbtiry, bishop of Roche^er.
Bishop Gastrell never liked the haaghty temper of that
prelate, and had dways opposed bis arbitrary attedipt^
iriiile dean of Chricit Church; yet, being «iatisfied in his
ocKHeiMce, that the prooeedings in parliament against him
iMte pushed on with too much violence, he opposed them
with great reflation ; and when the bill for inflicthig pains
and penalties upon Atterbury was before the house of lords,
he spoke against it trith earne^ess and warmth, not spa*
ring to censiire the rest of his brethren the bishops, who all
concurred with the bilL
He survived the bishop of Rochester's bantsbment but a
few years. The gont, with which he had been much af-
flicted in the latter part of his life, put a period to it,
Nov. S4, 17^5. He died at bis canon's lodgings In Christ
Church, and wad buried in tbit cathedral wtthout any
monttmene : but, as Dr. WilRs observes, he left a sufficient
monument of himself in his writings, and his virtues are
fiur from being yet forgotten. His widow died in 1761,
and his daughter, married to the Her. Dr. Bromley, in
1768. Besifdes the pieces ah'eady mentioned^ he pdblisfaed
*• A moral proof of a Future State," in 8vo, which being
printed withoi»t his name, gave occasion to ascribe some
other pieces of a similar nature to him, but without any
certaintn^.^
GATAKER (Thomas), a very learned English divine
and critic, descended from a family of that name at Grat-
acre^-hall^, in* Shropshire,' was born Sept. 4, 1574, hx the
paesonage-house of St. Edmund the King, in Lombard-
street, M>n4ort, where his father, an eminent Pmitan' di-
vine (who died in^ 1593) was then minister. At sijcteen
years (^age tae was sent to St. John's college in Cambridge;
wkeiee, ill due time, he took both the degrees in arts. He
was greatly distinguished by his abilities, learning, ^ and
piety; it^^^omtieh that the foundation of "Sfdney colleges
being laid about this time, he was, by ai'chbtshop Whitg;iflfj ■;
Mid Dv. Goodtoan dean of Westminster, the trustees of'
' . ■"■ ' - . -
' JSio^ Brft.— ?ft€U<>h'»,Attetlsursr, 9n4 Slower. .<- , «* ^
6 A T A K E R, 83S
tbat fQundfttion, appointed -■ a M\ow of that societ}^ even
beferf^ the building was finSshed. In the mean while he
went into Essex, as tutor tathfe eldest son of Mr; (afterwards
sir) WiUiam Ayloffy of Berksted, who himself learned He^
brew of him at the same time; . During his residence here»
he usually expounded a portion of scripture to the family
every morning ;: in this task, after rendering the text into
Enj^Iikh from the original language, he explained the sense
of It, -and concluded with some useful observations. In
the spaee of two years be went through all the prophets in
the. Old Testament, and dl the apostolical epistles in the
New, Dr, Stern, then suffragan bishop of Colchester,
being nearly related to the mistress of the fsmily, hap-^
pened in.a visit to be presentat one of these performances;
and, being struck with* admiration^ instantly exhorted t^he
expounder to enter into the priesthood ; and Mr. Gataker
was ordained by that suffragan.
This step was conformable tathe statutes of his new col-
lege ; and as soon as the building was finished^ about 1 599,
he settled there^ and bee^me an eminent tutor. At the'
same time he engaged with Mr. WiHiem :§edell, afterwards
bishop of Kilmore, in a desigui then set on foot, of preadb*
ing in such places adjacent to the university as were des-^
titute of ministers; Id performing this engagem^t he
pfeached every' Sunday at Everton^ a village upon the*
borders of Cambridge, Bedford, and Huntingdomshires ;
the vicar of which parish was said to be one hundred and
tlurty yeais old. He had not executed this charitable of*
fice above six months, when he went to London, and re^
sided as chaplain in the family of sir WiUiam Cook, at
Cbarifig-eiiMs^ to whose lady he was nearly related. This
situaiioo made bim known to several persons of fashion and
fortune, and, among* others, to some principal members
of LkieolnU-inn ; of which society he was chosen preacher,
about 1601:. He thaugbt it his duty to reside there during'
ten»*tiflle^ when he was obliged to attend the chapel ; bu€'
in the vacationa h# went down te^ sir WiHmm Cook's in
NoetfaMBptOMbire, and constantly preached there, eitbef
in their private chapel or in the parish-churchy without
any salary, but afterwards sir William settled on hint an '
annuity <k 20iF. a jwar. In 1603 be commenced B. D. and
waaaftefwaitis ofte» solicited to proceed to doctor; but be
dedined it; Qe did not at ali approve (^ pluralities ; and
upon thst principle refused a considerable benefice ioi
336 G A T A K E R.
Kent, which wais offered him by sir William Sedley, vrfaile
he held the preacfaership at* Liiicc^ Vinn. Having mar-
ried in 1611, he quitted that place for the rectory of Ro^^^
therhithe in Surrey ; yet yielded to the acceptance of this
Jiving, only in the view of keeping it out of the hauds of a
very unworthy perspn.
In 1616 and 1617, he wrote two letters to archbishop
Usher, concerning some curious MSS. of the fiuBous Robert
Grostbead, bishop of Lincoln, and others. It is true, that
some mistakes in those letters are corrected by his corre-
spondent, who, however, thought the whole very worthy
of his notice ; and they are men^ned here chiefly, as
they shew at once bis own modesty and erudition, as well
as the esteem which Usher had for him. AH this, how^
ever, he possessed in private, his ^modesty being yet un*
conquerable by any solicitations to commit any thing to
the press ; but this backwardness was at length subdued.
He had, in some of his discourses at Lincoln's*inn, de*
Uvered his opinion concerning lots and lotteries, and shewn
the lawfulness of the lusorious, and the unlawfulness of
divinatory lots ; which being misrepresented, he published
^' A Discourse of the nature and use of, Lots ; a treatise
historical and theological, 1619,'* 4to. This publication,
made a great noise, and drew him afterwards into a con-
troversy; but before that happened, he made a toor
through the Low Countries, in company with twa friends,
and a nephew of his, then a young student They set out
July 13, 1620, and arriving at Middleburgh in Zealand^
Gataker preached in the English church there ; and in his
travels confuted the English ps^ists in Flanders. His
mother, yet alive, was apprehensive of some mischief be*
falling him, as he was a known adversary to the popish
cause; but be returned with his companions safe Aug. 14,
having viewed the most considerable places in the Low
Countries. During this short stay he bad an opportunity
of seeing the distressed ststte of the protestants in HoUa&d;
with which be was so much affected, that he even thought
it behoved the English to give up some national interests
then disputed by them, for fear of ruining the protestknt
cause.
After his larrival at Rotberhitbe, several objections hav
ing been made to bis vindication of lusorious lots, bepub^
lisbed a defence of it in .1623, In 1624 he. printed; a tract
against tran^ubstantiatioB^ and hiai short catechism came:
*::
6 A f A It 6 R". 337
out the same year. In 16^6*, anS the foflowing years, he
engaged in the controversy concerning justification; and
being appbihted one of ihe assembly of divines who met at
Westminster, he gave his attendance there, and amon^
other conferences supported his opinion upon the iast*-
mentioned article ; but the "point "bepg determined by the
majority against hiis sense, he submitted, and subscribed
the covenant also, though he declared his opinioti ' in fa-r
vour of episcopacy. . He engaged likewise with the assem-
bly in writing an tiot^Bbns upon the Bible ; and the bcioks
of Isaiah, JeremiaU, and riie Lamentations, fell to his
share, which, in the opinion of Calamy, are exceeded by
xi6 commentator, ancient or modem, on those books. In
the mean time, upon the removal of Dr. Comber, he was
offered the mastership of Trinity-college, Cambridge ; but
declined it on account of his health. Yet the ill state of
this did not hinder him from prosecuting his studies.
Though confined tp his chamber, he drew up his treatise
♦* De Nomine Tetragrammato,** in defence of the common
way of pronouncing the word Jehovah in England. This
Was printed in 1^45, and was followed the next year by
another discourse, ** De Diphthongis sive Bivocalibus ;'*
wherein he endeavours to show, that there are no diph-
thongs, and that two vowels can never unite in such a
manner as to form one $yllable,'^but in this has certainly not
given universal satisfaction. Mr. Johni Saltmarsh having
published a treatise, the preceding year, in defence of the
Antinomian doctrine concerning " free grace,'* Gataker
this year, 1646, wrote an answer to it, entitled " A Mis-
take, or Misconstruction removed, &c.'* In 1647 be re-
covered i^ strength so far, as to be able to go to church,
and he ventured into the pulpit, wherein preaching he
burst a vein in his Ungs, the mischief of which was how-
ever prevented for the present, by letting blood. He soon
sifter resumed his preaching; but this threw him again
into a spitting of blood, which, though relieved again by
opening a vein,, made the pulpit duty too dangerous. Yet
he continued to administer the sacraments, and to give his
usual short discourses at funerals, suitable to the occasion.
Being thus disabled from preaching, he supplied that de-
fect as far as possible, by publishing several learned works;
most of which, besides others already mentioned, were
printed among his ^^ Opera Critica," at Utrecht, in 1698^
folio.
Vol. XV. Z
3S$ 6 A T A K £ a
He was the first of the forty •seven ministers, who ia
1648, subscribed the remonstrance to the army and thf
feneral) against the design of trying and executing th«
ing. He was not. at all pleased with the principles and
proceedings of the independent faction, which prevailed
then and afterwards ; and declared his opinion in defence
of the doctrine and discipline of the presbyterian polity*
both in private conferences, and openly from the pulpit;'
Among, these he had some friends still in power, that
maintained him in the possession of his legal rights, But^
as soQu as it appeared that, he was rather suspected than
i;ounteuapced by the state, some of his parishioners refused
'payment of their share of the composition for the tithes of
their houses ; which, upon an amicable law-suit, had been
decreed him in the court of exchequer, and in satisfaction
for which, he consented to accept of 40^ per ann. This
refusal he bore with patienpe, and diverting himself in his
study, produced several other learned works; among
which his edition of ^^ Marcus Antoninus^s Meditations^
with his Preliminary Discourse of the Philosophy of the
Stoics, and Commentary,^* is most esteemed, anci the first
.edition of Cambridge 1652 is far preferable to thesubse-*
queot one printed at London.
In 1653, he was drawn into a dispute with Lilly the
astrploger, about the certainty of his art, which that im-r
f ostor had maiutained was revealed to mankind by the
good angels* Our author, in his , annotations upon Jere««
miah| taking notice of this . profaneness, had used the
astrologer a litde roughly, calling him blind buzzard, &c«
in return to which, Lilly in his ^^ Annus Tenebrosus,". ie«
fleeted upon the.divine; who replied, in <^ A Vindication
of the Anncftations,^' &c. 1653, 4to. It is said that ha had
thought proper before he had publish^ this pi^qe^ to con^
anlt Mr. Briggs, for his opinion in the point, who returned
^ decisive and ready answer, that he conceived it to be %
'mere system of groundless conceits. To this Lillv print""
ing an answer, in which he charged bis antagonist with
covetousness, and prostituting his function to worldly
views *, GataJcer wrote ^ A Discourse Apologetica 1/' viadi-
* ThisledhimtOfitre tnatoountof had for charging him with avarice,
••feral traosactions of his life, and how Yet the a8trolo||er» in defenoe of hir
he oame by hi* preferments. He was craft, persecuted him after his death.
Ver^ temperate in his diet and way of See bis article,
liribg, which was all the reason Lilly
G A T A It £ R. 339
4Hiting himself from those calumnie?. ThrsJast pi^ce was
}}ublished in 1654; and the same year he died, being iii
his 90th year. His corpse was interred at his own church,
Mr. Simon Ashe preaching his funer^il sermon : this was
))rinted'in 1655, with a narrative of his life, which has
been the ground-work of this memoir. He would never
suffer his picture to be drawn, and probably it is 6w\ng to
the same cause, that no stone marked the plade of his
burial.
' Mr. Ashe gives him, the fotlowidg character. As to his
person, he was of a middle stature, a thin habit of body, a
lively countenance, and fresh complexion, of a temperate
diet, of a free and chearful conversatioif, addicted to study^
but not secluding himself from useful company « of a quick
apprehension, sharp reason, solid judgment, and so extra*
cA'dinary a memory, that though he used no common -place
book, yet he bad all his reading in readiness, as his pro^
digious number of quotations shew. He was a man io^
teoderate and conscientious, that he tvould not go ilys
length of any party, which was the true reason of his not
accepting preferment, and also of his being disliked siic-^
cess^vely by all parties. In the reigns of James find
Charles I. he disliked the high notions of churchman, atid
^ the maxims of the government, which he rightly foresaw
would be fatal both to them and the church. Wheii he
tame amongst the divines at Westminster, for which he
never received any thing, he drew upon himself the diV
frfeasure at leasr, if not the hatred, of su(;h as were zealous
for the hierarchy : but when' be declared himsieif in that
iaselmbly in favour of episcopacy, and excepted Against
tbe solemn league and covenant, till the words were s6
^tered as to be understood only of ecclesiastical courts, arid
tbe exorbitant power* of bishops, he lost the affections of
Ihe other party, who were for destroying episcopacy root
imd'braneh. His open declaration against the subsequent
Broeeedings of those who resolved all powei' and authority
mto that <yf the sword, heightened the aversion of the pre^
dominant faction, and exposed him to much ill-treatm6nt
from their tools; who charged him- with inconstancy,
ebanging sides, and squaring his doctrihe t6 the times i
t^eredLS he was always cbn^istetit in his principles; and,
instead of shifting from party to party, was never the in-»
^trumedt of ^ny ; but lived contefited upon a very sopalL
provision, at most 100/. a year^ and was reviled for eveti
Z 2
3i0 G A T A K E R.
keeping that. Echard says '^ be was remarkable for bit
skill ia Greek and Hebrew, and the niost celebrated among
the assembly of divines ;" and adds, " it is hard to saj:
which was most remarkable, bis exemplary piety and
charity, bis polite literature, or his humility and modesty
in refusing preferment."
His extensive learning was admired by the great men
abroad^ as Salmasius and others, with whom he held a coir*
respondence. Axenius styles him a man of infinite reader
ing and «xact judgment ; and Colomies tells us, that of
dll the critics of that age, who have written for the ad-
vancemeiu of polite learning, there is none' superior to
him in the talent of explaining authors. Morhoff speaks
of all his Latin works with bigb commendation : and BaiU
let has a chapter concerning bis writings^, io wbicb be ac*
knowledges bis profound skill in the learned langiiages,"bi«
great accuracy and admirable sagacity ; but adds, that he
was too bold in his conjectures. Gataker left several MSS»
some of which were pu}>lisbed by his son. In the course
of his long life be bad four wives. ^
GAITAKER (Charles), son of the preceding, was bon>
at Rotherhi the in Surrey about 1614, and educated at St.
Paul's school, from whence be was sent to Sidney college
in the university of Cambridge at abo^t sixteen years of
age, and put under the tuition of Mr. Richard Pugard>
B. D. fellow of that college^ and a.fterwards rector oC
Fulletby in Lincolnshire. After he had taken the de*
gree of bachelor of arts, be retired to Oxford, and waa
enteted a commoner of Pembroke college, $tnd took^thct^
degree qf master of arts June 30, 16316. About Ifaaj^
time he became acquainted with Lucius lord viscoutift
Falkland, who having a respect for his ingenuity and
learning made him bis chaplain^ with intention to procure^
him preferment ; but the civil wars breaking out^. in whicl)^
that nobleman lost bis life^ the expectation of our aqtbac'
was frustrated. At last, by the favour of Charles eairk
of Caernarvon, he became rector of Hoggeston, near Win-
slow in Buckinghamshire, about. £647, and « continued
there till his death, which happened on the 20th; of No<»
vember 1680, in the sijcty seventh year of bis age. HjB^
was interred in the chancel of the church of Hoggeston^
• *
t Biog. Brit.-«>Foiieral SermOD, by Aihe«««CUrk*8 lires «l- the tvA of iui -
Martyrolo^yt
G AT A K E K. 341
He wrote several treatises upon Calvinistical principles, of
which the following are the principal : 1. At the eod ^of
bi« father's^* Antidote against errour concerning Justifi*
tjation/* which he poWlshed at London 1670, in ^to, he
subjoined a piece written by himself, entitled *' The Way
of TVuth and Peace: or, a reconciliation of the holy
Apostles St. Paul arid St. James, concerning Justification^
&c." The imprinjatur is dated December the 6th, 1669.
t&. ** An Answer to frv^ captious' questions propounded by
a Factor for the Papacy, by parallel ques'tions and pgsitive
res6lutions," London, 1673, 4to. To which is added, a
letter to Mr. Pr. M. ann. 1636, written by Lucius viscount.
Falkland. This Fr. M. is the said " Factor for the Papacy.'*
3. " The Papists' bait; or their usual method in gaiiii^ig
proselytes answered," London, 1674, 4to. To which i&
added a Letter of the Lord Viscount Falkland to the same
gentleman. 4. ** Examination of the case of the Quakers
Goneerniiig Oaths, propounded by them, ann. 1673, to the
consideration of the king and both houses of parliament,"
^c. Lendon, 1675, 4to. 5. ** Ichnographia doctrinse de Jus-
tific&tionesecundum typum in monte," London, 1681, 4to.
Our aiithdr wrote likewise some animadversions on Mr.
BuU'd ** Hatmbnta Apostolica," which Mr. Gataker, con-
cealing his name, communicated to several bishops, stirring
them up by letter to make use of their authority againjrt
the dootrities tnaintained by Mr. Bull, as pernicious and
heretical, 'and contrary to the decrees of the Church of
£ngland, and of all other reformed churches. These
** Animadversions," which are commonly cited by Mr.
Bi)U ucider the name of Censura, were communicated to
biflit in' 167G by Dr. Nicholson, bishop of Gloucester; and
in 1671 they were discovered to Mr. Bull to have been
writtert t>y Mr. Charles Gataker, who in these ^* Animad-
versionsj*' endeavours to reconcile St. Paul with St. James
by the distinction of a twofold Justification, as respecting a
tiwofold ftccusatioii, according to the different conditions of
tlae covenant of works aiid the covenant of grace. For he
maintains, that we are accused before God, either as sinners
ov a:s unbelievers ; and that we are justified against the first
accusation by faith alone, laying bold on the grace and right-
eousness of Christ ; and against the second by works, and
not by £aith*only, as these are the signs and evidences of
our being true believers. Mr. Nelson observes, that Mr.
Gataker <^ appears to have been a person of great violence in
'/
•>1
34% G A T. A K. E R
his tamper, but one welUintentioned, and a very zealous
^rotestant; and had he had but more coolness of thought^
and had be withal read more of the ancients,' and fewer of
tbeinodernsy he would have made no inconsiderable writer.^
Mr. 6i;ill wrote an answer to these *^ Animadversions,^
which he entitled ^^ £xamen .Centura/' in which he re-
iTects severely on Mr. Charles Gataker for publishing his
father^s posthumous tract abovementiooed, since he had
not thereby consulted the reputation of a parent, who by
his great critical knowledge and other learning had made
himself more considerable, than to . deserve that such
\.7udities should be published under his name, at least by
t(,sonJ
GATISDEN. See GADDESDEN.
GAUBIL (Antony), one of the French missionaries 10
China, whose knowledge of that country was carried to a
wonderful extent by an active spirit of inquiry, was bora
at Caillac, in 1708, and in 1721 was sent by the Jesuits^^
to which order he belonged, to China, where he resided
thirty -eight years. He acted as interpreter at the court of
Pekin ; and his knowledge of the sciences and History of -
China were matter of astonishment to the Chinese them*
selves. He sent many curious memoirs on the subject |o
Europe, besides which, he published a good history of
Gengiskhan, in 4to, 1739; and after his death appeared
a translation of the " Chou King,*' in 1771, a work hcdd
in the utmost veneration by the Chinese. Gaubil died at
Pekin July 24, 1759, His eulogium may be found in the
31st volume of the " Lettre^ curieuses et edifiantes.'**
GAUBIUS (Jerome David), an eminent German j>pyr
sician, was born at Heidelberg in 1705, and was edueated
partly among the Jesuits, arid partly in the orphan-lidnse
at Halle, nnder the celebrated professor Franke, He be-
came afterwards a pupil of the learned Boerhaave, and a
professor of medicine in the university of L^yden, where
he took the degree of doctor in 1725. He died Nov. 29,
J 7 80, leaving several works of considerable value. 1.
*^ Diissertatio Jnauguralis de solidis bumani corporis parti-^
bus,*' Leyden, 1725. 2. '^ Libellus de methodo concin-
nandi formulas ipedicamentorum,'* ibidem, 1739, 1767;
Franckfort, 1750, and in French, Paris, 1749. 3. " De
r^gimine Mentis, quod Medicorum est," Leyden, 1747,
» Atli, Ox. vol. II,— Gen. pict « Dict^Hiit,
G A U B I U S. 343
1763^ In this work he describes the effects i^^sulting from
the empire of the body over the mind. ^ 4: ^^ Institdtiones
PatbologioB Medicinalis/' ibid, 1758. This work also
passed through several editions and translations. 5. *^ Ad-
▼ersariorum varii argument! Liber unus/* ibid. 1771. 6.
'< Oratio Panegyrica in auspicium ssbcqU tehii Academic
Batavfls qilse Leids est," &c. 1775, fol. an excellent his-
torical sketch of the rise and progress of the university of
Leyden '
GAUCHER (Charles Stri»H£K), a French engraver
and man of letters, was born at Paris in 1740, and became
the pupil of Le Bas, who taught him the arts of design and
engraving. Being early convinced of the importance of
leiarning in his professiony^ he devoted much of his time to
study, and became so celebrated for the productions of his
pen as well as his graver, that he was elected a member of
vafioos literary societies both at home and abroad. As an
artist he succeeded principally in engraving portraits ; and
his portrait of the queen of Louis XV. is considered as a
ehef*d'a&uvre ; nor was he much less esteemed in France
as a . writer. In Fontenay's Dictionary of Artists, published
in 4770, he wrote the articles concerning engravers, with
much candour, spirit, s^ftd discrimination. His other pub-
lications are, 1. '' Observations sur le Costume Frangaise,"
iu the "Journal des beaux arts," 1774. 2. " De Tori-
gioe et de la suppression des Cloches.^' 3. *' Voyage au
Havre." 4. " Amour maternel," a successful dramatic
piece. 5..** Iconologie, ou Trait^ complet des allegories
et :emblemes," 4 vols. 8 vo. 6. " Essai sur la gravure."
7...*VTraite d*anatomie a I'usage des artistes," fol. with fine
lengravings. He is also said to have written " Le Desaveu
Aes^ artistes,'* i 7 7 6, 8 vo. He died at Paris Nov. 28, 1803.'
.. GAUDEN (John), an English prelate, of more fame
tban character, was son of John Gauden^ vicar of Mayfield
ia Essex, where he was born in 1 605. He was first edu-
cated at Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk, whence he was re*
moved to St. JohnVcoUege in Cambridge ; and having
made a good proficiency in academical learning, took his
degrees in arts. About 1 630, he married a daughter of sir
William Russel of Chippenham' in Cambridgeshire, and
was presented to that vicarage. / He also obtained the rec-
tory of Brightwell in Berkshire, which bringing him near
> Pict. Hist.-^Rees's Cycl«p«dia. > DictiHist.
344 GAUD. EN;
Oxford, he entered himself of Wadb&in<*(tu)Uj$ge. in th;at
nniversity, and becanie tutor to two of bi^ fath^F-h}rIaw!t
sous ; other young gentlemen^ and .some nobieoaen, w^re
also put under his care« He prpceeded B* D* July 1635 1
apd D.p. July 8, 1641.
He had now been some years cK^pJain to Robert epdrL of
Warwick ^ and that nol^lf man aiding with the parliament
against the king, fras follpv^ed in t^is , by. bijs chaplain, wbo
being appointed, Nov. 29, 1640, to preach before the
house x>f commoqs, adapted .bi$ discourse so ^^a|::tIy to the
humour of the prevailing party^ ths^t they mitde him a
present of a large silyer tankard^ whi^h was generally made
ijse of in his house, with this inscrip.tipn ;, *' Ponun^ bono-r
rarium populi Anglicmii ii\ p^rliup^^nto congregati, Jq«
bahiji Gauden.'* Thjs vyas only fin earnest of future fa«
vours. In that discourse he inveighed against pictures^
images, and other .superstitJiop$ of popery : and the par-*-
liament next year presented him to the rich deanery of
Booking in Essex. He accepted the^pomination, but did
not choose to depend entirely upon it > a^nd tbei^fore made
interest with Laud, then prisoner in the Tower, and pro^
cured a collation from that archbishop, undoubtedly, the
rightful patroup Wood says that the house of Jords sent
the archbishop an order to do it.
Upon the abolitipp of the hierarchyji and establishment
of the pr^sbyterian forpA of church government, he com^
plied with the ruling powers, wa$ chosen one of the assem-*
bly of divines, who met at Westminster in 1643, and took
the covenant as enjoined by their au^ority; though
he was far from approving it^ jBLt^d offered his scruples:
^and objections against it, both as to matter and aiitbo-%
rity ; and though his n^une was amit^og those who were, to
constitute the. assembly of divines^ yet it. was afterwards
struck off the list, and Mr. Thomas Godwin put ihto: his
room. He publis^hed the same year a piece entitled
^' Certain Scruples and Cfpubts of Conscience about taking
the solemn League and Covenant, tended to the consider^
atipn of sir (.awrence Bromfield and Zacharias Crafton,'*'
4to: and though, at lengthy he forbore the use of the Li«'
tiirgy of England, yet he. persevered ia it. longer iu his
church than any of his neighbours. Nor did he continue
any longer op<enly to espouse the cause of the parliament,
than they stuck to their first avowed principles of reform-
ing only, and not rooting out monarchy and episcopacy.
0 A U D E N. 34^
. Wilh theie ddtspositiohry be' was, one of those' divines,
who signed the protcsution which was presented to the
lirmy, against trying and destroying the king; and dot
content with joining among others in that cause, he distin**
gaisbed himself above the. rest by publishing a piece en*-
titled ^^ The religious . and loyal Protestation of Joha
Ganden, doctor in divinity, against the present declared
purposes and proceedings of the army, and others, about
the trying and destroying of our sovereign lord the king;
3ent to a colonel, to be presented to the lord Fairfax, and
his general couociLof officers^ the Sth of Januarys 1648,*^
Lend. 1648, 4to, Nor did bis zeal stop here: presetltijr
after the king^s death be. wrote what be called << A just
Invective against those of the army and their abettors,
who murthered king Charies I. on the 30th of January^
1.^46, with some other poetical pieces in Latin, referring
to dose tragical times, written February 10, 1648$*' but
this was not published until after the restoration in 1662. ^
He went still further: for, having got into his bands hit;
majesty's meditations, &c. written by himself, he took a
copy of the MS. and immediately resolving to print it with
all speed, he prevailed with Mr. Royston, the king^s
printer, to undertake the work. But when it was about half
printed, a discovery was made, and all the sheets then
wvought .off were destroyed. However, this did not damp
Ga«iden^ spirit 'He attempted to print it again, but
could by no possible means get it finished, till some few
days after his^ mi^eaty's destruction ; when it came out
under the title of '^ Eimw BdrnxMrn," or, ^^ The Portraiture
ol his sacred majesty in his solitude and sufferings." Upon
it8:fivst appearance, the powers then at the helm were
immediately sensible, how dangerous a book it was to their
cause; and therefore set all their engines at work to dis<-
ceiirer the publisher ; and having seized the MS. which had
been dispatched to the king, they appointed a committee
ta examine into the business. Gauden, having notice of
this proceedings withdrew privately in the night from hik
own house to sir John Wentworth's^ near Yarmouth, with
a^ design to convey himself beyond sea: but Mr. Symond%
his majesty's chaplain, and Vector of Rftine in -Essex, near
Baking, who had commiunitiated the MS. to the doctor,
and had been taken up in a disguise, happening to die he*'
ifore his intended examination, the committee were not
able- to make any discovery. Upon this, the doctor
S46 G A U D E N.
changed his resolution, and stayed in England ; wher^ he
directed his conduct with so much policy, as to keep his
preferments daring the several periods of the usurpation^
although he published several treatises in vindication of the
Church of England and its ministers, among which are,
I. '* Hieraspistes, or An Apology of the Ministers of the
Church of England,'' 1653. 2. << The Case of Ministers'
maintenance by tithes (as in England) plainly discussed in
conscience and. prudence,'' 1663. . N. B< Tubes were abo-
lished about this time. 3. <' Christ at the Wedding, or,
a treatise of Christian tnarriages to be soleouily blessed by
ininisters." N. B. Justices. of the peace were empowered
to perform that rite in those times. 4. '^ A Petitionary
Kemonstrance presented to Q. P. by John Gauden, D. D.
a soii, servarxt, and supplicant for the Church of Engluid,
in behalf of many thousands, his distressed brethren, mi-
nisters of the gospel, and other good scholars, who were
deprived of all public employment," 1659. Abp. Usher
went to the protector at the same time to intercede for them.
Besides these, he published, with the same spirit of vindi-
cating the doctrine of the Church of England, ^' A Dis-
course concerning public oaths, and the lawfulness of
swearing in judicial proceedings, in order to answer the
scruples of the Quakers," 1649.
In 1659, as soon as the first .dawn of the restoratioa be-
gan to shew itself, the doctor printed ^^ Ufa iam^mt, Eccle-
sisB AnglicansB suspiria ;" ^^ The tears, sighs, complaints,
and. prayers of th^ Church of England, setting .forth, her
former constitution, compared with her present .condition,
^Iso the visible causes and probable cures of her distem-
per," in four books, folio. The same year, upon the
death of bishop firownrigg in 1659, whose funeral seraion
he preached and published, with his life, he succeeded him
as preacher to the Temple ; and upoa the return of Charles
II. he .'Succeeded the same bishop, in the see of Exeter,
Nov. 1660, having been made king's chaplain before. The
yalue of a bishopric was greatly enhanced at this, time, by
the long intermission that had happened in renewing, the
}eases of their estates, during the abolition of episcopacy.
In this view,, the nomination to Exeter might be looked
upon as a present' from his majesty of 20,000/. since, thei
bishop received that sum in fines on the renewal of leases.
But he did not sit down content here ; thinking his ser-
vices deserved sojmething more. He bad ahres^dy puhlisbed
G A U i) E N. S47
'his' ^f And^saeritegus/' or, *^ A Defensative against the
plausible or gilded poison of that nameless paper, sup-
^posed to be the plot of Cornelius Surges and his partners,
which tempts the king's majesty by the offer of 500,000/.
to make good by an act of parliament, to the purchasers of
Bishops* Lands, &c. their illegal bargain for 99 years,
1^60,*' 4to: As also, his f^ Analysis, against the covenant
in defence of the Hierarchy ;" and his " Anti-Baal- Berith,
or, the binding of the covenant and aU the covenanters to
their good behaviour, &c. With an answer to that mon-'
strous paradox of no sacrilege, no sin, to alienate church
lands, without, and against all laws of God and man.V
These were all printed before his promotion to the see of
Exeter. His zeal continued to glow with equal ardour the
two following years ; in his " Life of Hooker,** prefixed
to an edition of Hooker's works, published by him in 166 1 ;
and, again, in his ^^ Pillar of Gratitude^ humbly dedicated
to the glory of God, the honour of his majesty, &c. for
restoring Episcopacy," in 1662. But, above all, he par-
ticularly pleaded his merit in respect to the ^^ Emuv Bacri^im*^
De. applied to the earl of Clarendon, in a letter dated Dec.
28, 1661, with a petition to the king; in which having
declared the advantages which had accrued to the crowa
by this service, he adds, that what was done like a king^
should have a king-like retribution. In another letter to
the duke of York, dated Jan. 17, the same year, be
strongly urges the great service be had done, and impor***
tunately begs his royal highness to intercede for him wit^
the king. Chancellor Hyde thought he had carried hia
merit too far, with regard to the king*s book: and, in a
letter to him, dated March 13, 1661, writes thus: "The
particular you mention, has indeed been imparted to me as
a secret : I am sorry I ever knew it ; and when it ceases to
be a secret, it will please noue but Mr. Milton.''
He adhered, however, closely to the court, and in com-
pliance with the measures which were then pursued, dre>Yf
up a declaration for liberty of conscience extending to
papists, of which a few copies were printed off, though
presently called in ; he wsrs about the same time employed
- to draw up another declaration of indulgence to the qua*
' kers, by an exemption from all baths. He also wrote,
<* Considerations touching the Liturgy of the Church of
- England, in reference to hid Majesty's . late Declaration,
mid ia'order to a liappy union i6 church and state," 16^0^
' • ' *
He then obtaified a removal to the see of Worcester, to '
which he was elected Ma^^ 23, 1662. But with this pro-
motion he was so far from being satisfied, that he looked
upion it as an injury ; he had, it seems, applied to the king
for the rich bishopric of Winchester, and flattered himself
with the hopes of a translation thither ; and the regret and
vexation at the disappointment is thought to have hastened
bis end^ for he died on September 20, that year. After
his death, his widow, being left with five children, in con-
sideration of the short time he h^d enjoyed Worcester,
and the charge of' removing from Exeter, petitioned the
king for the half yearns profits of the last bishopric; but
her petition was rejected as unreasonable, on acpount of
bis larg^ revenues and profits at his first coming to Exeter.
As to his character, it is certain he was an ambitious man ;
which, as is usually the case, occasioned the moral part
to be severely sifted ; and in this respect the behaviour of
his relict, though otherwise intended, was far from being
of service to his memory. In a letter to one of her sons,
aTter the bii^hop's death, she calls the Eocay Baa-iT^mf
** The Jewel ;*' said her husband had hoped to make a
fortune by it ; and that she had a letter of a very great
man's, which would clear up that he. wrote it. This asser-
tion, as Clarendon had predicted, W5.s eagerly espoused ,
by the anti-royahsts, in order to disparage Charles L
This, on the other hand, kindling the indignation of those
who thought his majesty greatly injured, they took every
opportunity to expose the dark side of the bishop's cha-
racter ; and represented him as an inconstant, ambiguous,
and lukewarm man, covetous of preferment, hasty and
impatient in the pursuit of it, and deeply tinctured with
fcliy and vanity ; upon the whole, an unhappy blemish
and reproach of the sacred Order. Nor is bishop Kennt;t's
censure less severe, though conveyed in a somewhat less
intemperate language, when he tells us that Dr. Gauden
was capable of underwork, and made himself a tool to the
court, by the most sordid hopes of greater favour ir\ it
This charge is supported by two instances, namely, his
drawing up the two declarations already mentioned ; one
for liberty of conscience to the papists, the other for in-
dulgence to the quakers in respect to taking an oath ; the
latter of which we jiave seen passed into an act. of parlia-
ment, and the policy and justice of the former attested by
a connivance to' all loyal papists, or such as deny the'
G.A U n E N; Ud
pipe's power of. dissolving their allegiance to their lawful
soTereigti, which was the express motive for. making the
declaration. The mo^t candid character of him is that left
us by Woody who says^ ^^ that he was esteemed by all
who knew faiin, to be a very comely person, a man of vast
parts, and one. that had strangely improved himself by
unweariied labour; and was particularly much resorted to
for his most admirable and edifying way of preaching.'*
It is certain, however, he had too luxuriant an imagina*
tion, which betrayed him into an Asiatic rankness of style;
and thence, as bishop Burnet argues, that not he, but the
king himself, was the true author of the Eucw lia<ri>dxti ; in
which there is . a nobleness and justness of thought, with a
greatness of style that caused it be esteemed the best
written book in the English language. But Burnet had
BOt the advantage, of proofs which have since been pub-*
liihed, particularly in Clareiidbn^s State Papers, vol. III.
from which, an opposite conclusion may be drawn. Those,
however, who would . examine this, question in all its
bearings, may be referred to Nichols's " Literary Anec-
dotes" for the arguments against Gauden, and to Laing'i^
** History, of Sec^and," for what can be alleged in favour
of Gauden's being the real author of the ^* Icon." Our
own opinion 'is, that the matter may still be questioned^
nor can we^ agree with Mr. U^^S in presuming ^^ that no
One;.wiH now venture to defend the authority of the Icon.'^
We think there is a strong probability that it was composed
finbm materials written by the king; and that Gauden, a man
so ambitious and avaricious as to claim high rewards for all
bi&.services, was very likely to attribute the whole to him*
self. We agpreey however, with Mr. Laing, that " if ever
a. literary imposture were excusable^ it was undoubtedly
Gauden's^ amd had it appeared a week sooner, it might
have preserved the king."
Soon after his death there came out, written by him^
'* A Discourse of artificial Beauty in point of Conscience
between two Ladies," a 662. This was followed by ano-
ther tract, published together with some on the same sub«
|ect,. by Whitgift, Hooker, and Sanderson^ under the
title of ** Prophecies concerning the Return of Popery,"
1663'. These were aimed at the sectaries, who were said
to be opening a doqr, at which popery would certainly
enter; )astly^ iti 1681, there appeared in l2mo, " The
MO G A U D E K^
whole Duty of a Connnunicaut," &c. with bishop OdXideatU
DMne prefixed to it. ^
GAUDENTIUS (St.), bis&op of Brescia, about the end
of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth century, was
elected to that see by the prelates and the people of the
provincei while performing a journey of devotion to the
east, but it appears that he was very reluctant to take upon
him the office. Having at length £^ccepted it, he was sent
in the year 405 to Constantinople, with the legates of
pope Innocent, to re-establish St. Chrysostom in his see^'
and to hold a general council. The time of his death i»
fixed by some at the year 410, and by others at 427. The
25th of October is celebrated as his day. He was author
of several works, a life of his predecessor Philaster, and-
of letters and other pieces, which are . inserted in ike
fifth volume of the ^^ Bibliotheca Patrum ;*' but the itiosc
complete edition of hh works was published at Brescia, in
1738, by Paul Graleardi, acanoaof Brescia. Hb style k
plain, but neither animated nor correct* < . -
GAULMIN (Gilbert), a French mhior author, who
while he lived, contrived to establish a fame superior to'
his real deserts, by haranguing in societies of beaux and
ladies, was born in 1587. He became a counsellor of
state, and died in 1667. His works are, 1. '^ Notes aed
Commentaries on Psellus, and on Theodore Prodoan(s;**> '
2. << Notes on the Treatise of an anonymous Rabbi, con*-
cerning the life and death of Moses," 1 62£^,' 8vq; 3. *^ Re^
marks on the false Callisthenes.*' 4^* '< An edition of the
Romance of Ismenus and Ismenias^ in Greek and LAtin/'
1618, 8vo. 5. ** Poems, consisting of Epigrams^ Odes,
Hymns, and a Tragedy.^' He had a competent know^*
ledge of ancient and modern languages, and is allowed
to^ have had some fire in his compositions, though such
as greatly wanted the regulation of judgment. Another. •
instance of his imprudence occurs in the case of hts mar« .
riage. His curate having refused to marry him, li^ de-
clared in his presence that he took that woman for Jiis ■
wife, and he lived with her afterwards as such. This oc^ .
casioned an inquiry to be made into the validity of similar '
1 Biog. Brit.-*4LUi. Ox. vol. XL— NichoU*s Bowyer.-.Maty'8 Review, voU If.
p. 253.— Gent. Mag. vol. XXIII. and XXIV.— Burnet's' Own times.— Laios'S ,
Hift. of Scotland.— Dean Barwick's Life. — LIoyd*s MemolTS, fof.
' Cavt.— Mor«ri.-i<-B«raB. Annal, £cde8.-i-F«brie. BiU. Med. IM* •
G A U L M I N. 351
aainiagesy which were called marriages ^' A la Gauhnin/*
and were disallowed by the law. ^
GAULTIER, or GAUTHIER (John Baptist), was
horn about 1685, of a noble family, at Louviers. His
refusing to sign the Formulary having put a stop to his
degrees in the Sorbonne, he retired to the seminary of St.
Magloir, and devoted himself to the study of theology.
On his return home, he was appointed subdeacon of £v-
reux, but opposing the bull Unigenitus, was . obliged to
quit that diocese, upon which de Langle, bishop of Bou-
logne,- gladly received him into bis house, and ordained
him priest ; from that time Gaultier was the prelate's
counsellor, proctor, grand vicar, friend, and secretary.
De Langle dying in 1724, Colbert bishop of Montpellier,
took Gaultier to be his librarian, as was supposed, but in
fjsct to be bb adviser, confessor, and secretary ; while he
was looked upon at Montpellier merely as a quiet inoffen^-
siye man, with just abilities sufficient to take down the
bishop's books and put them in order again. Colbert died
in 1738, and Gaultier went the same year to Paris, where
he lived as retired as at Montpellier, only visiting his na»
tive place once a year for relaxation. In the last of these
journies, returning to Paris with a friend, their post-chaise
was overset, and Gaultier being dangerously hurt by his
fall, was carried to Gaillon as the nearest place, where he
died five days after, October 30, 1755. Besides what he
wrote for messrs. Langle and Colbert, he left various works
OB the a£Fairs of his time, all anonymous except the largest,
which has been published since his death, and is entitled
^^ Lettres Thiologiques centre le systSme impie et
Socioien des Peres Berruyer et Hardouin," 1756, 3 vols.
l2mo. This book is the most forcible, and the most es«-
teemed of all that have been written against P. Bemiyen
Among his other works are, 1. *^ Relation de ce qui s^est
passi duraot la Mfladie et la Mort de M. de Langle,
£veque de Boulogne,'^ 1724, 4to. 2. << The Preface to
M. Colbert's works," 1739, 4to. 3. ^< Lettre a M. Berger
de Charancy, Eveque de Montpellier,'' 1740, 4to; it is
known by the title of " Verges d'Heliodore." 4. " Rela->
tion de la Captiviti de la Soeur Marie Desforges," 1741,
12mo. 5. *^ Les Jesuites convaincus d'Obstination a per-
wettre Tldolatrie dans la Chine/M743, l2mo. 6. << Lettre
1 Morerl«-*Pict. Higt '
2iS% G A U L T I E R. .
^u sujet de la BvMe de N. 8^ P. le pipe, cbncemsnt hsa^
Rits Malabares/' 1745, 12ibo. 7. '^^ Pope's Eyay on-
Maa proved to be iiAfHous/V 1746, i^mo. 8. '^ The Re-
futation of a Libel eotided Lavoix du Sage et du Peiapte/*'
1750, i^ao, 9. '^ Vie de M. Somen, fiveqaede Scbe^/'
1750, 4to and 12aio. 10. '^ Les LettreB Persaimes con-^^
vaincues 'd*Iinpiei6,'' 1751, 12mOi il« ^Hist. abreg^-
du Parlement de Paris, durant les Troubles du Coin*^
mencement du Regne de Louis XIV.'^ 1754, 12mo.^
GAUPP (John), an able divine and naldieiiiatician, was'
born at Lindau, in Swabia, in 1667, and after some edu^^
cation -here, was sent to Ulm, and afterwards to the uni-
versity of Jena, where he took the degree of M. A; and'
became a considerabie proficient in mathemaitios. After
this he spent ^ome lime in diflPerent German universities,'
improving himself in theology and mathematics, and then
visited Amsterdam and London. In 1693 he was ordained,'
and appointed in 1728 principal pastor of Lindau. Hia
leisure hours Be devoted to mathematical and phitoi!K)phical;
pursuits, became a lecturer in these branches of science,*
in which character his reputation pvocared him the cor-^
respondence of many of the most learned mathematician^^
in foreign countries. He was a practical meobanie, as.
welLas an able illustrator of the higher branches of sci-
ence ; and many of the instruments which he made tfse of
were constructed by himself. He had begun the- erection'
of an observatory, but death terminated his labours in ifSWJ
He was the authpr of ^^ Gnomonica Mechanica Univer*^
salis ;-' of various calendars, and c^lcukitions amd descrip-'
tions of eclipses ; of other philosophical treatises, and of
sermons. His Ephemerides and astronomical observations
were received by tihe roysd academies of sciences at Paris
and Berlin, and several of them were inserted in the' Me**
raotrs of those learned societies. ' '
GAY (John), a very popular English poet> was bom ini
16^8, near Barnstaple, in Devonshire; and at the free-
school there, acquired a taste for classical literatdre; but
his family estate being much reduced, his fortune was not
sufficient to support him as a gentleman ; and his friends,
therefore^ boiiud him apprentice to a silk-mercer in* Lon-
don, feut this step being tiken without consulting tbe^
taste and temper <)f: the youth, the shop soon beeaooe hi^
i Moreii— L'ATocaes piet: ftfst. * Moreri.— Diet. Hist.
GAY* 353
averstoD) and in a few years his master, ujion the cfEer of
a small consideration, willingly consented to give up his
indentures. Being thus released, he indulged himself in
that course of life to which he felt himself irresistibly in-
clined : poetry became at once his delight and his talent;
and he suffered not' his muse to be disturbed by any
disagreeable attention to the ex-pence- of cultitating his
mind.
These qualities recommended hipi to such company and
acquaintance as delighted him most ; and among others to
Swift andsPope, who were struck with the sincerity, the
simplici^ of bis manners, and the easiness of his temper.
To the latter he addressed the first-fruits of his muse,
entitled '< Rural Sports, a Georgic/' printed in 1711*.
This piece discovered a rich poetical vein, peculiar to
himself, and met with some agreeable attestations of its
merit, that would have been enjoyed with a higher relish,
had not the pleasure been interrupted by the state of bis
finances ; which, by an uncommon degpree of thoughtless-
ness and cuUibility t, were reduced now to a low ebb.
Our poet's purse was an unerring barometer of his spirits ;
which, sinking with it, left him in the apprehension of a
servile dependence, a condition he dreaded above any thing
that could befal him. The clouds were, however, shortly
dispelled by the kindness of the duchess of Monmouth,
who appointed him her secretary in 1712, with a hand-
some salary. This seasonable favour seating' him in a
coach, though not his own, kindled his muse to new ef-
forts. He first produced his celebrated poem called.
*< Trivia; or the Art of Walking the Streets,'' and the fol-
lowing year, at the instance of Pope, he formed the plan
of his *^ Pastorals." There is not perhaps in history a
more remarkable example of the force of friendship in an
author, than was the undertaking and finishing of this in-
imitable 4>oem. Pope, in the subscription of the Hano-
ver-club to his translation of the ** Iliad,*' had been ill
Used by Pbihps their secretary, and his rival in this species
of poetry. The translator "highly resented the affront;
and, meditating revenge, intimated to Gay how greatly it
* ^
* In the same year he p«iblished La yean afterwardSi who there obiervet,
pTOie *' The preteDt State of Wit;" a that Providence never designed him,
clfaracter of the then periodical paptrt. for this reason, to be above two and
See Swift'* Worka. twenty. Pope'i Worki, vol IX. Lai-
f These are the words of Swif\ many ter 33.
Vol. XV. A a
SS4 GAY*
was in b» power to jdiuck die bays (torn this envied irmk^S)
forehead. Gay immediately engaged in his fioend^a quar-*
rely and executed his request even beyood.his ezpeetatioo:.-
The rural' simplicity neglected by Pope, and admired in
Philips, was found, though mixed with some burlesque,
only in the ^< Shepherd's Week/' Thiaexquisite' piece of
nature and humour came eut in 1714, widi adedicatien
to lord Bolingbroke, which Swift facetiously called. the-
author's original sin against the court.
In the mean time the most promising views opened to
him at court ; he was caressed by some leading persons
in the ministry; and his patroness rejoiced to see him
taken from her house the same year, to. attend the earl of
Clarendon, as secretary in hia embassy to the court of
Hanover. But, whatever were his hopes from this new
advancement, it is certain they began and ended ,.alaM»t
together; for queen Anne died in fifteen daya after their,
arrival at Hanover. This, however, did not prove an ir-.
reparable, loss ; his present situation made ^him personally
known to the succeeding royal family ; and retuming^.
home he made a proper use of it, in a handsome compli-
ment to the princess of Wales, on her arrival in England*
This address procured him a &vourable admittance at the
new court ; and that raising a new flow of spints, he
wrote his farce, ^^ The What d^ye call it," which ap«
peared upon the stage before the end of the season, and was
honoured by the presence of the pjrince and princess. The
profits, likewise, brought some addition to his fortune ; and
his poetical merit being endeared by the sweetness . and
sincerity of his nature, procured him an easy access to
persooa of the first distinction. With these he passed his
time with much satisfaction, notwithstanding his disap-
pointment in the hopes of favours from the new court,
where he met with nothing more valuable than a smile.
In 1716 he made a visit to hi& qative county at the ex-
pence of lord Burlington, and repaid his lordship with an
humourous account of the journey* The like return waa
made for Mr. Pulteney's favour, who took him in his com«»
j^any the following year to Aix, in France.
Th\s easy travelling, with some decent appointments,
was one of the highest relished pleasures of Gay's life, and
never failed of calling forth his muse. Soon after his re* .
turn from France^ he introduced to the stage ^^ The Three
Hours after Marriage." tiis friends Pope and Arbuthpot
G A Y^ 335
bad both -a hand in this perfortnance, end the tvir6 prin*
cipai charaoters were acted by two of the best comedians
at that time, Johnson and Mrs. Oldfietd; yet, with all
these helps and advantages, it was very ill received, if not
dondemned the iSrst night Gay stood the brunt with an
linusual degree of magnanimity, which seems to have been'
inspired by a hearty regard for his partners ; especially
Popcj who was greatly affected with it. In 1718 he ac-
companied Pope to lord Harcourt*s seat in Oxfordshire,
where they united in consecrating to posterity the death
of two rustic lovers, unfortunately killed in the neigh«
bouring fields by a stroke of lightning. In 1720 he again
recruited his finances by a hiindsome subscription to his
poems, which he collected and printed in 2 vols. 4to ; but
falling into the general infatuation of that remarkable year,
bfe lost all his fortune in the South-sea scheme, and con-
sequently all his spirits. Secretary Craggs had made him
a^ present of some S. S. stock, and he was worth at one
time 20,000^. but neglecting to sell obt, lost the whole.
This stroke had almost proved fatal to him ; he was seized
with a violent colic ; and after languishing some time, re-
moved in 1722 to Hampstead, for the benefit of the air
and waters ; but, by the assistance of Dr. Arbuthnot, who
constantly attended hifin, at length he recovered. He
th^n began to write his tragedy called " The Cap-
rites j" which,' when finished, he had the honour of read-
ing in manuscript to the princess of Wales, in 1724,
Her royal highness also promised him further marks of her
favour, if he would write some fables in verse for the use
of the duke of Cumberland ; which task he accordingly
undtlrtook, and published them in 1726, with a dedication
to that prince. All this was done against the advice of
Pope, the duke being then only an infant ; and the result
was, as that friend presagedj very disagreeable to him.
Swift says that in these fables *^ he was thought to be some-
thing too bold with the court*.*'
* Upon the accession of George II. to the throne, he was
offered the place of gentleman-usher to the then youngest
princess Louisa ; a post which he thought beneath his ac-
4^ JSvift was contmoed tbftt tbe mi« diigrace by trusting too much to Mrs.
Bister (Sir Robert Wa(pole) had pre- Howard, of whose interfereoce tbe
Yented tbe boanty of queen Caroline queen was jealous. See this matter
from being shown to Gay ; but in fact explained in Coxe's *' Memoirt of ^al-
Q*j was the innocent cause of his own pole.*' ,
AA 2
356 O A Y.
ceptance : and, resenting the ofFer as an affront^ in that
ill-humour with the court, he wrote the '^ Beggar*s Opera ;'^
which, being brought upon the stage Nov. 1727, was re-
ceived with greater applause than had ever been known on
any occasion. For, besides being acted in London 63
days without interruption, and renewed the next season
with success, it spread into all the great towns of England,
. was played in many places to the 30th and 40th time ; at
Bath and Bristol 50, &c. It made its progress into Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland, where it was performed 24 days
successively ; and lastly, was acted in Minorca. The la-
dies carried about with them the favourite songs of it in
fans, and houses were furnished with it in screens. The
fame of it was not confined to the author only : Miss La*
vinia Beswick, who acted Polly, till then obscure, became
Ht once the favourite of the town ; her pictures were
engraved, and sold in great numbers ; her life written ;
boo&s of letters and verses to her published, and pamphlets
made of her sayings afiid jests ; and, to crown all, after being
the mother of several antenuptial children, she obtained
the title and rank of a duchess by her marriage with Charles
third duke of Bolton. There is scarcely to be found in
history an example, where a private subject, uodistin*
etiished either by birth or fortune, had it in his power to
feast his resentment so richly at tl^e expence of his sove*
reign. But this was not all ; Gay went on in the same hu*
mour, and cast a second part in a similar mould; which,
being excluded from the stage by the lord chamberlain, he
wa^ encouraged to print with the title of ** Polly,** by sub-
scription ; and this too, considering the powers employed
against it, was incredibly large ; and in fact he got nearly
1200/. by it,^ while the Beggar*s Opera did not yield more
than 400/. Neither yet did it end here. The duke and
duchess of Queensberry took part in resenting the indig-
nity put upon him by this last act of power ; resigned their
respective places at court ; took the author into- their house
and family ; and treated him with all the endearing kind-
ness of an intimate and much-beloved friend.
These noble additions to his fame, his fortune, and his
friendships, inspired him with fresh vigour, raised him to
a degree of confidence and assurance, and he was even
prompted to think that '' The Wife of Bath,** despised and
rejected as it had been in 17i4, when first acted, might,
xvhh some improvements which be could now give it, be
GAY. 8St
made to taste the sweets of this happy change in his for*
tune. In this temper he revised and altered it, and brought
it again upon the stage in 1729, but bad the mortification
to see all his sanguine hopes of its success blasted ; it met
with the same fate in the play-house as formerly. This
I'ebuflP happened in March 1729*30 ; and as he was easily
depressed, produced a degree of melancholy, which, with'
* the return of his constitutional distemper the colic, gave
a new. edge to the sense of bis disappointments at court,
with respect to the ^ Beggar^s Opera/' By that satire,
he had flattered himself with the hopes of awing the Court
into a disposition to take him into favour, in order to keep
so powerful a peu in good humour. But this last refine-
ment upon his misery, added to former indignities, threw
him into a dejection, which be in vain endeavoured to re*
move, by another tour into Somersetshire, in 173 K The
state both of his body and mipd cannot be so forcibly de-
scribed, as it is in his own account pf it to Pope. " My
melancholy,** says he* ** increases, apd every hour threa-
tens me wiik spm^ return of my distemper* Nay, I think
I may rather say, I have it on me. Not the divine looks,
the kind favours and expressions of the divine duchess, who
hereafter sh^I be in place of a <^ueen to me, nay, she shall
be my queen, npr the inexpressible goodness of the duke,
can in the least chear me. The drawingrroom no more
receives light from these two stars. There is now (what
Milton says in hell) darkness visible. O that I had never
known what acovrtwast Dear Pope, what a barren soil
(to me so) have I been striving to produce something out
of ! Why did not I take your advice before my writing
fables for the duke, not tp write them, or rather to write
them for some young nobleman ? It is my hard fate, t must
get nothing, write for them or against them.** In this d^s*
position, it is no great wonder that we find him rejecting
a proposal, made to him by this last-mentioned friend in
1732, of trying his muse upon the hermitage, then lately
built by queen Caroline in Richmond-gardens ; to which
he answers with a fixed despondency, that *^ he knew
himself unworthy of royal patronage.'*
In the delightful retirement of Amesbliry, however, a
seat of his aioble patron, near Stonehenge upon Salisbury-
plain, 1)0 found lucid intervals enough to finish his opera
called f* Achilles ;** and coming with the family to his
grace's bouse in Burlington-gardeus, to pass the winter
S58 GAY.
neasou, be gave that piece to the play^boiAe. The w€&dk
after, he was suddenly seized with a violent, inflammatoiy
fever; which, ending in a mortification of the bowels, in
three days put a period to his life, Dec. 11, 1732. In bis
short illness he was attended by two physicians, besides
Dr. Arbuthoot, who particularly observed, that it was tbe
most precipitate case he ever knew ; meaning, nher the
fever shewed itself : for there were prognostics enough to '
{Mredict his approaching end lot>g before, and he himself
was sensible of it. In October, >he sent Pope his last gift,
as a token to be kept in remembrance of his dying friend ;
declaring, that he found by many warmngs, diat be had
no continuing city here. '^ I begin,*' says he, ^^ to look
upon myself as one already dead ; and desire, my dear
Mr: Pope, whom I love as my own soul, if you survive me,
as you certainly will, if a stone should* mark the place' of
my gi*ave, see these words put upon it :
Life is a je6t« and all things shew it^
I thought so once^ but now I know it.
With what else you may think proper*" This dying re-
quest was accordingly executed ; and the whole epitaph
inscribed on a very handsome marble monument, erected
to his memory by the duke and duchess of Q.ueensberry,
who took care to have his body interred with a suitable
funeral solemnity. The corpse was brought from his
grace^s house to Exeter-change in the Strand; where,
after lying in state, it was removed to Westminster*abbey,
'^d interred in tbe Soutb-cross-isle, against. tbe tiunb of
Chaucer, near the place where stands bis monument.
The opera of '^ Achilles*' was brought upon the stage
soon after bis death, and met with a very good reception,
which was greatly promoted by the duk^ of Queensberry,
who was uncommonly assiduous in patronizing it; and
who, as Pope observes^ acted in this, and every thing else^
more than the part of a brother to his deceased friend. It
was also through the influence of his e^sample, that the
profits of the representation were given by the' managers
of the play-house to our author's two widow sisters, Katha-
rine and Joanna, relicts of Mr. Ballet and Mr. Fortescue,
who, as heirs at law, shared his fortune (about 3000A)
equally between them ; which disposition was agreeable to
his own desire, and therefore he made no will. He left
several MSS. behind him^ some ^ which came into the
G A Y. SS9
ii«nd» of Pope, who took core no douBt (at he (Kromiied
.SMFift) to ttippress such w he judged unworthy of him. - A
ifew years after his deaths there was publitfaed under bis
.name a^^omedy, called ^^The DiatreisBed Wife^^'tbese-
eond odilioQ of which waa piinted in 1750; and in 1754^
<a humorona pieee^ with the title of *^ The Rehearsal at
Gotbaou^' .
. The character o£ Gay may be iairty eatimated from sbfe
preceding facts* He wanted firm.neBs and conii^tetxfy;
^aod jknew not, when it was iti bk power^ to support the
independence which he affected. Pope said ^' he was
jquiteja natural many wholly without art, or design, and
;spQke J4Kt what hectbongbt, and as he<tbonght it/' From
the same authority ise> learn that fais- affectionate friend,
the duhoofOneensberry, finding what a wretcbod matiagi^r
he was, took, his money into bis keeping, beginning with
;what:he gotbythe <' Beggar'^ Opera'' aad << Polly ,"^aad let
.him. have only* what was necessary, which, as he lived with
:the dnke,( could nd^er be much. It is this only that cto
accoiiDt for his dying worth SOOOl. Pdpe also infdrms xls
tfaait/^he was remarkkblie for an unwillingness to offend tbe
great by any of his writings. He bad an untommon tinfidity
in relation to any thing of that sort ; and yet you- see what
ill Inek be had in that way, after all bis< care tiot to offend.^*
Gay'sf character seems in many respects to have resembled
»tbat of Goldsmith. *
. Gay's. merit as a poet baS not been rated ^ery high bV
vmodern critics. He wrote with terseness and neatness,
bat. withoot any elevwtioh, and fri&quently withoiit an^
spirit. *^ Trirta'^' appears to be the best of his poern5,;sntl
vbis ^< Fables'' the moi^ popular of all bis wbrk^*. ' Tbte
/^£e^:gar!s.OperaV has, on the otbe^ hand, been extolled
heyond its merits, and its immoral tendency cannot t^e
denied. Dr* Jbhnson sayb, " We owe > to Gay the battild
\opera, and wibether this new drama '«^as' tb^ product Of
judgnaient or goddiock, the praise of it must be giren tb
.4be ihventor." Dr* Warton, more justly in -our opirfioft,
Arraigns it as tbe parent of that most fnobistrods of alt dra-
Thatieiibsurdities, the^^Comto Opera>^''wbi%fa, n is c'iifrtait),
:has dehiged the"^age With more n'ofasO^fse 'than' cbuftl
Jiave .gained admittauoe^ nnde^ any^ oth^f namef. ' ' * / * ^' ^
1 Biog. Brit. — Johnson's Poets. — Swift's Works, by Nichols, passim ; see
Index.-^Bowles's edition of Pope's Wocks.-^Mis<hief arising from his Bexar's
Opera, Gent. Mag. toI. XLlU.-^Spence's Anecdotes, MS.
3«0 G. A y O T.
GAYOT ]>B PiTAVAL (FiuNCis), a Fremdi aiiUMir, re^^
markable rather for the magnitiide of bis. work ^eiflitM
^ Causes C^bres," io tweniy volmnas duodeemo, tbaa
for any merit as a writer, was bom at Lyons in 1673, of a
noble famiiy of the lobe, and was educated at Paris, bot
seemed destined to fiul in every walk of Itfe. He began
by taking orders, and became an abb£; he thto qottted
the church for the army, where he obtained no distinction,
and at the age of fifty, became an adirocsate. Not sod-
oeediog in. this occapatioo,*he applied himself diligently to
his pen ; in which employment he rather proved his assi*
doity than his powers. His great work, though interest<-
ing in its subject, is rendered iat<derable by the heaviness
and badness of the style, with die puerilities and bad
verses interspecsed* it has been two or three time^
abridged. Hb other works ace not more admired. They
are,. 1. '^An Aceotint of the Campttgns of 1713 and
1714;'' a compilation from the Memoirs of Vilbart Q.
*' The Art of adorning and improving the Mind,'* a foolish
coUectioo of witticisms; and 3. A compilation entitled
'< Bibliotbeque des Gens de Gour.'' He died in 1743,
after repeated strokes of palsy. *
GAYTQN (Edmunp)i or, as he sometimes styled him-
self, De SP£Ciosii VILLA, t>ne of those authors of the se-
venteenth eeotucy, who contributed somewhat to the
amusement of the republic of letters, without adding much
to its credit, was the son of George Gayton of Little Bri-
tain,, io London, where be was born in 1609« He was
jeduc^ited at Merchant Taylors' school, whence, in I6fi5,
he was elected scholar of St. John's college, Oxford, be-
came a fellow of that house, and master of arts. He was
^afterwards superior beadle of arts and physic, and took
the degree of MiB. in 1647 ; but next year the parlia-
,mentary visitors ejected him from the beadleship. He
now went to London^ married, and maintained himself
and wife by his writings. After the restoration, be was
replaced in his. office of beadle ; but, according to Wood*s
account, followed more ^^the vices, of poets.^^. His resi-
dent, howfiYer, was still at Oxford, where he died in
. CJat-sl^eet, D^c 19, 1666, and. was buried in St. Mary's
church, at the. e^peace of the .yioe-chancellor^ Dr. Fell,
not having *'but one farthing in his pocket when hedied.^*
> Moreri.— Diet Hist
G A Y T O N. S6t
AmoiigliM works 'Wood enumerates, 1. ,<^ Cbarte Sbirip'
tm^ or a Nevr Game at cards, called Play by the Book/^
L€45, 4to. . 2. ^* Pleasant notes upon Don Qaixote,** 1654^
SMio, which hi^re been often reprinted, and are not without
humour, although not of the most refined cast Prior^s
SUnry of the ladle was taken from this work. 3* *^ Hymna
de febribus," Lond. 1655, 4to. 4. ** Will Bagnars Gfaost^
or the Merry Devil of Gadmnnton/Mbid. 1655, 4to. 5.
^^ The Art of Longevity, or a dietetical institution," Lond.
1659. 6. *^ Walk, Knaves, walk," a discourse intended
to have been spoken at court ; the name of Hodgd Tur*
bervil is in the title of this worir, but it was written by Gay^
ton, when in the king^s bench prison, and published in
:1659, 7. ^' Wit revived ; or a new ^cdlent way of Di^
vercisemeiit, digested into most ingenious questions and
Itnswers," Lond. 1660, 12mo, published under the name,
very allusive to the author's habits, of Asdryasdust Touaff*
wan. 8. ^< Poem upon Mr. Jacob Bobart^s Yew^meu of
the Guards to the Physic garden, &c." Oxon. 1662. Most
of the above are in prose and verse, and he wrote a£ae
many single songs for satirical or festival purposes, which
are now objects of expensive curiosity with collectors. ' -
GAZA (Theodore), a very eminent promoter of the
revival of letters in Europe^* was born at Thessalonica in
Greece in IS96. Some have erroneously called him The*
odore d^ Gaza, as if he had been a native of that village.
His country being invaded by the Turks in 1430, he went
into Italy, and applied himself, immediately on bis arrival
there, to Jeam the Latin tongue, under the tuition of Vrc*
.torinus de Feltre, who taught it at Mantua. He was^ in^-
4eed, past tbe^ age when languages are usually attained,
yet be made himself such a master of Latin, that he spoke
and wrote it with the same facility and elegance as if it
had been hia native tongue : though Erasmus is of opinion,
that he could never fairly divest himself of his Greek idiom.
His uacomoion parts and learning soon recommended him
to public notice ; and particularly to the patronage of car«
dinal Bessarion. Gaza had taken a very fair. and exact
^opy of Honier^s '^ Iliad,'! which the cardinal was ex-
tremely desirous to purchase ; aind he obtained either that,
or one like it, which was long extant in his library at
* Ath. Ox. Yol. II.-— Qent, Mag. vol. LVII. p. 399.
s$a o 1 z A.
• About 1^50, Gflusa wentto Boihe^ in cdneoqueBce of an
intitition from pope NtchoUu V. with many otiier pfofttst
4Kur9 of tbe Greek langfaage, scattered about Italy, to tran^
late . tbe Greek autboft into Laiib, bm unfortunately jea^*
lottties and dLMonsiona arose among tbem, and in particular
m quarrel between Gaza and G«orge Trapezuntius. Paul
Joviui assinea us, that Gaza not only &r surpassed all the
Greeksi bis fellow'^lscbourevs. and confeemporanea, inlearn^
lag and solidity o£ judgment, but also tn the knowledge p'f
idle Latin': which, says Jorius, be attained to that degree
of .perfection, that itwaanot easy to diaeeru, whether he
wxote best in that or kb native tongue. On account of
these extraordiaary qualities probably,^ be was^adniiiited to
such a faniliarity with cardinal Bessation, • as" to be called
by bim in soeie' of bis writingB hia fri^isd and cotefianion. '
. Nicholas V. dying in 14(56,' Gasto^weiit to<Naiples, where
he was honourably reoeired by king' Alpbon^ns, to > whom
he had. been well reoomoiendeid ; but this prinrce <dy ing in
14M, he returned tahjs patron. the* eaidinai asBboiev
irho aeon/ after gave him a benefice in Calabria.: This
would have been a very oohipetent provision for a. man of
his temperauce^' but he was always poor afid in distress-^
for he waa« so extremely attentive to letters, that be lefttbe
management 'Of his substance to servants. It is related,' that
towards the latter end of bi»>life'he went to Rome^ with
one of/hisperformsmcesfinely written upon vellum^ vAich
he .presented to Sixtus IVi expecting to receive from his
holiness an impoense resmrd for so curious and valuable a
present.: But tbe pope, baring coolly asked him the eX'*
pence he had been at,, gave him but just what was sufficient
to defray it : which moved himto say, with iodigAetiDn, that
''it was high time to return to hia own eountry, sine^
these. over-ȣed asses at Kome.faad not i;he least relish for
any thing but weeds and thistles, their caste being toode***
pravedfor what was good and wholesome.'^ '• iPierhis Vale*'*
nanus, wboTehttes tbisin his book <^ De^InMicitate Li-
teratorum,'* adds, that. Gaza flung the .money into the
Tiber, and died of disappmn tihen tend grief^ at Rome, in
147S. There is not, however, ^uch ' reason to credit this
cauee of bis deaths' as be^bad nttained^theeighdetfa year
of his ag& "*
His works may be divided into original pieces and t«ans-
lations. Of the former are, 1. ** GrammaticsB Grsecm Li-^
bri quatuor." Written in Greek, and printed first «t Ye*
GAZA. 1363
I
juce in 1495 : afterwards at Basil in 1522, i^ith a Latin
4mnslatioa by Erasmus. 2. ** Liber de Attiets Mentibitt
Gr^e;'' by way of supplement to bis ;grammar, widi
which it was printed with a Latin version* 8. * ** Epistolk
ad Frauciscum Philelpbum de origine Turcarum^ Grswd^
icurn Versione Leonis Aliatii." Printed in tbe.G^nitptR
<»f the translator at Cologne in 1653. His translations are
also of two sorts ; from Greek into Latin, and from Laidn
into Greek. Of the latter sort are-Cicero^s pieces, > De
Senectute,'* and ** Qe Sbmnio Scipionis :'' both printed Hi
Aldus's: edition . of Cicero's works in 1523, Sro. Of tbie
former sort are, *^ Aristotelis Libri novem Historias Ani^
malium : de Partibus Animahum Libri quatnor: & de Ge«
neratione Animalinm Libri quinqne. Latind verii. Venet*
14T6.'' > It was Aristotle's ^< History of Animals,'', whiob ia
said to have caused the enmity between tGatza and»Tra*
pesuntius^ Trapezimtius, it was alleged,, had traasUited
the sametWork before Gazat and though Gaza bad' made
^eat use of IVapeafcuntins's versaon,; yet in his pr^eface h^
boasted, that he had neglected to consitlt any translations
whatever,; and .declared contempttiously,.tb^t'hi8'desfgfi
was not to enter the list with other tratislalxMrs,. or>to vi#
with those whom it would be so easy to conquer^ This
conduct, if the statement be true, Trapes^ontius might
very jjistly res«)t. The same ^' Histoi^ of Animals,'' or
rather,, as P. Valeriaatis, says, hisdiriiie lucubrations upoil
it, wece ipemorable on . another account ; for it is !said to
have be^n the work which he presented in a Latin trMst*
lation to pope Sixtas, and for which he underwent sic^se^
vere a disappointment. He translated also other* Greek
books into Latin : as, ^' Aristotelis Prd>lefBata," Tbeo^
phrasti HistorisD Plantarum Libri decern," <^ Alcxandri
Problematute Libri duo," ^f jBliani Lib^ de InstruencHs
Aciebus," ^^J. Chrysostomi Homilise qumque de income
prehensibili Dei .Natura.'V There are extant also 4tom0
works of Gaza which have never been published.
There is no ihan* of learning spoken of in higher temf^
and more 'uoiversaliy,' than Gtea; Scatiger used to^y^
that ^* Of all those who i?evived the belles lettres in italy^
there were not above three that he was inclined to envy t
the first was Theodore Qaza, who was certainly a great $nii
learned man, though he has committed some mistakes in
hi!« version' dfAlristotle^s ^ History of Animals?* The se-r
cond was Angelus Politianus ; and the third was Picus of
S64 GAZA.
MiranduW.* In another place, he calls him '< doctissi-
mus,^' a most learned man ; ' commends his grammar, and
says, that he ought to be ranked among the best trans^
lators of' Greek authors into Latin/* ' Huetius observes^
that though he does not differ from the judgment of Jo*
sepfa Scaliger, in regard to Gaza's translations, where he
allows that some things might be better, and some entirely
altered ; yet, that upon the whole he should be glad, if all
translators would do as well, would exhibit the same fide-
lity, perspicuity, and elegance, that Gaza has displayed/*
He is with propriety recorded by Pieriiis Valerianus in his
work '^ De infelicitate literatorum." ^
GAZA (iENEAs). See iENEAS.
GEBELIN (Anthony Court db), an eminent French
writer of the last century, was bom at Lausanne in 1727.
His father, who was a protestant clergyman of that place,
took extraordinary pains in cultivating his mind, and at
the age of twelve years, young Gebehn could read Ger^
man, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew ; and at fifteen, he spoke
German and Latin with ease, as well as French in compli*
ment to his parents, who were natives of France, but had
left it on account of their religion. His thirst of knowledge
was such as to prevent his hours of rest ; and when bis pa-
rents, ill order to break him of the habit of studying at
night, would not allow him candles, he used to pore over
bis books as well as he could by moon -light. In 1763,
after the death of his father, he came to Paris, bringing
with him nothing but a great stock of learning, and the
greatest simplicity of manners ; and as the persons to whom
he had recommendations happened to be absent, he re-
mained for some time idone and friendless in that great
metropolis. The first acquaintances he made were two la*
dies who lived opposite to him, and who lived together in
such harmony 9^ to desire no other connections, but were
yet so pleased with Gebelin's amiable manners, as to adr
mit him into their friendship, and furnish him with every
assistance he could wish in carrying on his great work,
^^ Le nionde primitif,'* in digesting the materials of which
he employed ten years. One of these ladies, mademoi-
selle Linot, learned engraving solely with the view of be-
ing useful to him in his labours, uid actually engraved
. •
< Hodius de Grecis Utaslribat.— Niceroq^ toI. XXIX.^MQr^i,T-*SaiMi.0^f
yiasticon.
O E B £ t I N. .365
*
some of the pUtes in his work ; vhile the either, mademoi-
selle Fleury, contributed 5000 livres towards the expences
of the first volume of hU work. After bis death they trans*
ferred their kindness to his relations, a sister and two
nieces whom he bad sent for to reside at Paris, but to
whom he was not able to leave much.
The love 6{ study and retirement was so strong in him
that he entirely neglected opportunities of making his way
in the world. " I like better," he ,used to say, " to pay
court to the public, than to individuals whom that, public
despises.*' In his need, for he was long unprovided for^
he knew how to contract his wants, and never was ashamed
^o own that in the first years of his residence at Paris he
brought himself to live on bread and water, which he pre-
ferred to the more painful necessity of soliciting his
friends. His modesty was equal to his learning, which all
acknowledge was extensive and profound. In the fifst
volume of his great work, *^ Le monde primitif,*' we find
him acknowledging with the greatest exactness, as well as
gratitude, every assistance he derived from books, or liv-
ing authors. The French ac^ademy, knowing his merit
and modesty, adjudged him twice the prize of 1200 livres,
which was founded by count de Valbelle as a recompense
to authors who had made the best use of their talents.
At length the first volume of his ** Le monde primitif "
made its appearance in 1773, and was continued until it
extended to 9 vols. 4to, in which he endeavours to t^ace
the history of the moral and physical world to its origin.
Perhaps no man ever endeavoured to compass so great a
variety of objects ; and although the author has indulged in
some paradoxical notions, yet his learning, extensive read-
ing, and sentiment, create a reverence for his talents, and
it is not without reason that the French rank this work
among those which have done the greatest honour to their
nation. D^AIembert was so struck with the first volume,,
that he asked if it was the academy of forty (the number
of the French academy) that were employed in executing
fo vast an undertaking, and expressed the greatest asto-
nishment, when told that Gebelin was the sole author.
The continual labour, however, which Gebelin bestowed
on this, and his other works, is supposed to have hastened
ibis death, although this was not the only cause to which
that event has been attributed. A stone had formed in
bis kidnies, which although voided by nature, brought on
S66 O B ti S L I N.
syoptoiiit of discay, and he iinfortdfiately had rectottr^ to
Mesmer, the tioted qaaieky who by hte aiiidial magnetism
seemed to aAbrd bim mlief. Gebcjin was so grztefti), a»
to write a book in favour of Mesmer and bis r6medy> and
had: scarcely iiuisbed it^ <when a return of bift codiptaints
put an end to bis useful life. May 10, 1784. -As a protes*
tant be could not be buried in catholic ground. His re-
mains were therefore temoved to the gardens of his friend
and biographer comte D^Albon at Franconville, where a
bandspme monument was erected to- bis memory, with this
inscription : " Passant, venerez cette tombe — Gebeliti y
repose.'*
Gebelin was one of the most learned men of his time^
and not only familiar with the ancient and modern lan-
guages, but with natural history, mathematics, mythology,
ancient monuments, statues, gems, inscriptions, and every
species of knowledge and research which goes to form the
accomplished antiquary* Besides the *^ Monde primitif,
he published, 1. ^^ Le Patriote Frangais et impartialej
1753, 2' vols. l2mo. 2. <^ Histoire de la guerre des Ce«
vennes, ou de la guerre des Camisards,'* 1760, 3 vols.
12mo. 3. <^ L^Histoire Natureile de la Parole, ou precis
de laGrammaire Universelle,'* 1776, Svo. This forms a.
part of his <* Monde primitif,** 4. ** Dictionnaire etymo-
logique et raJsonn6 des racines Latifies, a I'usage des
jeunes gens,*' 1780, Svo. *5. ^^ Lettre sur le Magnetisme
Aniisial," 4to ; bis defence of this quackery, which for a
time was too much encouraged even in this country. 6.
<< Devoirs du prince et du citoyen," a posthumous piibli*
cation which appeared in 1789, 8vo. '
GEBER (John), a physician and astronomer, who wrole
a commentary on the*" Syntaxis Magna" of Ptolemy/ ih
nine books^ and several other works, is supposed to have
been a Greek by nation ; some call him ** the Arabian,*'
and others say that he was born at Seville In Sp^ih of Ara-*
bian parents. There is as much diversity of opinion as to
the age in which he flourished, some contending for the
seventh, some for the eighth, and some for the ninth cen-
tury. His commentary above mentioned was published at
Nuremburg in 1533. In it he endeavoured to correct the
astronomy of Ptolemy, but Copernicus called' him rather
^ Diet Hist, in Court— Keister's Portraiti des Hommes lilustret.— Efoge
par Oprnte D'AIbon.
G E B E It %t1
i)aie calumniator of Ptolemj* He was a learned cfaemtst^
and as such baa been mentioned with respect by the gneat
Qoerhaave; but be was also addicted ,to the reveries of
Alc.bei^yy . and condesoended to use occasionally a Jtfrgon
s|iited to the.mj^stio pretensions. of those .{iandftil writers.
Dr. Johnson was of opinion, that gibberish is best deri^red
from this uniQtel%ible cant of Geber and his followers !
anqi^ntlji be alledges, it was written gebrish* Notwith^*
standing this, it is allowed that his writings contain mtich
useful knowledge, and that the accuracy of many of his
operations is surprizing* . The other works of Geber now
extant are, 1. ^^ His Astronomy, or denonstrattve work of
Astrology** in, nine books^ printed at Nuremberg in 15S3,
2* *^ His three Books on Alchymy,*^ published at Stras^
bnrgy with one ^f De inrcstigatione perfeoti Magisterii," in
1530 ( and also in Italy from a MS. in the Vatican. 9^
^' On the Investigation of the truth of Metals, and on Fur«
tiace$» with other works,*' Nuremberg^ 1545. 4. <^ A
book called Flos Naturarum,*' published in 1473. 5. Also
his *^ Chymica,^^ printed by Perna, with the chemical works
of Avicenoa. All these were published in English at Ley-*
d^n, by Hicbard Russel in 1668. His Almagest is also
extant in Arabic. As a specimen of his language, he used
to say, ^< mp /object is to cure six lepers^^^ meaning that he
w^bed to convert six inferior metals into gold.^
GED (William), an ingenious though unsuccessful
artist, who was a goldsmith in Edinburgh, deserves to be
recorded for his attempt. to introduce an improvement in
the art of printing. The invention, first practised by Ged
in 172i5, was simply this. From any types of Greek or
RoQian, . or any other character, he formed a plate for
ev^ry. page, or sheet, of a book, from which he printed,
instead of using a type for every letter, as is done in* the
coouQOii way. This was first practised on blocks of* wood^
by the .Chinese and Japanese, and pursued in the first
essays of Coster, the European inventor of the present
4rt. *^This improvement,** .says Jgimes Ged, the inven-
tor^s son, *Ms principally considerable in three mo5tim«'
portant articles, viz. ei^penpe^ correctness, beauty, and
uniformity.'* In July 1729, William Ged entered into
partnership with William Fenner, a London stationer, who
was to have half the profits, in consideration of his ad^
1 Moreri.
368 G E D.
vancing all the money requisite. To supply this, Mr. John
JameSj then an architect at Greennrich (who built sir Ore*
gory Pagers house, Blpomsbury church, Jtc.) was taken
into the scheme, add afterwards his brother, Mr. Thomas
James *, a letter-founder, and James Ged, the inventor^s
son.. In 1730, these partners applied to the university of
Cambridge for printing bibles and common-prayer books
by block instead of single types, and^ in consequence, a
lease was sealed to them April 23, 1731. In their attempt
they sunk a large sum of money, and finished only two
prayer-books^ so that it was forced to be relinquished) and
the lease was given up in 1738. Ged imputed his disap-
pointment to the villainy of the press-men, and the ill-
treatment of his partners (which he specifies at large), par-
ticularly Fenner, whom John James and he were advised
to prosecute, but declined it. He returned to Scotland in
1733, and had no redress. He there, however, had friends
who were anxious to see a specimen of his performance ;
which. he. gave them in 1744, by an edition of Sallustf,
Fenner died insolvent in or before 1735, and his widow
married Mr* Waugb, an apothecary, whom she survived.
Her effects were sold in 1768. James Ged, the son,
vtrearied with disappointments, engaged in the rebellion of
1745, as a captain in Perthes regiment ; and bieing taken
at Carlisle, was condemned, but on his father^s account
(by Dr. Smith's interest with the duke of Newcastle) was
pardoned, and released in 1748. He afterwards worked
for some time as a journeyman, with Mr. Bettenham,
and then commenced master; but being unsuccessful, he
went privately to Jamaica, where his younger brother Wil-
liapi was settled as a reputable printer. His tools, &c. he
left to be shipped by a false friend, who most ungene-
rously detained them to try his skill himself. James died
the year after he left England ; as did his brother in 1767.
In the above pursuit Mr. Thomas James, who died in 1738^
expended much of his fortune, and suffered in his proper
business ; '^ for the printers,^' says Mr. Mores, ^^ ^ould
not employ him, because the block-printing, had it auc*
ceeded, would have been pr^udicial to theirs.'' Mr.
* George Jdmes, another brother, rifaber Edtnensis, noo TypU mobilU
waspriater to the city of London; a bus, at vulgb fieri solet, sed Ta-
inan of letters, aQ^ resided aiany years bellis seu Lamion fusis, excudebat*
in Little-Britain, mdcgxliv." The daughter's ^arrati\e
f "£diabttr(fi| Gulielmtts Ged, Au- »ay.s it was finished in 1756.
G E D. 360
M^UIiain Ged di^d, in very indifSsrent circniiistances/ Ocr
tober 19, 1749, after his utensils were sent for Leitb to bd
shipped for .London, to have joined with his son Jaimes as a
(printer there. Thus ended bis life and project, which has
ately been revived both in France and England, under the
name of stereotype, although its application to the print-
ing of books has hitherto been partial, and indeed chiefly
tonfined to such asUre supposed not to admit of change*
of improvements,, such as Bibles, and some school-books.^
GEDDES (Alexander), a Roman catholic dlviue, who
attempted to translate the Bible, with a view to destroy its
credibility, was born in 1737, in the parish of Ruthven,
pnd coanty of BamfF, in Scotland. His parents, who were
Roman' catholics^ in very humble life, possessed but a few
boobs, among which was an English Bible, to the study of
which their son applied very early, and id said to have
known ail its history by heart before he was eleven years
old. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Scalad, ia free
Roman catholic seminary in the Highlands, of obscure
fame, where be acquired only an acquaintance with the
Vulgate Latin Bible. Having attained the age of twei^ty-
one, he was removed to the Scotch college at Paris, where
he made such proficiency in his studies ad very much- at«
traeted the attention of his preceptors. Hete s>::ho6l di-
vinity and biblical criticism occupied th^ principal part of
bis time ; and he ^endeavoured also to make himself master
6f the Greek and Latin languages, and of the French,
Spanish, German, and Low Dutch. *
In 1764 he returr\ed to Scotland, and was ordered to
Dundee to officiate as priest among the catholics in the
eounty of Angus, but was scarcely settled when he re«
oeived an invitation to become a resident in the family of
die earl of Traquaire^' in what capacity, unless a^ a friend,
does net appear. He accepted, however, an oifer so fa«
vouraUe to the pursuit of hh studies ; and hbre,* a^ well ai
at Pavis, iie regulated bis inquiries so as to be preparatory
to the filan he had long^^conc^ived, df giving a new trans*
l^ttidn of the Biblei < His residence here was unfortunately
interrupted by an attachment he formed for a ieniale relative
of the earl of TraquaTre*s, and which was reciprocal ; but
vegavding his vow of celibacy as sacred, and his passion
Qth^i^wtse invincible, he left the' fantiiy, and went again to
.••'.■.- . ' /••.•<'
1 Siographical Memoirs ot WiUiftin Ged, HQi. Svov— Nichol|'^s Bqwyptf.
Vol. XV. B b
t10 G ED D E S.
Paris, wbere be cdntinued about eight or nine mpntbs, airi
returned to Scotland in the spring of 1769, «He now ac-
cepted the charge of a catholic coDgregatk>n at Auchin-
balrig in- the county of BamfF, where he engaged the af-
fections of his flock by many pastoral offices, reconciling
differences, adininbtering to the poor, and rebuilding th^ir
ruinous chapel. All tbis^ however, seems to have ifi^
voived him in pecuniary difficulties,* from which he w^
extricated by the late duke of Norfolk,, the last catholic
peer of that illustrioos family. To prevent similar embar-
rajBsments, Mr. Gedd^ now took a small farm, which again
involved him iti debts^ which he endeavoured to discharge
by anapplicatien^to the muses. *^ Some daBmon/*^ be says^
^^ whispered him that be had a turn for poetry,*' which
produced in 1779, ** Select Satires- of Horace, translated
into English verse, and for the. most part adapted to the
present times and manners," 4to. The impreaston of this
work extended only to 750 copiesy yet be reaped a profit
of lOOL whic^ be received with exttllation, and applied td
the liquidation of bis arrears* .This suceess determined
bim also to relinqoisb bis retiredient, and try what his
abilities might obtain for bim io London,^ and his .removal
was probably accelerated by bis having incurred the dis^
pleasure of the bishop of his diocese^. Dr. Hay, on account
of his attending the ministry of a presbyteriaii friend. The
bishop bad betofe wartied him to desist, and finding him
refractory, deposed; him from his oflSice, and prohibited
him from preaching within the extent of bis diocese. He
left his charge ^oordingly, and prenou» to bis leaving
Scotland) received the degree of LL. D. from one of the
colleges of Aberde^. His reputation for learning, in-
deed, was very considerable in Scotland, and he was^tiine
of the literati who took a very active part in the institutioA
of a society of antiquaries at Edinburgli. In their volume
for 1 792 he wrote ** A dissertation on the Seoto-Saxoit
jUalect," and "The first Eklog of Virgil,'' and V The first
IdyllioD of Theocritup, trajislatitt into 86otti» vers,'' in the
former of which the Edinburgh dial<$ct is chiefly imitated^
and in the Utter the B|icban« >He also composed a " Car^
p>eii ;SeCQlare" for the society's anniversary of 1788.
He arrived in London in the beginning of 1780, arid wai
foon incited to officiate as priest in the Imperial ambassa*
dor's chapel, and preached occasionally at the chapel in
Duke^ltreet^ Lincoiu's Inn Fields^ oniil the Easter holi^
G E b 1> £ Si S71
-ddya^ l7SSj after which he voluntarily mthdreir fitom every
flutated ministerial fuoctiou^ and seldom officiated in iany
>bapel whatevier. The principal reason was, that on his
arrival in London- he was introduced to men of literature
of every class, obtained easy access to public libraries^
and in his design of translating the Bible, obtained the
patronage of brd Petre- This nobleman engaged to allow
him . a salary of 200/. and took upon himself the entire
expence of whatever private library Dr. Geddes might judge
requisite to collect in the prosecution of his favourite object*
With such miinifici^nt encouragement, he published in
1780 his ^* Idea of a New Version of the Holy Bible, foe
the use of the English Catholics.'' This was an imperfeefc
sketchy as he had not settled what versions to follow.
Among his encouragers, who then thought favourably^ of
him, were Br. Kennicott, . and bishop I^wth. To th6
latter be presented, in 17.85, bis ^^ Prospectus," who re»*
turned it with a polite note^ inwjiieh he recommended him
to publish it^ not only as an introduction to his worfcy but
)as a useful ai|d edifying treatiie foe young students indi^
vinity^ He accordingly published it at Glasgow, and it
was very &vourably received by biblical scholars in general;
Being thus encouraged, he first published ^^ A Letter to
the eight re?, the bishop of London, containing queries,
doubts, and difficulties, relative to a vernacular version of
the Holy Scriptufes." This, was designed as an appendix
to his Prospectus,, and .was accompanied with a success
equal to tk^t of his fornter publication. After this he pub^
liflihed several pamphlets on temporary topics, of which it
will be sufficient to give the titles in our. list of bis.workjs*
In 1788 appeared his ^^ Proposals for printing by subscrip/*
tion, a New Trauslati<)in of the Bible, from corrected texts
of the original ; with various readings, explanatory notes^
and critical observations." In this he solicited the opinion,
hints, &c« of literary characters, and received .so many
that, in July 1790, be thought proper to publish ^^Dr«
Geddes' general Answer to the queries, counsels, and cri-
licnms that have been communicated to him since the pub-
lioalion of ^is Proposals for printing a New Translation of
the Bibie." In this pamphlet, while he resists the ge«
nerality of counsels and criticisms communicated to him^
from motives ' which he very candidly assigns, be yields
to several^ and liberally expresses bis obligations ta the
correspondents who proposed them. It appe^rsy hew^vec^
B B 2
372 GEDDE&
that bis bretbren of tbe ca^Kc persuasion were already
suspicions, and that be lost whatever sbare of popularity
be formerly bad witbin the pale of tns o«m church. He
acknonrledges that be receimd more encouragement from
tbe established cbmrch and tbe protestant dissenters. His
subscribers amounted to 345, among which were Tery few
Roman catholics. In 1792 the first volume of the transla-
tion appeared, under the title of << Tbe Holy Bible, or the
books, accoonted sacred by Jews and Christians ; otherwise
called tbe Books of the Old and New Correnants, faithfully
translated from corrected texts of the originals, with Ta«
nous readings, explanatory notes, and critical remarks :^
and a second volume appeared in 1797. The manner in
which Dr. Geddes executed bis translation, brought upon
bim attacks from various quarters, but especially from
bis catholic brethren. Tbe opposition and dif&culries be
bad, on this account, to encountier^^ were stated |;>y bimini
^* An Addreis ti tbe Public.'' Indeied, his orthodoxy hav-
ing bten questioned before his volume appeared, bewa*
stinmoned by those whom he adhtitted ta b^ tbe organs of
legitimate authority; ^tlis- tbr^e judges, however, were
dither satisfied or silenced, bkuch to the doetor^s satisfac-^
fioii. Shortly after tbe firH vohiineof his- tranrtatvon was
pcibiished, an ecclesiastical interdict, under the title -cif
<* A l^astoral Letter,'* signed By Walmstey, Gibson, and
Douglns, as apostolic vicars t>f the western^ viorCheh), and*
London districts, was published^ id which ' Geddc^^s work
was prohibited to tbe= faithful « Agaitist tiiis prohibition
(Which bishop Thomas Talbot 'refu«e4 to i subscribe) the
doctor, first giving bishop ^Douglas ndtice, published a'
renionstrance in a letter addressed to^brm^; but notMth«-
standing this, he was suspended f roa» mtt eede'siastieal
funetionto. In 1800^ he published the first, and only vo^
lunie b6 lived to finish, of << CriticallCem^s 6n tbe He*
brew Scriptures; corresponding witb^a New Translation of
the Bible,^ 4to. How far Dr. Cedded m^ritkl tbe cenni
sores bestowed upon him both >by R€fm«i catbofies 'i^*
proteiltants, in his hanstetion and ' Critical RMiarhs, the
reader ihay judge, when he|s told that in- thia volume .he
attacks the credit of M9ses in eirtery pan{ of bib dbaracter^.
as an historian^ a legisbtor, and at moralist* He even
doubts whether he wiui^the author of the Peniaseucb ;-but'
Ib^ writer, Whoever he mtgbt be, is bn#,' he tells us, who
ij^n all occasions ^ives into the mliirveUous^ adoitis bir-
G E D D E SL 37S
narratioQ with fictions of the interference of the Deity,
when every thing happened in a natural wiiy ; and^ at
Other times, dresses up fable in the garb of true history.
The history of the creation is, according to him, a fabulous
cosmogony. The story of the &I1 a mj/thosy in which uo«*
thing but the inere imagination of the commentatorSi posw
sessing more piety than jadgment, could have discovered
either a seducing devil, or the promise of a Saviour. It ia
9 fable, he asserts, inteiided for the purpose of persuading^
the vulgar, that knowledge is the root of all evil, and the
desire of it a crime. Moses was, it seems, a man of great
talents, as Numa and Lycurgus were. But like them, he
was a false pretender to personal intercourse with the
Deity, with whom he had no immediate communication*
He had the art to take the advantage of rare, but natural
occurrences, to persuade the Israelites that the immediate
power of God was exerted to accomplish his projects.
When a violent wind happened to lay dry the head of the
Gulph of Suez, he persuaded them that God had made a
passage for them through the sea; and the narrative ot
their march is embellished with circumstances of mere
fiction. In the delivery of the ten commandments, he
took advantage of a thunder-storm to persuade the people
that Jehovah bad descended upon moiunt Sinai \ and hd
counterfeited the voice of God, by a person, in the heighc
of the storm, speaking through a trumpet, &c. &c. With*
oui proceeding farther in accumulating the proofs of arro-«
gance, ignorance, and iinpiety, with which this ^< Transla-
tion^' and ^^ Critical Remanrks*' abound, we shall only add,,
that even Dr. Priestley seemed to doubt ^' if such a man as
Geddesy who believed so little, and who conceded so much^
<x>uJd be a Christian.**
An attack had been made upon him as an infidel, in
the Gentleman*s Magazine^ soon after his death, and it
was said that ^< his dying recantation^ like that of Voltsure,
iiad been studiously concealed.'^ In answer to this, his
learned, but somewnat too affectionately partial biographer^
John Mason Good, F. R. S. gives an account of an inter*
view between Dr. Geddes and M* St. Martin, a catholic
priest, which we shall transcribe^
*^ M. St. Martin found the doctor extremely comatose^
and believed him to be in the ^utmost danger ; he endea-
voured to rouse him from bis lethargy, and proposed to.
him to receive absolution* Dn Geddes observed, that ia
$74 G E D D £ a
such case it was necessary be should first make his confea«
sk>o. M. St. Martin was sensible th^t he had neither
strength nor wakefulness enough for such an exertion^ and
replied that in extremis this was not necessary ; that he .
bad only to examine the state of his own mind, and to .
Bii^kie a sign when he was prepared. M. St Martin is a
gentleman of much liberality of sentiment, but strenuously,
attached to what are denominated the orthodox tenets of
the catholic church ; he had long beheld with great grief
of heart what he conceived the aberrations of his learned
friend ; and had flattered himself that in the course of this
last illness he should be the happy instrument of recalling
bim to a full belief of every doctrine he had rejected ; and
with this view. he was actually prepared upon the pre«
sent occasion with a written list of questions, in the hope
of obtaining from the doctor aii accurate and satisfactory
xeply. He found, however, from the lethargic state of
Df. Geddes, that this regular process was impracticable.
He could not avoid, nevertheless, iexatnining the state of
his mind as to several of the more important poiuts upon
which .they differed. * You fully,* said he, * believe in
the Scriptures ?' He roused himself from his sleep, and
said, *, Certainly ,'-T-* In the doctrine of the trinity?' — »
Certainly, but not in ,the manner you mean/ — * In the
mediation pf Jesus Christ ?'-t-< No, no, no— »-not as you
mean ; in.Jesus Christ as our saviour — ^but not iii the atone**
ment.^ I inquired of M. St. Martin, if in Che course of
what had occurred, he bad any reason to suppose that his
.]:eIigious creed either now, or in any other period of his
illness, had sustained any shade of difference from what
he had formerly professed* He replied, that he coold not
positively flatter himself with believing it had; that the
9iiDst comfortable words he heard him utter were imme-
diately after a short pause, and before the administration
oi absolution, ^' I consent to all;.'' but that to these he
could affix no definite meaning. I showed h^im the pas*
s,age to which I now refer, in the Gentleman's Magazine :
he carefully perused it, and immediately added that it
was false in every respect. ' It would have given me great
pleasure,' said he, ' to have heard, him recant, but I can«
i^ot with certainty say that I perceived the least disposition
in him to do so; and even the expression ^ I consent ta
ally' was rather, perhaps, uttered from a widh to oblige
m^ Its his f|:iead> or a desire to shorten the conversation^
G E D D £ S.
375
than from any change in his opniions. After having tfang
esamined himself, however, for some minutes, he, gave a
sign of being ready, and received absolution as I had
proposed to bim. I then left him ; he shook my hand
heartily upon quitting him, and said that he was happy he
had seen me."
Dr. Geddes died the day after this interview, Feb. 26^
1'802, and was buried in Paddington chnrch-yard. He
was unquestionably a man of extensive (earning, although
not entitled to the superiority which his friends have as'-
signed to him, and which indeed he too frequently arro^
gated to himself. It was this want of -knowledge of his
real powers and the vanity superinduced upon it, that
made bim ambitious of the character of a wit and a poet,^
without either temper or genius. His wit was ipere flip*
pancy, and his poetry had rarely any other attribute tbaii
that of rhyme. The list of his works wiU show that in the
employment of bis talents there was something undignified
and triAing> that showed a mind vexed with restlessness^
rather than seriously and uniformly employed for the
public good. While engaged in so important a work as
4he translation of the Bible, he was perpetually stooping
to pick up any little paltry anecdote of the day, ad the
subject for a pamphlet or a poem, and while he was suf-
fering by the neglect or censure of those whose' reli-
gious opinions he bad shocked, he was seeking comfort in
ridiculins: the. characters of men who had never offended
him by any species of provocation. Ot his private cha-
racter, while he is praised for his benevolence and catholic
spirit, we find also, and not V4exy consistently, that itd
leading feature was irritability upon the most trifting jpro<-
^rotations, if they deserved the name,, wiiich discovered
itself in the most gross and offensive language. One in-
stance of this species of insanity, for such it appeared to
Jbe in him, is ^iven by his biographer, which we shall
throw into a note, for its excellence a« a genuine portrait
-of the man *• .
♦ " It was about this period, 1793,
I- first became acquainteii -witb Dr.
Geddes. I met him aecideafcaily at
jibe iioose of miss * Hamilton, who has
lately acquired a just repntation for
ber «3Mclleiit Letters on Education;
and I freely confess that at th« firK.
interriew J was ^by no means plisased
wiih him. I 'beheld a man of about
five ieet five inches high, in a blark
dress, put on with uncommon negli-
gence, and apparently never fitted t^
his form ; his fignre was lank, bit
face meagre,, his hair black, long, and
loose, without having been sufficiently
submitted to the operations of the
376, G £ D D E &
Dr. Geddes publish^, 1. f' Select Satires of Gbnice/^
&c. London, 1779, 4to. 2. ** Linton, a Tweedale Pasr-
toral,'* Edinburgh, 4to. 3. '< Cursory Remarks on a lat«
fanatical publication entitled a Full Detection of Popery,''
Lond. 1783, 8vo« 4, PfX)spectus of a New Translation of
the Bible,'* &c. ibid. 1786, 4to. 5. " Letter to the.
Bishop of London, containing doubts, queries, &c. rela-
tive to a vernacular translation of the Holy Scripture$,'^^
ibid. 1787, 4tQ. 6. "Letter to the Rev. Dr. Priestley,
in which the author attempts to prove by one prescriptivQ'
argument, that the divinity of Jesus Christ was a primitive
tenet of Christianity," ibid. 1787, 8yo. 7. "Letter to ^
member of parliament on the case of the Protestant Dis-
senters, and th^ expediency of a general repeal of all
penal statutes that regard religrous opinions^" ibid. 1787,
8vb. 8. " Proposals, &c." for his translation, ibid. 1788^
4to. 9. 'f Dr. Oeddes's general answer to queries, coun«
sels,^ &c. ibid. 1790, 4to. . 10. *^ An answer to the bishop
of Comana's pastoral letter, by a protesting catholic,'*
I790, Svo. 11. " A Letter to the right rev. the arch*
bishops and* bi^fhopa of England ; pointing out the only
sure meaiis of preserving the church from the* dangers that
now threaten her.- By an Upper Graduate," 1790, .8vo.
12. " Epistola macs^ronica ad fratrem, de iis quae gesta
sunt in nupero Dissentientium conyentu," 1790, 4to.
13. ** Carmen seculare pro Gallica gente tyrannidi aristo-*
oraticap erepta," 1790, 4to. 14. *^ Encyclical letter of
tOalet-*aiid bis eyn, tbough qoick and united with myself and a friend-
and vivid, sparl^linj^ at that time ra- who sat on m? other side in discoursing
tiier witti irritabjlity than benevolence, opoii the politics of the day. On this
He was ditpnling with one of the cooi' topic we proceeded sniootbly and ac-
paoy when I entered, and the rapidity cordantiy for some time ^ till at length .
with which at this inoment he left his disagreeihsr vtth us upon some pomt;
ebair, and rasbed with an elevated as trivial as tbe former, he again rose
tone of voice and uncourtly dogmatism abruptly from his seat, traversed the.
of maaner, towards bis opponent, in- room in every direction, with as inde-
staataneonsly persuaded me that the- terminate a parallax as that of a comet,
snbject upon which the debate turned loadly and with increase of voice maia-'-
was of the utmost moment. I listened taining bis position at every step he
with all the>attention I couldcommand ; took. Not wishing to prolong the dis-*
and in a few nninutes learned to my pute, we yielded to him without far-
astonishment, that it related to nothing ther interruption ; and in the course
niore than tbedtptaifeceofbis own boose of a few minors after be had closed
in ^e New«road, Paddiogton, from the bis harangue, be again approached as,
i>lace of our meeting, wbicb was io retobk possession of kis chair, and was
Goildforfi>Btceet4 The debate being at all playfulness, good'bumour, and ge-
length concluded, or rather woni out, nuioe wit." G<km1's life of Geddeiy
the doctor took possession of the next p. 300.
chair to ihat^ 19. wbicb I wai f eated>
/
G E D D.E S./ 97T
^be bittbops of RamA, Acantbosi and Oeiiturisb^ to the
fakhfbl clergy a6d laity of their respective districts, with
It <;ontiniied coinmeotary for the use of the vulgar/' 179 1|^
Bvo, 15. *^ An (ironical) apology for Slavery," 1792, 8vo.
16. '^ The first book of the Iliad of Homer, verbally retir
flered into English yerse ; being a specimen of a new
translation of that poet ; with critical annotations," 1792,
8vo. This was intended to rival Cowper^s Homer. 17.
f' L'Avocat du Diable ; the Devirs Advoci^t^," &c. 1792,
4to. 18. " The Holy Bible, translation of, vol. I." 1792,
4to. 19. Carmioa Ssecularia tria, pro tribus celeberrimis
libertatis Gallicse epochis," . }793, 4to. 20. ^^ Ver-Vert,"
from the Fi?ench of Gresset, 1 793, 4to. 21." Dr. Geddey s
address to the public on the publication of the first volume
of his new Translation of the Bible," 1793. 22. "Letter
(o. the right r^v. John Douglas, bishop of Centuriae, and
viear-apostolic in the Loudon district," (794, 4to. : 23*
^* A Norfolk Tale ; qr a Journ^al from London to Norwich,".
1794, 4to. 24. " Ode to the Hon. Thomas Pelham, oe^^
paj»ioned by his speech in the Irish House of CommoDB on^
the Catholic bill," 1795, 4to. 25. " A Sermon preached'
before the university of Cambridge, by H. W. C(oul-
thurst), D. D. &c." in doggrel rhymes, 1796, 8yo. 26.
f^ The Battle of B(a)ng(o)r; or the Church's triumph ; a
comic-heroic poem,'' 1797, 8vo. 27. " Translation of the^
Bible, vol. II." J 797. 28. « A New-year's gift to the^
f;ood people of England, being a sermon, or something
ike a sermon, in defence of the present. war," &c. 179S^
8vo. 29. " A Sermon preached on the day of the general
fast, Feb. 27, 1799, by Theomophilus Brown," &c. 1799/
8vo. 30. " A Modest Apology for the Roman Catholics
pf Great Efritiain, addressed to. all moderate Protestants,"
&c. 1800, 8vo. 31. " Critical Remarks," before men*
tioned, vol. L ISOO, 4to. 32. " Bardomachia, poema*
macaronico-Latinutxi," 1800, 4ta '3S. " Paci feliciter ne-
duci Ode Sappfaica," 1801, 4to. Besides these Dr. Ged«
des wrote many fugitive pieces, essays, poems in the
pews- papers and magazines, and was a considerable con—
t:ributor to the Analytical Reviewl After bis death ap*
peared in 1807, his " Translation of the Book of Psalms,"^
as faras Psiim'CXVin. In this, as may be eicpected, ha*
g^ve^rup the prophetic sense o£ the Psalms.'
1 Good's U(^ of G^diea, tQ04« •ro.T-Bri'isb €rUic> tolf. XVL XXIV.
»«t G E D D E S.
GEBDES (Jamcs), the eldest son of an old and re-
tspectable family in the shire of Tweedale, in Scotland,'
vras born about 1710, and received the first rudiments of
learning in his father's family, under private tntors. Hia
genius was quick, and,. as he took great pleasure in read-*
iiig^ he soon made considerable progress in the learned
languages, and the elements of philosophy. As soon as
he understood Latin and Greek, he entered with remark-
able spirit into the sentiments of the ancient writers, and
discovered an ardent desire for a more intimate knowledge-
of them. He afterwards studied the different branches of
philosophy at the university of Edinburgh, and particu*
larly applied to mathematicjd learning, in which be made
uncommon proficiency, under the tuition of the late learned
Colin Maclaurin. After he had acquired a competent
knowledge of philosophy, his thoughts were turned to the
liiw^ which he proposed to make the peculiar study and
profession x>f his life. After the usual course of prepara*
tory study for this employment^ he was admitted advocate^
and practised at, the bar for several years with growing re-
jautatioa; but he did not arrive to the greatest eminence
in bis profession, as he was cut olF by a lingermg con-
sumption in 1749, before be was forty years of age. His
character was in all respects amiable and worthy. He re-
tained through his whole life that keen relish for ancient
literature which he had imbibed in his youth : and what
time be could spare from the duties of his profession, and
the necessary affairs of his family, was devoted to the
study of the ancient poets, philosophers, and historians.
The fruit of these studies was ** An Essay on. the Compo«-
sitiotl afid.Manner pf Writing of the Ancients, particularly
Platoi" Glasgow^ 1748, 8vo. He is said to have left pa-
pers sufficient to make another volume, but they have not
been published;'
. GEDDES (MlCHA£L), a divine of the church of Eng-
land, but a native of Scotlq^d, was educated and probably
bom at Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M. A.
and. was in July 1671 incorporated in the same at Oxford,
being one of the first four natives of Scotland, who partoo)^
of bishop Warner's exhibitions intended for Balliol college.
Some demur occurring on the part of the college, these
scholars were first placed in Gloucester-hall (nofsr Wor-
- . 1 Frsm the le^Md edit«^thif 9iet 1^84, S«pp1em«iit,
G ED D'rst 379
iBester college), bat, «i 1679, they were temoved 'to BaU
hoh In 1678 Mr. Geddes went to Lisbon, as chaplain to
the English factory ; the exercise of which function giving
offence to the inquisition, he was sent for by that court ia
If 86, and notwithstanding he pleaded a privilege which
had never been called in question, founded on the treaty
between England and Portugal, he was forbid to continue
his ^clesiastical dxitres. The English merchants resenting
this violation of their privilege, wrote immediately to the
bishop of London, representing their case, and their right
to a chaplain ; but before their letter reached his lordship,
be was suspended by the ecclesiastical commission onlered
by king James, who was now endeavoariDg to establish
popery at home. They were deprived therefore of all
exercise of their religion lill the arrival of Mr. Scarborough,
(be English envoy, under whose character as a public mi<^
WtMT they were obliged to shelter themselves. Mr^ Gedw
des finding matters in this situation, thought proper to re<^
turn to England in May 1688, where he took the degree
of LL. D. and after the promotion of Dr. Burnet to the
bishopric of Salisbury, w^o speaks . very respectfully o£
^im in his ^* History of the Reformation,'^ was promoted
by him to be chancellor of his church. He died before
1714, but at what time we have not been able to discover^
During hid residence at Lisbon, he had collected mate^
irials of the historical kind from scarce books and MSS. in
the Spanish and Portuguese language, which he trans*
kted and published in various forms after his return to
England. Amonjg these publications are, i; ^ The Church
History of Malabar," Lend. 1694, 8vo. 2; << The Church
History of ^Ethiopia,'* ibid. 1696, 8vo. 3. **The.Coun^
cir. of Trent plainly discovered not to have been a
free assembly," ibid. 1697 and 1714, 8va 4. << Miacel^
laneous Tracts," of civil and ecclesiastical history, .ibid«
1702 — 5, 8vo,extended afterwards to 3 vols. 17 14, and 1730.
5. ** Several Tracts against Popery," ibid. 1715, 8v.a*
GEDOYN (Nicholas), a French writer .and classical
scholar, was born at Orleans June 17, 1667,. whence he
went to study at Paris, and .was a Jesuit for ten years; but.
returning back to the world, became .one of the friends of
the celebrated Ninon de TEnclos, and figured as a man of
if it and letters, which, however, did not impede hiseccle^fv
> WiStOi'^ l^^t Tillotioa.— iMh. Ox. fsl. ILo-Mmti '
610 G E D O T N.
^astical career^ as in 1701 be was appointed canon of ifa^
holy chapel at Paris. In 1711 he was received into the
academy of belles lettres ; in 1719, into the French aca^
demy; and 1732, he was named, to the abbey of Notre^
dame de Beaugency. He died Aug. 10, 1744. He is
distinguished by two excellent French translations, of Quin--
tilian, 4to, or 4 vols. 8vo, and Pausanias, Z vols. 4to*
There were also published in 1745, ^ CEuvres divcrse^/!^
or a collection of little essays by him upon subjects of mo-^
rality and literature, edited by the abbe Olivet, with a
Hfe of the author, by Bachaumont. Gedoyn was besidesk
author of many ingenious dissertations' in the memoirs of
the French academy.'
GEER (Charles de), a Swedish naturalist, and called
the Reaumur of that nation, was bom in 1720, and after
being educaited in classical learning at Utrecht, studied
under Linnaeus at Upsal. Having an interest in the mines
^f Dannemora, he greatly improved the working of themr
by machinery of his own invention; and the improvement^
which he at the same time introduced in the cultivation of.
his estates procured him a very large fortune,- which he
expended in acts of munificence^ such as endowing schools^
repairing churches, and making provision for the poor.-
Ais opulence and refputation raised him lo the honoun of
chamberlain, marshal of the court, knight of the order of
Vasa, &c. a member of the academy of Stockholm, and
a corresponding nxember of that of Paris« He died in-.
March 1778. His studies in natural history produced bis
^' Memoires pour servir a Thistoire des Insectes,V 7 vols* .
generally bound in .9, 4to, illustrated with valuable and
accurate engravings. The first volume of this work is ex-
tremely rare, for which a singular reason has been as-*
signed. The author, it is said, was so hurt at the indif-
ferent reception the public gave to it, as to commit to the-
flames the unsold copies, which mfide by far the greater
part of the impression. Nor, when he recovered from-
thb caprice, and pursued his undertaking, did he foiget
the fate of his first attempt, as he annouuced that the Usi-
volume would be g^ven gratis to the purchasers of th^
Jlrst.*
GEIER (Martin), an eminent Lutheran divine, doctor
of dimity^ professor of Behrevf) minister of St. Thomas^
preacher, coufessior, and' member of tSie elettor' of S^x*
ony's ecclesiastical couuciU> was bom April 24, 1614, at
Leipsic, an^ died August 22, 1681. He left valuable
^ommeutaries in Latin oa Ecclesiastes, .Prpverbs, Daniel^
aod the Psalms ; a treatise on the *^ Mourning of the Jews/*
in the same language ; and several other works which are.
estf^emed, and w^re published at Amsterdam^ 1695, %
vols, fol.*
. GEILER (John), or, as by some called, Gayleii Kbi« '
SERSPEROius, an eminent Swiss divine, was born in 1445,
at SchafFhausen, where his father was a notary, but he
dying about three years afterwards, bis son was adopted by
f relation who lived at Keysersberg, and educated there in
|iis infancy. He afterwards pursued his more serious sta^..
d^es at Fribourg and Basil. When admitted in'tothecfaurch
^e was invited to preach at Wurzburgb, where he b^cami^.
ao celebrated for pulpit oratory, that Augsbourg^ Basil, and
$ltrasburgh contended which should persuade him to settle
among them. At length he gave the preference to Stras-
burgh, where he resided tbirty-three years, edifying the
people by bis di$couraes and his example. Here he died.
March 10, 1510. Hie is s»d to hay^ been the iSrst who
proposed that the iaqrameat should be adniinistered tor
condenined personSf He was much admired by Wim*.
pheliogius, Beatus. Rhenjsmus, and many of the eminent
9iea< of his time* His works, the principal of which are
etiuiuerated by Clement, as books of rare occurrence, are
. in- Oeiitnan and Latin, and consist principally of ^VSer-
moits,'* often surcharged with metaphors' and allegories, .
^d sometini^es with facetious remarks, but in general they
are learned, and serve very much to illustrate the manners
of the time, which he had the courage to censure, when
^rrphepus, before persons of the highest rank or power;
with intrepid boldness. Ob^rlin published in 1786, a cu- ,
rious life of Geiler, which we have not seen ; the preceding
f^ceount being taken from the authorities below.'
.; GJ£INOZ (FraIncis), member of the academy of in*
«cription9 ^^ belles lettres, and almoner of the general
^qne^pany of Swiss, was born at a small city in the cantotx
G^Friburg, in 1$^6. Hq assisted a considerable time in
(h9 ^.^ Jourfial de^ Sa^ans,'' with cn^dit, abd w&s censor
* Morert.
nsai Bibl. Cumuge, - ' «
S8S G £ t N p Z.
I
royal of books ; and bis superior knowledge of Greek sitid
Hebrew^, bis candour^ sincerity, mildness, and integrity^
made him beloved by all who knew him. He died at
Paris, May 23, 1752, while engaged in a new edition of
Herodotus, corrected from the M'SS. in the king's library.
There are some learned dissertations by him, in the Me-
moirs of the academy of inscriptions, on ostracism, the
migrations of the Pelasgi, &c.'
• GELASIUS the eider, was bishop of Csesarea, in Pa-
lestine, and nephew of Cyril,.-bishop of Jerusalem^ by
whom he was consecrated to Csesarea, in the year 380:
He is classed by St. Jerome and others, among the ,eccle^
^iastical writers of his age. He wrote several works, whi6fit
have been commended for the correctness and purity of
their style ; but there are extant only some fragments ex^
planatory of the a|>ostIes* creed, and of the traditions of
the church, which are in the Greek collection of testiirio*^
Dies, under the name of Jcjin Damascenus, in the Codex
Claroniont He died in the year 394.'
GELASIUS of Cyzicus, also bishop of Caesarea, flou-
rished about the year 476. He compiled a history of thd
Nicene council, in three books, partly frota an old manu«
script of Dalmatius archbishop of CyzicCksj and from other
authorities. It was published at Paris, Gr. & Lat. 1559*
His style, according to Photius, was extremely low and
bad, and the credit of his account^ whether from himself
or his manuscript, is according to Dupin, as bad as pos*
sible. Two books of pope Gelasius I. on the doubte^na**
ture in Christ, have been erroneously ascribed to him.'
GELASIUS I. bishop of Rome, elevated to that see til
the year 492, was successor to Felix II. He was engaged,
as his predecessor had been, in the diisputes between the
f aistern and western churches ; and particularly contended
with Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople, about the
name of Acacius, which the latter refused to expunge
from the sacred list. He is said to have assembled -k
council of seventy bishops at Rome, in the year 494, where
a decree was passed on. the subject of oanonica) and afK>-
crypbal books ; but the existehce of the decree, if not of
%he council^ is doubted by Cavej for very strt>n^ reasons.
He died Nov. 19, 046. Several works of his are extant^
,"J Moreri!^bict Hiit^-SaxlfOnomafL
• Cave, iroi. I.-^Fabrlc. -Sibl. Grttc— >Itfot«rl.— Suii Ooinilktt.
• C»ve, Tol. I.«->Mgr»ri.— Du|}iii.<--Saxn OAeiau|.. .
t •
6 E L A s r u s. s«$
among ivkich are, i: Epistles. 2. A volume on the powct
of Anathema. 8. Against some Komans who continued to
celebrate the Lupercalia. 4. Against the Pelagian* he-
resy. 5. A book against Eutyches and Nestorius, all
which are in the " Bibl. Patram," or in the " Collectio
Coiiciliorum.** Dupin seems to have a very indifferent
opinion of bis writings, and there is little in his life tha^
can be interesting unless in- its connection with the bistor^
of the papal stfiiggles for power.*
GELDENHAUR (Gerard Eobanus), a learned Ger-
man divine and historian^ was born at Nimeguen, in 1482^.
He studied classical learning at Deventer, and went through
his course of philosophy at Louvaih with such success, that
he was chosen to teach that science; and in that university
he contracted a strict friendship with several learned meri^
particularly Erasmus. He made some stay at Antwerp,
whence he was invited to the court of Charles of Austria,
to be reader and historian to that prince; but, not liking
to attend him into Spain, he entered into the service of
Philip of Burgundy, bishop of Utrecht. He was his reader
and secretary twelve years, that is, to 1 524 ; after which^
he eKecuted the same functions at the court of Maximilian
of Burgundy. Being sent to Wittemburg in 1526, i^
order to inquire intb the state of the schools and of the
church at that ))lace, he faithfully reported what he had
observed, and confessed he could not disapprove of a doc-*
trine so conformable to the Scriptures, as that which he
heard there ; and upon this he forsook the popish religion^
and retired towards the Upper Rhine. H6 married at
Worms, and taught youth there for some time. After-
wards he was invited to Augsburg, to undertake the same
employment ; and at length, in 1534, be went thence to
Marpurg, where he taught history for two years, and tbeii
divinity to his death. Hef died of the plague, Jan. 10,
lS4i2* The story of his being assassinated by robbers is
amply disproved'by Bayle. He was a man well skilled \xx
poetry, rhetoric, and history.
His changing his religion, and his writings against the
ehurch of Rome, occasioned a quarrel between him and
Erasmus. Crasmuis, who reviled him under the pame of
VuHuiHu^^ called him a seditious fellow ; and blamed him
for publishing scoffing books, which only irritated prmqes
SS4 GELDENHAirlL
s
9gainst Luther's folbwen* He blaned him also for pre-
pxiog the Dame and some ootes ^f himself to oertaun let*
tersy the intent of which wa^ to shew that heretics ought
not to be punished. This was exposing £rasmu$ to the
court of Rome, and to the popish powers ; for it was saying
in effect, that Erasmus had furnished the iniH>vatprs with
weapons to attack their enemies, which Erasmus resected
for no better reason than that he was afraid to avow pfin*
^iples which he secretly maiutaiaed. He compared GeU
denfaaur to the traitor Judas ; and instead of assisting him
iji his necessity, put him off with such coarse raillery as
fhe following : ^' But, my dear Yulturius, since you have
taken the resolution to profess an evangelical life, I wonder
jou find poverty uneasy ; ^ben St. Hilarion, not having
money enough to pay his bpat-hire, thought it caus^ of
glory, that he had undesignedly arrived at such Gospel
perfection. St. Paul also glories that he knew how to
abound, and how to suffer need ;.and that, having nothing,
he possessed ail things^ Th|^ same apostle commends
xertain Hebrews, who bad received the Gospel, that tbeyr
took the spoilingof their goods joyfully. And that, if the
Jews suffer none to be poor among thepoy how much mor^
does it become those who boast of the Gospel, to relieve
the wants of their brethren by mutual charity; especially^
since evangelical . fyugality is content with .very little.
Those who live, by the^ spirit want no delicacies, if they
have but bread and water ; they are strangers to luxury,
and feed on fasting. We read that the apostles themselves
satisfied their hunger with ears of corn rubbed in their
hands. Perhaps you may imagine I am jesting all this
, labile. — Very likely.— Bqt others will not think so.-^
Gerard Geldeobaur was better known by the name of
Jjiis country, than by that of his family ; for he was usually
called Gerard us No viomagus; and Erasmus in his letters
to him, gives him no other naiue. His works are, 1.
^' Historia Batavica, cum appendice de veiusta Bat^yprom
nobilitate," Strasburg, 1533, but Vossius mentions an
(edition of 1520. 2. " De Batavorum insula.'* 3. " Ger*
mani% Inferipris Historian," Strasburg, 1552. 4. ** Vita
PbiUppi a Burgundia, Episcopi UUrajectensis," ibid. ii29.
5. " Catalogus Episcoporum Ultrajectinorum," Marpurg,
1^42, 8vo. 6. " Epi&^pla ^d GulieUnom Geldriae Pj-ificir
pem gtatuUtoria de Principatuum suorum ' adoptionV'
G E L E N I U S. 385
fcjologn^ 1541. 7. " Epistola de Zelandia/' Leyden^
1650, 4to. 8. *' Satirae Octo,'' Louvain, 1515.*
GELEE (Claude). See CLAUDE of LORRAINE.
GELENIUS (Sigismund), a learned German, was bom
of a good family at Prague, aboiit 1498. He began very
early to travel through Germany, France, and Italy ; and
acquired a familiar knowledge of the languages of those
countries. In Italy he confirmed himself in the Latia
tongue, and learned the Greek under Marcus Musurus.
In bis return to Germany^ he went through Basil, and be-
came acquainted with Erasmus, who conceived an esteem
for him, and recommended him to John Frobenius, as cor-
rector of his printing-house, who employed him in super-
intending many Hebrew, Greek, and Latin works then in
the press ; and this employment he continued till his deatb,
at Basil, about 1555. He had married in that city, and
left behind him two sons and a daughter. Bayle describes
him as tall, and very corpulent-, of an excellent memory,
and a ready wit. He was wonderfully mild and good-na-
tured, so that he could scarce ever be put into a passion ;
bift never retained ill-will arrainst any man. He was not
curjous to pry into other people's affairs, nor at all mis-
trustful ; but endowed with primitive, yet not weak sim-
Gelenius s fame does not test eiitirely on his merit as a
corrector of the press. He has also furnished Latin trans-
lations of Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Appian, Philo, Jo-
sephus, Origen, and others ; all which shew him to hav«
been a man of talents and learning. He published like-
wise an edition of Ammianus Marcellinus, in which he
made a great number of judicious and ingenious emenda^
lions, and restored the strange transposition of pages,
which is to be found in all the manuscript copies, and ap-
pears in Accursiu^'s edition. Besides these he published
a dictionary in four languages, Greek, Latin, German,
and Sclavonian ; after which, he wrote annotations on Livy
and Pliny, and gave an edition of Arnobius, with whom
he h thought to have taken too many liberties.
Bayle, who seems to delight in Gelenius's private cha^
racter, resumes it by informing us that bis disregard for
riches and honours was extraordinary. The employments
^ Melcfaior Adam in vUis Theologorum. — General Diet. — Frefaeri Theatmin.
— Poppen Bib). Belg. — Saxii Osomast.
Vol. XV. C c
386 G E L E N I U S.
which were offered him in other places, could not tempt
him to quit his peaceful situation at Basil. Lucrative pro*
fessorships he could not be induced on to accept ; and
when he was invited to the king of Bohemians court, he
preferred his own quiet and humble life to the splendid
dignities with which he would there have been incumbered.
Though Erasmus judged him worthy of a better fortune,
yet he durst not wish to see him rich, lest it should abate
his ardour for the advancement of learning. According to
Thuanus, he struggled all his life with poverty.*
GELLERT (Christian Furchtegott, or Feargod),
an eminent German poet and moral writer, wsts born at
Haynichen, in Saxon}^ July 4, 1715. His father was a
ciel'gyman of a small income, who had thirteen children.
Gellert was educated at home, where his poetical powers
first appeared in a poem on the birth-day of his father,
which was succeeded by many others, but all these in his
maturer years he committed to the flames. He was after-
wards 3ent to school at Meissen, where he leanred Greek
and Latin, and in 1734 he went to Leipsic, whence, after
studying four years, his father's narrow income obliged
him to recall him. * Gellert wished much to continue at
the university, but he submitted to necessity, and at home
had an opportunity of again tuniing his attention to those
poetical pursuits for which he had early displayed a predi-
lection ; and perhaps it is to bis recall from the university
that we owe the beauty ai>d simplicity of his fables. At
this time he occasionally composed sermons,, which are in
general distinguished both for spirit and sound reasoning,
but they contain several indications of a taste not very
correct, and a judgment not arrived at maturity. In 1741
he again returned to the university of Leipsic, wkb a ne-
phew of his own, of whose education he had the charge.
Here he met with some friends, from whose conversation
and directions he confesses that be derive J very consider-
able advantage. About this time he published several
tales aod fables in a periodical publication. In 1745 he
acquired the right of giving public lessons in the univer-
sity, particularly on morals. He had early received an
impression of the importance of Christian morality, and
tl^ought that he could not pass over the subject in silence^
without neglecting one of the most essential duties of bid
1 Q«n. Diet. — Moreci.-— Saxii OHom^tv
G £ L L £ R T. 387
Bhustion. Soon after the coBimencenient of his aotde*
mical labours, he poblisbed his ^^ Tales and Fables.'*
Amongst these^ the manner in which the character of a
devotee was drawn, was much admired. This suggested
to Gellert the idea of his comedy of the ^ Devotee," whicii
was first published in the Bremen Magazine, but after-
wards caused him much vexation. Many condemned it
because it appeared to them to have a mischievous ten-
dency, by exposing piety and seriousness to ridicule.
But Gellert was not a man who could attempt to sap the
foundations of real religion and morality, though he wished
to expose hypocrisy and affectation to merited contempt.
Among the many flattering instances of public approbation
which the '^ Tales and Fables" produced, Gellert was par*
ticularly pleased with that of a Saxon peasant. One day,
about the beginning of winter, he saw the man drive up to
his door a cart loaded with fire-wood. Having observed
Gellert, he asked him whether he was the gentleman who
wrote such fine tales ? Being answered in the affirmative,
he begged pardon for the liberty which he took, and leit
the contents of his cart, being the most valuable present
he could make. At this time the Germans had no original
romances of any merit. In order to give some celebrity
to this species of composition in his own country, he pub-
lished the ^^ Swedish Countess," a work of a melancholy
cast, and containing many indica^ons of that depression
of spirits which embittered the latter days of Gellert. In
1747 he published a book entitled '^ Consolations for Va-
letudinarians," which was received with as much eagerness
€» his other works, and translated into various languages.
It. contains a melancholy representation of the sufierings
which he himself eiidnred. Nothing, however, could
overcome his activity, and in 1748 the continuation of hi^
^< Tales and Fables" was published. About this tiipe he
was deprived of the society of several friends who had
often dispersed the gloom that resulted from his dis*
order. The only intimate friend that remained was
Havener, who persuaded Gellert to give to the public
some of his letters. In 1754 he published his ^'Didactic
Poems/' which were not so well received as his T^les and
Fables, and he hin^self seems to have been sensible that
th^y were not so agreeable, although useful and instruc-
tive. He bestowed particular care on some sacred sopgs,
which were received with great enthusiasm all over Ger«
c c 2
S8S O E )L L E R T,
many, bqth in the Roman catholic and protestant states^
About this time he was appointed professor extraordinary
in philosophy, and gave lectures, on the Belles Lettres.
From this period Gellert suffered extremely from an hypo«*
choiidriac affection. His days were spent in melancholy
reflections, and his nights in frightful dreams^ But he
ipade prodigious efforts to resist this malady, and to con*
tinue to perform his academical duties ; and these efforts,
were often successful. The constant testimonies of the
approbation with which bis works were received, and the
sympsetby of bis friends, were never-failing sources of con**
soiation, and served to spread many cheerful moments: over
^e general languor of his life. The calamities of war
which desolated Germany after 1757, induced Gellert for
some time to quit Leipsic. .While in the country, he was
attacked by a severe illness, from which, however, contrary
to all expectation, he recovered. In 1761 the chair of a
professor in ordinary was offered him, but he refused t^
accept it^ from a persuasion that the state of his health was
such as to render him incapable of discharging the duties
of the situation with that regularity and attention which he
thought necessary. In 1763-4, Gellert went to Carlsbad by
the advice of bis physicians to drink the waters, which,
hov^^ver, seem to have given him little relief. After a few
.years more of almost constant suffering, Gellert died at
Leipsic, on the 13th of December, 1769. Some time be-
fore his death he revised and corrected bis moral lessons,
which he published at the request of the elector of Saxony,
tie was a man of the easiest and most conciliating man*
ners ; pleasing even to strangers ; and of a disposition to
.form and preserve the most valuable friendships. He was
open and entbusiaatic in bis attachments, ready a| all. times
to give his counsel^ labour, and money, to . serve . his
friends^ In himself, of a timid and hypochondriac habit,
and disposed to criticise both his own character and works
with a severity of which his friends could not acknpwledgjs
the justice. He had a constitutional fear of dei^th, which,
notwithstanding, receded as the hour of trial approached ;
so that he died with calmness and fortitude. In this be is
thought to have resembled bur Dr. Johnson, hut in. other
respects bis character and habit seem to approach nearer
to those of Cowper. His works were published in ten, vols.
Svo, in 1766 ; and after his death a more complete edition
at Leipsic, in eight volumes^ with engravings.. Kutner
G E L L E R T. Ud
bad celebrated his various excellencies ; he s&ys, ^' a cen-
tury will perhaps elapse, before we have another poet ca«
pable of exciting the love and admiration of his contempo-
raries, in so eminent a degree as Gellert, and of exercisf-
ijig so powerful an influence on the taste and way of think-
ing of ail ranks." Though not deserving all this, he was
an agreeable and fertile writer ; the poet of religion and
virtue ; an able reformer of public morals. His ^* Moral
Lessons" were translated into English, and published by
Mrs. Douglas of Ednam house, 1805, 3 vols. Svo, with an
excellent life of the author, to which this article is chieBy
indebted. '
GELLI (John Baptist], an eminent Italian writer, and
JB man of extraordinary qualities, was born of mean parents
at Florence in 1498, and was brought up a taylor. Such,
i^owever, was his industry and capacity, that he acquired a
knowledge of languages, and made uncommon progress in
the belles Isttres. Thuanus says, that he did not under-
stand Latin, but this must be a mistake, as he translated,
.from Latin into Italian, " The Life of Alphonsus duke of
Ferrary," by Paul Jovius, and a treatise of Simon Porzio^
•* De Colpribus Oculorun?," at the request of those writers,
Hb knowledge of Greek, however, w?is probably lijpnited,
as he translated the *^ Hecuba" of Euripides into Italian,
from the Latin version. His principal excellence was in
his native tongue, and he acquired the higbest reputatipn
by the works he published in it. He was acquainted with
ajil the wits and learned n>en of Florence ; and his merit
was universally kno^vn* He was chosen a member of the
academy there; and the city made him one of their bur-
gesses. Yet he continued the exercise of his trade as a
taylor, to the end of his life; and he tells us, in abetter
to F. Melchiqr, March 3, 155.3, »that he devoted working-
days to the care of his body^ and Sundays and festivals to
the culture of his understanding. The same letter shew9
hi9 modesty, as he reproachjes his friend for giving him
jbonourable titles, which did not agree with the iowness of
his condiiion. He died in 1563.
In 1546, he published at Florence, "Dialoghi," in 4to,
Xo which, iu the fifth edition, which was printed in 1551,
iSvo, and is the best, there are three more added, making
in all ten, but he afterwards changed the title from << Dia-
1 Uf9 as aboTe.—Lif^ by En^tsti ia vol* il. Qt bis << OpwcaU Or»t«ria•>^
390 G E L L I.
loghi,'* to " i Capricci del Bottaio.'* He published also,
^* La Circe,*' 1549 and 1550, 8vi). This work consists of
ten dialogues, and treats of human nature ; Ulysses and
some other Greeks, who were transformed by Circe into
various beasts, dispute here about the excellence and
misery of man and other animals. It has been translated
into Latin, French, and English, the last by Barker, Lond.
1599, 12mo. These dialogues, like the rest of Gelirs,
are written in the manner of Lucian, and are not without
some indelicacies. We have too by him, " Le Lettioni
nell* Academia Fiorentina,** 1551, 8vo. These disserta^^
lions are employed upon the poems of Dante and Petrarch,
Lastly, he published several letters upon Dante's Inferno,
"entitled <^ Ragionamento sopra le Difficulta del mettere in
Regole la nostra lingua,^' without date. He was the au-
thor also of two comedies, " La Sporta,'* and " Lo Errore ;'*
and of some translations, as already observed. ^
GELLIBRAND (Henry), professor of astronomy at
Gresham-coUege, was the son of Henry Gellibrand, M. A.
and some time fellow of AU-Souls-college in Oxford. He
was born in the parish of St. Botolph, Aldersgate, in Lon-^
don, in 1597: but his father settling upon a paternal
estate at St. Paul's Cray in Kent *, he probably received
the rudiments of his education in that neighbourhood. He
was sent to Trinity-college, Oxford, in 1615; and took
his first degree in arts, in 1619. He then Entered into
orders, and became curate of Chiddingstone in Kent ; but,
having conceived a strong inclination for mathematics, by
hearing one of sir Henry Saville's lectures in that science,
he grew, by degrees, so deeply enamoured with it, that
though he was not^ without good views in the' church, he
resolved to forego them altogether. He contented himself
with his private patrimon}', which was now come into his
hands, on the death of his father ; and the same year, b9«
coming a student at Oxford, made his beloved mathematics
his sole employment. In this leisure, he prosecuted his
studies with so much diligence and success, that, before
he became M. A. which was in 1623, he had risen to ex^
cellence, and was admitted to a familiarity with the most
eminent masters. Among others, Mr. Henry Briggs, then
lately appointed Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford
• Our author's grandfather John Gellibrand died at Paul's Cray, Nov. 5, 155S.
* Nie^ron^ voL :^VIU.-^Tiraboicfai,*-]llbieri.'^Froheri Theatmm.
G E L L I B R A N D- 3Dl
by the foander, shewed him particular countenance and
favour. This, in a few years, was improved to a degree
of intimate friendship, insomuch, that the professor com-
municated to him all his notions and discoveries, and, upon
the death of Mr. Edmund Gunter, recommended him to
the trustees of Gresham-coUege, where be once held the
geometric lecture, for the astronomy professorship. He
was elected Jan. 22, 1626-7. His friend, Mr. Briggs^
dying in 1 630, before he had finished his ^^ Trigonometria
Britannica,'' recommended the completing and publishing
of that capital work to our author.
As Gellibrand was inclined to puritan principles, while
be was engaged in this work, bis servant, William Beale^
by his encouragement, published an almanack for the year ^
1631, in which the popish saints, usually put into our ka»
lendar, and the Epiphany, Annunciation, &c. were omit-
ted ; and the names of other saints and martyrs, mentioned
in the book of martyrs, were placed in their room as they
stand in Mr. Fox^s kalendar. This gave offence to Dr.
Laud, who, being then bishop of London, cited them
both into the high-commission court. But when the cause
came to a hearing, it appeared, that other almanacks of
the same kind had- formerly been printed ; on which plea
they were both acquitted by abp. Abbot and the whple
court, Laud only excepted ; which was afterwards one of
the articles against him at his own trial. This prosecution
did not hinder Gellibrand from proceeding in his friend's
work, which he completed in 1632; and procured it to
be printed by the fampus Ulacque Adrian, at Gouda in
Holland, in 1633, folio, with a preface, , containing an en^
comium of Mr. Brigg's, expressed in such labguage a»
shews him to have been a good master of the Latin tongue.
Gellibrand wrote the second book, which yiSiS translated into
English, and published in an English treatise with the
same title, ^< Trigonometria Britaunica, &c." the first part
by John Newton in 1658, folio. While he was abroad on
this business, he had some discourse with Lansberg, an
eminent astronomer in Zealand, who affirming that he. was
fully persuaded of the truth of the Copernic^n system, our
author observes, *^ that this so styled a truth he should re-
ceive as an hypothesis; and so be easily led on to the
consideration of the imbecility of man's apprehension, as
not able rightly to conceive of this admirable opifice of
Cod^ or frame of the world, without falling foul on sq
392 G E L L I B R A N D.
great an absurdity f ^ so firmly was be fixed In fair- adhev^
ence to the Ptolemaic system. He wrote several things
after this, chiefly tending to the improvement of naviga-
tion, which would probably bave been further advanced
by him, had his life been continued longer ; but he was un-
time^iy carried ofFby a fever in 1636, in his thirfy-ninth year,
and was buried in the parish church of St. Peter le Poor,
Broadstreet. He had four younger brothers, John, Ed-
ward, Thomas, and Samuel ; of whom John was his ezecu-
.jtor, and Thomas was a major in the parliamentary army,
was an evidence in archbishop Laud's trial ; and was grandi-
father to Samuel Gellibrand, esq. who, about the middle of
last century, was under-s^cretary in the plantation^office*.
A^ to his character in the learned world, which is that of
a mathematician, it must be con fessed, that whatever pro-
gress he made, was chiefly the produce of a plodding in-
dustry, without much genius. Hepce we see, that he was
])Ot capable of discerning the true weight and force of the
reasoning on which. the Copernican system wwas built in his
time ; and to the same cause must be ascribed that con-
fusion and amazement he was thrown into, upon consider-
ing the change (then, indeed,- but just discoveredi) . io the
variation of the magnetic needlQ. ^
His works werec 1. ^^ An Appendix concerning Lon-«
gitude, 1633;" subjoined tp the "Voyage of Captain
Thomas James into the South Sea." Jt is reprinted in
Harris's ^* Voyages,'* 1748, 2. ** A discourse mathemati«
cal, on the variation of the Magnetic Needle; together,
with the admirable diminution lately discovered, 1635J'
3. V An Institution Trigonometrical, explaining the dt«>
mensions of plain and spherical triangles, by sines, tan-i
gents, secants, and logarithms, &c. with an Appendix con?
cerning the use of the forestaff, quadrant, and nocturnal,
in navigation," 1634; and again with additions, by Wil-.
]iam Leybourn, in 1652. 4. "A Latin oration in praise
of the Astronomy of Gassendus, spoken in Christ- church-
hall, some time before be left the university." There is
of his^ a MS. entitled, f< Diatribu Lunaris," in the British
Museum library, and some others mentioped in Birch's
" History of the Royal Society,'* vol. IV. * ...
GELLIUS (AiJLUs), or, as some have improperly called,
him, AgEllius, a celebrated grammarian of antiquity,
} Biog, Brit. — Ward's Greshatxi Profes8ors.T-Martia's Biogt Plulosophica.-*
Ath, Ox, vol.' I. ... • . . _ .'
G E L L I U 8. 3^
wbo, according to the best authoritieSi was bom in tbe
.year 130, in tlie reign of Trajan, was a youth in that of
Adrian, passed his manhood under Antoninus Pius, and
died soon after Marcus Aurelius had been raised to the
imperial throne. His instructor in grammar was Sulpitius
.ApoUinaris* . He studied rhetoric under Titus Castritius
^nd Antonius Julianus. After taking the toga virilis, he
went from Rome to Athens, where he lived on terms of
familiarity with Calvisius Taurus, Peregrinus Proteus, and
the celebrated Herodes Atticus. While he was at Athens
he began his " Noctes Atticae." After . traversing the
greater part of Greece he returned to Rome, where he
applied himself to the law, and was appointed a judge.
Jle was deeply versed in the works of JEims Tubero, Cae-
ciiius Gall us, Servitius Sulpitius, and other ancient writers
an the Roman law., His ^^ Attic Nights" contain a curioiiii
collection of observations on a vast variety of suojects,
•taken from books and discourses with learned men, and
are particularly valuable for preserving many facts and
monuments, of antiquity which are not elsewhere to be
found. His matter has rendered him an object of curiosity
to the most distinguished scholars ; and his style, though
not perfectly pure, is, in the judgment of the most acute
critics, rather to be commended for its beauties, than blamed
for its singularities. Macrobius frequently copies frooi
him without acknowledgment There are twenty books of
the '^ Noctes Atticse ;'' but of the eighth, only the titles of
' the chapters remain. After many editions of this author,
be was published by Proust for the use of the dauphin, at
Paris, in 1631, 4to; and by James Gronovius at Leydea
in 1706, 4to; and since by Conradus at Leipsic, in 1762.
The editio princeps and other early editions are minutely
described by Mr. Dibdinin his ^^ Bibliotheca Spenceriana.'*
An excellent English translation with notes, was published
by Mr. Beloe, ip 1795.*
GEMINIANl (Francis), a fine performer on the violin,
^nd composer for that instrument, was born at Lucca in
Italy, about 1666. He received his first instructions in music •
from Lonati and Scarlatti, but finished his studies under
Corelli. In 1714, he came to England; and, two years
lifter, published twelve sonatas, <* a Violino, Violone, e
I Fabric. Bibl. Lat. — Saxii ODomast— Dibdin's Classics 5c Bibl. Spe«ceriana«
^-Preface to Mr. Beloe's Translation.
3d« G E M I N I A N L
Cembalo.** These, together with his exquisite manner of
performing, bad such an effect, that he was at length in-
troduced to George I. who had expressed a desire to hear
some of the pieces contained in this work performed by
himself. Geminiaoi wished, however, that he might be
accompanied on the harpsichord by Handel ; and both ac-
cordingly attended at St. James's, The earl of Essex,
being a lover of music, became a patron of Geminiani :
and, in 1727, procured him the offer of the place of master
and composer of the state music in Ireland : but this,
not being tenable by one of the Romish communion, he
declined ; saying, that, though he had never made great
pretensions to religion, yet the renouncing that faith in
vhicb he bad been baptized, for the sake of worldly advan-
tage, was what he could not answer to his conscience. He
afterwards composed Corelli's solos into concertos; be
published six concertos of his own composition, and many
other things. The life of this musician appears to have
been very unsettled ; spent in different countries, for be
^v^s fond of making excursions ; and employed in pursuits
which had no connection with his art. He was, particu-
larly, a violent enthusiast in painting ; and, to gratify this
propensity, bought pictures ; which, to supply his wants,
he afterwards sold. The consequence of this kind of
traffic was loss, and its concomitant distress : which distress
was so extreme, that he was committed to, and would
have remained in prison, if a protection from his patron
the earl of Essex had not delivered him. Yet his spirit
was such, that when the prince of Wales, who admired his
compositions, would have settled upon him a pension of
100/. a year, he declined the of]fer, affecting an aversion to
a life of dependence.
in 1761, be went over to Ireland, and was kindly en-
tertained, there by Mr. Matthew Dubourg, who had been
his ptipil, and had been made ipaster of the king's band in
Ireland upon his refusing it. Qeminiani, it is said, had
spent many years in compiling an elaborate treatise on
music, which he intended for publication ; but, soon.after
his arrival at Dublin, by the treachery of a female servant,
who is supposed to have been recommended to him for no
pther purpose, it was conveyed out of his chamber, and
could never after be recovered. The greatness of this lo^s,
?ind his inability to repair it, made a deep impression upoj»
his spiritS| and is conjectured to have hastened bis disso-
G E M I N I A N I. S9S
lotion ; at least, he survived it but a short time, dying
Sept. 17, 1762.
Dn Burney, who has enumerated his various works,
says that, with all his harmonical abilities, he was so cir*
cumscribed in his invention, that he was obliged to have
recourse to all the arts of musical cookery, not to call it
quackery, for materials to publish. In his younger days,
when imagination is most fertile, sixteen years elapsed be-*
tween the publication of his first book of solos and his first
six concertos. Indeed, during that period, he atchieved
what a plodding contrapuntist of inferior abilities might
have done as well : he transformed Corelli^s solos and six of
bis sonatas into concertos, by multiplying notes, and load-
ing, and deforming those melodies, that were more grace-
ful and pleasing in their light original dress. After the
publication of his ^cond set of solos, his productions ^eem
to have been the biFspring of whim, caprice, expedients,
and an unprincipled change of style and taste, which neither
pleased the public, nor contributed to his own honour or
profit. One day he would set up French music against all
other; the next English, Scots, Irish — any thing but the
best compositions of Italy or Handel. He was certainly a
great master of harmony, and very useful to our country
in his day ; but though he had more variety of modulation^
and , more skill in diversifying his parts than Corelli, his
melody was even inferior, and there is frequently an irre-
gularity in his measures and phraseology, and a confusion
in the effect of the whole, from the too great business and
dissimilitude of the several parts^ which gives to each of
his compositions the effect of a rhapsody or extemporane-
ous Sight, rather than a polished and regular production.
His sixth concerto of the second set is always to be ex-
cepted, which is the most pleasing and perfect composition
of the kind.*
GEMISTUS (GfiORGE), an eminent Greek philosopher^
called also Pletho, was born at Constantinople, in 1390«
He was a zealous advocate for Platonism, and maintained
a violent controversy with the Aristotelians. He was a
strenuous defender of the Greek church against the Latins,
and was consulted as an oracle on the points in debate,
being unquestionably a man of learning and acuteness.
He is principally noticeable ss being the first Greek whd
) Havkins and Bumey'i Hiit, gf Bfuic,
$f6 G E M I ST U iS.
gave o4casionto the irevirkt of Platonism ill Italy, where
be made many illustrious converts, and wad the iheans of
liiying the fouiydation of a Platonic academy at Florence.
Be afteri^ards returned to Greece, where he died at the
advanced age of nearly one hundred and one years. His
)ieretica| and philosophical Writings aHbr<i unquestionable
proofs of his learning, and particularly of his intimate
knowledge of the Alexandrian philosophy. In his "Ex-
planation of the Magic Oracles of Zoroaster,'* Gr. and Lat.
Paris, 1599, 8vo, and Lond. 1722, 4to, he exhibits twelve
fundamental articles of the Platonic religion, and ^ives an
elegant compendium of the whole Platonic philosophy.
His other philosophical writings are, "On the Virtues,'*
Oxon. 1752, 8vo ; "On the diflFerence between the Pla-
tonic .and Aristotelian Philosophy,*' Paris, 1541, 8vo; and
" Natural arguments concerning God." He had a pro-
found acquaintance with Grecian history, as appears by
his " De lis quas post pugnam ad Mantina^am gesta sunt,'?
printed with the Venice edition of " Herodian," 1503, foL
;and with the Aldus " Xenophon" of the same year. ^
GEMMA (R£iNi£R^, sometimes called Gemma Frisius^
froqi his country, was a Dutch physician, a native of
Dockum in Friseiand, who practised physic at Lou vain.
He was bprn in 1508, andxliedin 1555. Besides his me*
dical skill, he was esteemed one of the best astronomers of
iiis age; and wrete several works on that science, and
other branches of mathematics, among which the princi-
pal are, " Methodus Arithmetic® ;" " Demonstratibne$
Geometrical de usu radii astronomic! ;" " De Astrolobio
catholico lifeer," &c. — His son, Cc^rnelius Gemma, be-
came royal profe3sor jof medicine in his native place iii
JS69y throjLi^ the appointment of jthe duke of Alba, at
yt^hicb time he took the degree of doctor^ but a few years
afterwards died of the plague, which raged at Louvaiiv
Oct. 12, 1S77. His writings are not numerous, and relate
to mathematical add philosophical subjects as well as td
medicine.— There was a thirds John Baptist Gemma, a
Dative of •Venice, and a phy^sician of considerable repute
about the end of the fifteenth century, who was physician
to Sigismund HI. king of Poland. He wrote a treatise,
containing a histbry of ]()estilential epidemics, with a ^^Uil
pi the effects of contagion, &c. printed in Tl584. *
1 Hady de Graecis iilust— Bracker.— 'Fabricii Bibl. Grate.— Sax^i OAomait.
f Moreri.— Freheri Theatrum.— Foppea Bibl. Bet|^.--rl>ict. Hist.
rGENDRE. - S9t
CENDRE (Gilbert Charles le), narcjtub of St. An-
bin, a French author, born in 1687, was first counsellor in
« the parliament of Paris, afterwards master of requests, and
died in 1746. He wrote, 1. "A Treatise on Opinion,^
^733, 8 vols. 12mo, which has been twice reprinted with
additions. It contains a collection of historical examples,
iilustratiug tbe influence of opinion in the differeDt sciences.
The work is well written ; and though it displays more
erudition than genius, contains many sound remarks to ,
clear up facts, and remove errors. 2. *^ Antiquities of the
Royal Family of France;" a work in which he displays a
system of his own on the origin of the dynasties of that
country, but not with sufficient success to subvert the
opinions of others.^
GPJNDRE (Louis le)> a French historian, was born of
an obscure family at Rouen, in 1659, and educated and
patronized by Harlay, archbishop of Rouen, and after-
wards of Paris. Tiiis patron gave him fii^t a canonry of
Notre-Dame, and afterwards he was made abbe of Claire-
Fontaine, io the diocese of Chartres. He died at Paris,
Feb. 1, 1733. Le Gendre was aythor of several works, of
which the most important were the following : 1. ^' A His*
. tory of France^, from the commencement of the Monarchy,
to the Death of Louis XIIL^' in 3 vols, folio, or 8, j 2mo,
published in 1718. This history,, which is considered as
an abridgement, is much esteemed by his countrymen.
The style is simple, and rather low, but it contains many
curious particulars not recorded in other histories. It is
reckoned more interesting than Daniel's, though less ele-
gant. His first volumes, from tbe nature of the subject,
were less admired than the last. 2. *^ Manners and Cus-
toms of the French, in the different periods of the mo-
narchy,'' 1755, a single volume, in I2mo, which may
serve as an introduction to the history. 3. " The Life of
Francis Harlay,'' 1695, 8vo, a work dictated by gratitude,
but more esteemed for its style than its matter. 4. '^ An
Essay on the .Reign of Louis the Great;" a panegyric,
which ran through four editions in eighteen months, but
owed its popularity to the circumstance cif being presented
to the king in.person^ 5. " A Life of cardinal d'Amboise,
with a parallel of other cardinals who have been ruling
statesmen/' PafiS|. 1724, 4ta; an instructive, but not very
* ]aoreri.-^Dict« Hist.
S9d O £ N D R e.
laboured work. 6. " Life of Petfer du Bosc,** 1716, SVO*
At his death be left five histories of his own life^ each
composed in a different style and manner, which he di-
rected to be published. He left also bequests for various
singulak* foundations, some of which, being disputed as to
the testator's meaning, it was decided that they should be
applied to the institution of prizes in the university of
Paris. *
GJENDRON (Claupe Deshais), a celebrated doctor of
physic of the faculty at Montpellier, physician in ordinary
to Monsieur brother of Louis XIV. and to the duke of
Orleans, regent of France, descended from a respectable
family in Beaure, and was born in 1663. By a skill, pe-
culiar to himself, he restored great nundbers of persons to
liealth whose cases appeared hopeless, and gained great
reputation, particularly in the cure of cancefs, aiid disor-
ders of the eyes. Having acquired a handsome fortune^
he went to reside at Auteuil, near Paris, in a house which
formerly belonged to his friend, the celebrated Boileau,
buli had been his own near thirty years, where noblemten,
ministers, apabassadors, chief magistrates, the learned, and
numerous persons of both sexes, went frequently to visit,
or to consult him. In this retreat he acquired a high cha-
racter for integrity, being scrupulously just, and abhorring
every species of dissimiilation, or flattery. He died Sep-
tember 3, 1750. He left all bis MSS. by will to his ne-
phew, who was also a doctor of physic, of the faculty at
Montpellier. The principal are entitled, " Recherches
sur I'Origine, le Devellopement, et la Reprodtjction de
tons les Etres vivans," which is said to be an excellent
work ; and ^^ Recherches sur la nature et la guerison du
Cancer," Paris, 1601.*
GENEBRARD (Gilbert), a celebrated Benedictine, a
jealous partizan of the league in France, and a writer for
it^ but also a Teamed writer in theology, was born at Ri^m
in Auvergne, in 1537. He studied at Paris, and having
acquired a profound knowledge of Hebrew, was professor
of that language at the royal college for thirteen years. He
was twice named for episcopacy, yet never obtained it,
and at last died in a kind of exile at his priory of Semur in
Burgundy, in consequence of the violence of his writings
against Henry IV.- As a polemic as well a^ a politician, he
1 Moreri.— Diet Hist « L' Avocat's Diet. Hist
G E N E B R A R D. 399^
i
was a most violent and abusive writer^ but is said to have
been more prudent in his conduct than in his style. He
diedMu 1597. The following verse, which was placed upon
his tomb, served rather to prove the perishable nature of
fame, than the merit of the man :
'' Uina capit cineres, nomen non orbe tenetur."
His principal works are a "Sacred Chronology,''^ 8vo; a
**, Commentary On the Psalms," 8vo; three books " on the
Trinity/' 8vo; a Latin treatise, in which he maintains the
right of the clergy and people to elect bishops, contrary
to (he king's appointment, 8vq (the parliament of Provence
sentenced this treatise to be burnt, and banished Gene-
brard from the kingdom) ; a French translation of varioua
Habbins, foL and a translation of Josephus ; " Excommu*
nication of the Ecclesiastics who assisted at divine service
with Henry de Valois, after the assassination of cardinal
de Guise," 1589, 8vo, Latin, and other works. St. Francis
de Sales gloried in having been his pupil. *
GiENESIUS (Josephus), one of the Byzantine histo-
rians, flourished about the year 940, and, by order of Con-
stantine Porphyrogenitus wrote a history of Constantinople,
in four books, from Leo the Armenian, to Basilius the
Macedonian, the most complete MS. of which was in the
library of St. Paul, at Leipsic. Kuster Olearius, Bergler,
and several other learned men, had proposed to publish
this history, but declining it, it was printed at Venice ia
17:53, by Pasquali, in the 23d volume of his edition of the
Byzantine historians, in such a manner, that Menckenius
heavily laments the fate of the author, who, after the
efforts of so many most learned men, " fell at last," he
says, " into the impure hands of the Venetians, whence he
came foirih disfigured in the most miserable manner."
Bergler's copy, the same which was in the library of St.
Paul, was afterwards the property of Saxius, but what
became of it after his death we have not learned. *
GENEST (Charles Claudius), a French poet of some
celebrity, was born at Paris in 1636. Having lost his fa-
ther early in life, he hoped to make his fortune in the In-
dies ; but the ship he embarked in being taken by the
English, for some time he taught French in London, and
being enabled to return to France, he was made preceptor
to mademoiselle de Blois, afterwards duchess of Orleans,
1 Nic«rcD^ vol. XXIL— Moreri. Saxii Onoma^t. * Saxii OnQiQ&st* ;
40il G E N E S t.
He also became abbot of St. Vilmer, almoner iathe d(J<f^
chess of Oiieaiis, secretary to the duke of Maine, and
member of the French academy. He difc^d No^mber 19^
1719, His principal work is in French verse, entitled
•* Principes de la Philosophie,** 12mo; he also wrote four
tragedies, one of which, called ** Penelope," was much
admired ; and his "Joseph,** still more so, when performed.
in private at the duchess of Maine's, at Clugni ; hut sunk
under the more impartial taste of the French theatre. The
two others are, ** Zenolide Princess de Sparte,*' and *^ Pb*
lymnestre.'* In the collection of " Vers Choisis,'* by Boa-
hours, is a very elegant, though not very argumentative
epistle from the abb6 Genest, to M. de la Bastide, per-,
suading him to abjure the protestant religion. He had
also a great share in the collection entitled ** Les Diver*
tissemens de Sceaux,'* 2 vols. 12mo. *
GENNADIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, who suc-
ceeded Anatdlius in the year 458, is recorded for having
▼ery diligently restored the discipline of his see, which be
found greatly impaired, and for making many good regu-
lations. He wrote a commentary on Dauiei, and many
homilies; but none of bis worki» are extant except a cir-
cular epistle against simony, inserted in vol. IV. of the
*' Collect. ConciL" and a fragment of a work against, the
anathemas of Cyril. His character is that of an eloquent
and able theologian. He died in the yejar 471. '
GENNADIUS, an ecclesiastical writer, was a priest of
Harseilles, but not a bishop, as some have imagined ; and
^ied about the year 492 or 493. There are two works of
his remaining ; one, " De Dogmatibus Ecclesiasticis,^*
which was falsely attributed to St. Augustin, and has been
{irinted in some editfons of his works ; another, ", De U-
ustribus Ecclesiae Scriptoribus," in St. Jerome's Works,
Antwerp, 1639, fol. and Hamburgh, 17^18, fol. Some
chapters of it appear to have been added by a more mo-
dern hand. Gennadiuis has been accused of adhering some
time to the errors of Pelagius ; but, as is now agreed,
without any reasonable foundation.'
GENNARI (C^sar and Benedict), two brothers, the
^ons of Ercole Gennari, by a sister of Guercino, were the»
heirs of the latter, and his copyists, and imitators : tbej
' Moreri.— Diet HJst. • Cave* vol. I.— Moreri.— Dopin,
* Cave, vol. I.— -Saxii Oaomast.
G E N N A R I. 401
made numerous repetitions of his Sibyl^ his St. Johti, and
Herodias, recognized by tints less vigorous, and the want
of that freshness which distinguishes the originals. After
having worked jointly at Cento, Bologna, and various ,
towns of Italy, .Csesar established himself at Bologna, and
continued to imitate his uncle. Benedict, or, as he is more
familiarly called, Benedetto, went to England, and adopted
a neater and more studied manner : as painter to James II.
be painted the portrait of that prince and of his family;
but at their expulsion, returned to Italy, nearly trans*
formed to a Dutch or Flemish artist ; such was the truth
with which he imitated velvets, silks, stuffs, ornaments^
and whatever can give brilliancy to portraits, whilst at the
same time he corrected and embellished the character of
his sitters without impairing the resemblance : a taste so
novel in Italy acquired him applause and distinguished
employment. His historic works are, a St. Leopardo ia
the dome of Osimo, and a St. Zaccaria at Forli, which
want only more vigour and relief, to be equal to Guercino.
He died 1715, aged eighty-two.— There was another artist
,of this family, Bartholomew, uncle to the preceding^ » v'
who, as a copyist resembles Guercino less than the thr^e /
already mentioned; perhaps, as an imitator, more. He ^
bas animation and expression. One Lorenzo Gennari^ , *
of Rtmini, who appears to advantage in a picture at the /
Capuchins, was likewise a pupil of Guercino, and perhaps j
a relative. * i
GENOVESI (Antony), or, as styled in his Latin works,
Antonius Genuensis, an Italian writer of much reputation '
on, subjects of political ceconomy in Italy, was born at Cas-
telioae, in November 1712. It not being probably the
custom to educate the eldest sons of Italian families for the
church, his biographer, Fabroni, seems to complain of
this as an Uct of severity on the part of Genovesi*s father.
He received, however, a suitable education for this pro* ' '
fession, and in due v time was consecrated a ptiest ; but
his .views of preferment being obstructed, he attempted
the practice of the law, in which he was equally unsuc*
cessful, and at length, when at Naples in 1741, was ap^
pointed professor of metaphysics. Some bold opinions
delivered in the course of bis lectures created a clamour -
against hiip, as advancing infidel principles^ but he appears
1 Pilkingion.o-Lord Orford's Painters.
Vol. XV. D D
\
\
409 G E N O V E S 1.
to have been befriend^ by Galkmi, who was saperint^nd^
ant of the aniverailies of Naples, and reiBoved him to th#^
professorship of ethics, la 174& he was a candidate for>
tbe professorship of theology, but bis notions had given
such o£bn<;e that be was rejected, wiiich seems to haiE«^
induced him to turn bis mind to subjects of politceal Gfeeo*
homy, particularly agricohure^ in which there was Itssa
risk of offending eitbsc the principles or prejudices of his
countrymen. A professorslup was now founded for political
cBConomy, and bestowed upon hiin with a handsoD^e salary^
Tkh he cQfititiued to hold with the greatest reputation until*
his death in 1769. His private character appears to have
been very amiable, and his wodks, aHhoi^ little known^
and indeed little wanted in this country, were of esseotiail
service in the schools of Italy, and directed the attentioft^
of youth to subjects more connected with pamotism and
pubirc ^irit than those they bad been accustomed to study.
They are, according to Fabroni, 1. *^ Bisciplinarum m€^
taphysicarum Eiementa mathemakticum in morem ador-^
nata," 1744 — 1751^ 4 vols. 8vo. 2.^ ElemenlonuBS aptis
logicp-€riiice& iibri quinque,'*' Naples, 1745. 3. ^'Dis-
corso sopra alcuni trattati d^Agricoltura,^^ ibid. 1753. 4.
" Lettere Accaderoiche," ibid. 1764. 5. A trandatfoa of
Carey's History of £figlish Trade, under the title ^^SuMpiaf*
del Commercio della Gran Brettagna," &c. 1757* 6.
^ Delie Lezioni di Commercio." 7. *^ Discorso sopm
rAgricoltura," with a translation of TuU's Husbandry. '»•
^' Discorso sul volgarizzamento del Saggio Francese'snir
Economia de' grain/' Naples, 1765. 9. ^^ MediitaiSsiickA
Fi4osoficfae sulla retigione e sulla morale)" ibid. 1766, %'
work in which Fabroni says there is nothing new, or wevthy^
of the author. 10. 'f Delia Diceosina, o sia della fitdsofia
del igiustQ e. deH' onesto," 1 766-^1 776, 3 vols. 11.^* Um^
verssB ChristiansB Theologiss elem^itadogmati^a^'historica;'
critica,'* a posthu'mous work, Venice, 1771, 2 vols. 410,
on which theituthor had been employed from the year 1742^
but leaving it . imperfect, it was completed by the editor^
with much trouble^ ^ .
GENT (Thomas), a native of York, and an industrious
collector of antiquities, was bom in 1 6 9 ] , and educated a^
a printer, which trade he first exercised in London, some^
times fu» a servant, and sometimes as a master. In 1724
> Fabfom Vit» Italoni«i»
GENT, 40J
•
he began tbie same btuiness at York| where be retaained
the whole of bis looglife, dying there May 17, 1778, in
the eigbty-jeventh year of his age. . He was at this time
supposed to be the oldest master printer in Britain, and
was a freeman of London, York, and Dublin. He com-
piled various articles respecting the antiquities of York-
shire, which, although printed in an humble form, and
generally with mean cuts, contain some particulars not to
be found in larger histories, and of late have risen consi-
derably in price. Among these are, 1. The ancient and
modern history of the famous City of York,'* 12mo. 3.
'< Compendious History of England and Rome,*' York^
1741, 2 vols. 12mo:'in this are some additions concerning
York, ^oqtefract, ^c. 3. " The ancient and modern His*
tory of the loyal town of Rippon,*' ibid. 1733, 8vo. 4.
^^ Annales Regioduni HuUini, or the History of Kingston-*
upon-HulK" ibid. 1735, 8vo. 5. f' Piety displayed; id
the holy life and death of the ancient and celebrated St.
Robert, hierrn^ at Knaresborougb, &c.'' 12mo. 6. <^The
most delectable, scriptural, and pious history of the famous
and magnificent great Eastern Window in St Peter^s can
thedral, Yqrk," ibid. 1762, Svo. >
GENTILESCHI (Horatio), an Italian painter, whose
family name was Lomi, which bfi exchanged for that of
his maternal uncle, Gentileschi, was born at Pisa in 1563.
After having madie himself famous at Florence, Rome^
Genoa, and in other parts of Italy, he removed to Savoy ;
whence he went to France, and at last, upon the invitation
of Charles I. came over to England. He was well received
by that king, who appointed him lodgings in his court,
together ,with a considerable salary ; and employed him in
his palace at Greenwich, and other public places. The
most remarkable of his performances in England, were the
cielipgs of Greenwich and York*bouse. He painted .a
Madona, a Magdalen, and Lcxt with his two Daughters,
for king C^^arles ; all which he pcorformed admirably well.
After the death of the king, when his collection of paint-
ings were exposed to sale, nine pictures of Gentileschi
were sold for ^600L and are now said to be the ornaments
of the ha^U in Marlborough-hou^. His most esteemed
w^rk ysbroad was the portico of cardinal Bentivoglio's pa-^
lace at Rome, ^pd a-^^X)^id standing over Goliah/'
I Nichols's Bowy0r*«-3ough'« Topo|[]r»pfay> vol. IL
io* GENTILES CHI.
painted with a vigour and vivacity of tints that mate hiiti^
start from the canvass, and give the idea of a style yet un-
koowD. This is in the house Cambiasi, at Genoa. He
inade several attempts in portrait- painting, bat with little
success ; his talent lying altogether in histories, with fi-
gures as large as t»l^ life. He was much in favour witfe
the duke of Buekingham, and many others of the nobility.
After twelve years continuance in England', he died here-
in 1647, and was buried- in the queen^s chapel at SomerseC-
bouse. His head is among the prints- taken from Vandyke^
by whom he bad been painted.
He left behind him a daughter, Artemisia Gentileschi,
who was but little inferior to her father in history-paintings
and excelled him in portraits. She lived the greatest part
of her time at Naples in* much splendour; and was as fa-
mous all over Europe for her love-intrigues, as for her
talents in painting. She died in 1 642. She painted many
historical pictures of full size, among which, the most
celebrated was that of David with the head of Goliah in his
hand. She drew also the portraits of some of the royat
family, and many of the nobility of England. "
GENTILIS (Albericus), an eminent civilian at Oxford^
was the son of Matthew Gentilis, an Italian physician, the
descendant of a noble family of the Marche of Ancona, who
left bis country about the end of the sixteenth century, on
account of his having embraced the protestatit religion;
Taking with him his sons Albericus and Scipio, he went
into the province of Carniola, where he received his doc-
tor's degree, and then into England, after his eldest son
Albericus> who was bom in 1 550. He was educated chiefly
in the university of Perugia, where, in 1572, he was made
doctor of civil law. He came into England probably about
1580, as in that year he appears to have been kindly re-
ceived by several persons here 5 and among others, by
Sobert Dudley, earl of Leicester, then chancellor of the
university of Oxford, who gave him letters of recommen-
dation to the univers}ty,.stating that he had left his country
for the sake of his religion, aiKl that it was his desire to
bestow some time in reading, and other exercises of his
profession, at the university, &c. He accordingly went
to Oxford, and by favour of Dr. Donne, principal of New
Ian Hall, had rooms allowed him there^ and at first wa&
} Pil]uDgion.>->Lord Orford's PaiRttra.
,G E.N T I L J S. 40<
39aitotained by contributions from several collegeSi but af-
terwards had an allowance from the common funds of the
xiniversity. In the latter end of the same year, 1 580, he
was incorporated LL. D. and for some years employed his
iime on his writings^ mo»t of which were publiilhed at
London or Oxford* He resided also some time etiher in
Corpus or Christ Church, and, as Wood says, " became
the flower of the university for bis profession.** In 1587
queen Elizabeth gave him the professorship of civil lav^,
on which he lectured for twenty-four yeai's with greait re-
j)Utation. Here he died, in the latter end of March or the
beginning of April 1611, although others say at London,
June 19, .1608, and was buried near his father, who also
died in England, but where is uncertain. Wood^s accoufi^t
seems most probable. He left a widow, who died at Rick-
mansworth in 1648, and two sons, one of which will be
noticed in the next article. Wood enumerates twenty-
seven volumes or tracts written by him, all in Latin, arid
mostly on. points of jurisprudence, on which, at that time,
his opinion appears to have had great weight. Grotius
praises and acknpwledges bis obligations to his three boioks
'* DeJure Belli;*' and his ^< Lectioiies VirgiliaDse,'' ad«-
dressed.to his son, prove that he bad cultivated polite lite-
rature with success. V
QJE^^TILIS (RoBEBT), son of the precieding, bwt un-
worthy of him, was born in London in 1590, matriculated
a member of, Christ church, at the very early age of nine,
.and took the degree of B. A. as a member of Jesus college
jn 1 603. After this he was translated to St. Jobn^sxolle^e,
^^nd thence fleeted probationer fellow of All Souls' in 1607,
by. his, father's influence, for he wias theh under the statuta-
ble ye^r?. . Ip this college l^e took a degree in civil law,
butafterwards became extremely loose aiid dissipated, and
.a disgrace to his parents. It is said, however, that he went
..abroad, and 'returned a more sober character, Qj}d received
a. pension from the king. At what time he died is uncer-
tain) but prob^ibly.not before 1654. His latter years, he
employed in translating^ 1. Paul Servita's " History of the
.inquisition," . Lprid, 161^9^ 4to. 2. Malvezzi " On ttie
Stuccess and chief events of the monarchy of Spain,'* 1639,
Jl;2mo* 3. ^^ Considerations on the lives of Alcibiades and
JCtoriols^nus," by the same author, 1650, l2mQ* 4. ^* A
* Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Gen. Diet. — Moreri,— Niccrpn, toI. XX.
408 G JE N T I L I S.
compendious Method for attaining the Sciencesi in a short
time, with the statutes of the academy founded by cardi'-
nal Richelien," from the French, 1654, 8vo. 6. "The
antipathy between the French and the Spaniard,'' from th^
Spanish, 1641, 12mo, dedicated to sir Paul I^ndar, witb
a promise to publish some original work, which it is not
known that he executed.^
GENTILIS (SciPio), brother of Alberic Gentilis, waSi
born in 1565, and went into Germany with his father. He
-there studied at Tubingen, Wittenberg, and Leyden, and
was a pupil of Lipsius. He was profoundly learned in the
.civil law, of which he was professor at Altorf, and wa^ fa<^
mous for the clear method in which he taught. He was
^so eminent for his knowledge in polite literature, and
was of very amiable manners. He died in 1616, havinj^
been married little more than four years before his death,
to a very beautiful lady from Lucca, by whom he left four
idiildren. His principal works were on civil law; 'tts, 1^
*^ De jure Publico Populi Romani." 2. " Efe Conjura-
tionibus." 3. ^* Die Donationibus inter Vinim et uxorem.'*
4. " De bonis Matemis et Secundis nuptiis." These ap^
peared between 1^02 arid 1606 ; but he puUished also at
•an earlier period, 5. " Epic Paraphrases of twenty-fiv^
of David's Psalms," 1584, in 4to. And, 6. " Tasso's, Je-
rusalem,'* translated into Latin verse, and published in
.1585, 4to.*
GENTILIS (John Valentine), a native of Cosenza, in
the kingdom of Naples, left his country on account of re-
ligion about the middle of the sixteenth century, and re-
. tired to Geneva, where several Italian families had already
formed a church. Among those Italian refugees there
were some who began to subtilize with regard to the mysteiy
of the Trinity, and the words essence, person, coessential,
&c« Blaridrata, and John Paul Alciatus, were the chief
of these innovators, with an advocate named Matthew Gri-
band. But although the subject was treated without noise,
apd by private writings, their zeal occasioned the article^
of faith, which were drawn up in the Italian consistory,
the 18tbof May 1558, and contained the most pure and
orthodox doctrine with relation to that mystery, and by
« which the subscribers promf^sed in precise terms, and on
pain of bmng reputed perjured and perfidious, to do na-
* Aib/Os. vol. 11^ 3 Moreri. — Qen. Diet. — Niceton, vol. XV.
G.E^ T I L I S. 40?
thing, directly or indirectly, vfhvch might wound it. G^n«
tills subscribed these articles, and yet persisted in propa-
gating bis errors clandestinely. The magistrates then
took cognizance of the affair, and he was conricted of
iMSTing violated his subscription ; which he endeavoured to
excuse by pleading his coni^cience. He presented several
writings, at first to palliate his opinions, and afterwards
to confess and abjure them ; in consideraticm of whidi the
magistrates of Geneva sentenced him only to throw hit»
writings into the fire with his own hands, and to engage
not to stir out of the city without permission* This 9€f^
tence was e:secuted the 2d of September 1558. He was
discharged from prison a few days after ; and on the peti-
tion which be- presented, alleging his inability to gira
bail, he was excused from it ; but they obliged him to
swear .that he would not go out of Geneva without the conn
sent of the magistrates* Notwithstanding all this, he made
.his escape, and went to Lyons, and afterwards wandered
«bout from place to place in I>auphin6 and Savoy ; but
being every where obnoxious, he returned to the village
whither he first retired, in the territory of the canton of
Bern. He was quickly known there, and put in prison ;
but he wds set at liberty in a few days, and publidied a
confession of faith supported by some proofs, and saome
invectives against St. Atbanasius* About the same time he
was imprisoned at Lyons for his doctrine ; but, being artful
enough to persuade them that his design was against Cal-
vin, and not against the mystery of the Trinity, he was
discharged. Blandrata and Alciatus, who used their ut-
most efforts in Poland to establish their errors, invited him
to come to them, and assist them in their work ; but the
king of Poland in 1566 published an edict for the banishing
of all strangers who should teach such doctrines. Gentihs
retired into Moravia, from whence he went to Vienha^ in
Austria, and then resolved to return to Savoy, where he
was again apprehended in June 1566, and the caiise being
carried to Bern, it was under examination from the 5th of
August to the 9th of September. Crentilis being duly con-
victed of having obstinately and contrary to bis oath> at-
tacked the mystery of the trinity, was condemned to lose
bis head, which sentence was accordingly executed at a
.time when the principles of toleration were little under-
stood. '
* ? Gen. Diet— Life by Aretms, load. 1696.
40« G E K T I L L E T.
m
GENTILLET (iNNOCENt), a Protestant lawyer; xM
an able defender of the reformed veligioh against the Rd*
man catholics and Sociniansy was Itorn at Vienne, in
Pauphiny, in thiB sixteenth century ; but we have no dat^s
of his birth or death. Some of* the works we are about to
^ mention faaita been attributed to his son Vincent, ahhi3i}g1i
improperly^ and be is with equal impropriety called Vi-
lentine in some biographical works. He was president bf
^e chamber of the edict «t Grenoble, established in 1576;
and published an Apology for the Protestant Religion, in
Xiatin ; the best edition of which is that of Geneva, 1 588,
^vo, and several, other ivorks; the principal of which are,
*^ Le Bureau du Concile de Trente," Geneva, 1586, 8vo,
maintaining that this council was contrary to the ancient
canons, and to the royal authority ; ** L'Ahti Machiavel,^'
Leyden, 1547, 12mo ; *♦ Anti Socinlis," 1612, 4to. The
lieaming and vigour of argument in these works procured
him great reputation among the protestants. He was
obliged to quit his country, and is said to have been
syndic of the republic of Geneva ; but this last, as well as
some other particulars of his history, rests on doubtM
authority. ^
. GENTLEMAN (Francis), a dramatic and poetical
writer of the minor order, was born in' Ireland, October
i23, 1728, and received his education at Dublin. At the
age of fifteen he obtarned a commission in the same regi-
ment with his fetber, who hkewise belonged to the army ;
but^ making an exchange to a new-raised company, he was
dismissed the service on his regiment being reduced '^t the
conclusion of the war in 1748. Oh this event he indulged
his inoUnatioa for^ the stage, and appeared at DubHh in
the character of Aboan, in the play of Groonofco. Not-
withstanding an uncoAsequential figure-, - and unconomon
timidiiy, he says he -succeeded beyond his most sanguine
: expectations ; but, having some property, and hearing
that, a legacy had bee^ Idt him by a relation, he deter-
mined to come -to London, where it appears he dissipated
what litde fortune he possessed. He then engaged to per-
*&drm at' the 'theatre in fiath,- and remained there sotae
' time. From^thence he went to Edinburgh, and afterwards
rhelonged tO' several companies of actors at Manchester,
Liverpool, Chester, and other plaees. Growing tired of
« G«iu BtcL^Pki. Hist.
GENTLEMAN. 4t»
a> public life, he settled at Malton, a inaAet«> town about
tweuty miles from York, where he married, and had
some expectation of being provided for by the marquis of
pranby, to whom he was recommended by a gentleman
who had known his father. With tbb hot>e he remove
to London, but soon bad the mortification to itrid ail his
piiospects clouded by the sudden death of his patron. In
1770 he performed at the Hay-market, under the manage-
ment of Mr. Foote, and continued with him three seasonis;
during which time, and afterwards, he wrote some of his
drismatic pieces and . poems. He returned to his natire
country probably about 1777, and struggled for the tte-''
mainder of his life under sickness and want, from which
death at last relieved him Dec. 21, 17S4. The editor '^f
the .^' Biograpfaia Dramatica" enumerates fifteen dramncic
pieces, either written or altered for the stage by irim,
none of which are now remembered, or bad originally
much success. He wi*ote also ^^ Characters^ an Epistle^"
1766, 4tD, and " Royal Fables," 1766^ 8vo, poetical ps'o-
^ductions of very considerable, tnerii. But his best pet-
fprmance was the " Dramatic Censor,'' 1770, 2 volsi «vo,
in which he criticises about fifty of the principal aipting
plays, aad the chief actors of his time, tviiji raucb im-
.partiality and judgment. The latter, bowevet^ seeissien-
tirely to have forsaken him when he became editor of Sbak-
^peare's plays, published by Bell in* 1774-5, noquestioii-
ably the worst edition that ever appeared of any English
authonV . . /
GEOFFREY of Monmouth. See JEFFREY.
, QEOFFliO I (Stephen Fai^NC4s),.a celebrated pbysi-
.cian and chemist, was the son of aaapodiecary, and borii
a^ Paris Feb, 13, 1672. He travelled in*his own country,
and into England^ Holland, and, Italy,. to .complete his me-
dical studies, and the collateral knowledge of botany and
chemistry. Ouibis return he obtained the degree.of doctor,
and became professor of chemistry at the king's garden,
\and of medicine at the royal college, tie was also fellow
of the royal society in London^ and member of the French
, academy oi s<:iences. . His ojodest, timid, and patient oba"*
racter, .induced him to study .-nature, with attention, and to
,aid her with caution ; and he took. an interest in th^ re*
coyery of his patients^ which at the beginning of his prac^-
> 1S0%, Dram.
410 G E O F F R O I.
lice was rather injurious to him, .as causing him to betmy
$00 visible an anxiety. He never refused his advice to
any one. He died Jan. 6, . 1 7 3 1 . Just before bis death he
completed a phannacopceia, containing a collection of the
compound medioinea requisite to be kept by apothecaries,
'* Le Code Medicamentaire de la Faculty de Paris/' of
wjiicb two editions, enlarged and corrected, were after*
wards published. His papers on the. materia medica were
published under the title, *^ Tractatns de Materia Medica,
sive, de Medicamentorum simplicium historia, virtute,
delectu, et usu," Paris, 1741, 3 vols. 8vo, under the in^
q^ectioii of Antoine de Jussieu. Several editions have
been subsequently published, and it has been translated
iBt» Frttichu Arnault de Nobleville, and Saleme^ phy*>
sicisos of Orleans, published a continuattoa of this Work,
lander the title of ** Histoire Naturelle des Animauz,^
Palis, 1756, 1757, in 6 vols. 12mo, which is deemed YMt
miworthy to .be ranked with the production of Geoffroi.
From a MS copy of his lectures, Dn G; Douglas traosr
lated and published in 1736, <f A Tieatise of the Fosai^.
Vegetable, and Animal substances that.ape made use of
in physick," 8vo, to. which the best account we have yet
^seea of the author is prefixed. He bad a brother, Claude
Joseqfih GeotSpoi, who. wrote an essay on the 6tiiictuiie and
4156 of the principal parts of flowers, and some other phy^
4»ological papers printed in the '^ Memoires de Tacad. des
sciences."^
GEORGE of Trebisond. See TRAPEZUNTIUS.
GEORGE (Amiea), was a learned Maronite, who went
tio Rome in the time of pope Clement Vill. and there pub-
JMehed ja ^< Syriac and Chaldee Grammar/' 1596, 4to,
.wbicii is mnoh esteemed. At hid return • to his native
ooMHtry, -he was elected patriarch of the Maronttes^ and
iotroduoed the reformation of the Calendar. He died
about I«41.'
GEORGE, surnamed the Cappadocian, was made bi-
.abop of Alexandria when Atbanasius was driven from that
fee by tlie peraecutions of the emperor Constancius, about
•the year 355. He was a native of Epiphania, in Cilicia,
^where bis fiaither pursued the business of a fuller. ' from
-this, obscure situation the son raised himself, it is said, net
I Life prefixed to Dr. Douglas's translation.— »Moreri.~Cbaufepie.
* Moreffi. » ,
G E O K G £. 411
by tiie most honourable mearfs, to the station of a prelate
ill the churchy and bis mean arts and depredations On tb^
public purse became so notorious, that he vnss obliged to*
By from the pursuit of justice, and contrived to take with
him his ill-gotten wealth. The place of his retrelsit was
Alexandria, where he professed great zeal for the Ariafi
isystem of theology, and acquired considerable influence
with his disciples in that city. Here he formed A vetf
valuable collection of books, which the emperor Julian
afterwards made the foundation of the noble library estab«
lished by him in the temple erected in honour of tb^tem^^
peror Trajan, but which was burnt by the connivance of
the emperor Jovian. When Athanasius was driven from
Alexandria, George was elected bishop by the prevailing^
party, and persecuted the catholics, and in other respects
}>Iayed the tyrant with such unrelenting cruelty and ava«
rice, that at length the people rose as one man, aVid ex^
polled 4iim the city. With much difficulty he regained his
authority, which be held till the year 362, when he and
two other persons who had been ministers of his atro*
cities, were ignomtniously dragged in chains to the public
prison^ anil murdered by the populace. Such a character
aearcely merits ia place in this work, if it were not neces*-
saiy to expose the ignorance of those who pretend that he
ims been transformed into the renowned Si. George of £ng«-
land, the patron of arms, of chivalry, and of the garter,
A calumny which has been- amply refuted by Pegge, Mil-
ner, and others.'
GERARD (Alexander), an ieminent divine of the
church of Scotland, eldest son of the rev. Gilbert -Gerard,
minister ^f CbapeUGarioch, in Aberdeenshire^ was born
there Feb. 22 ^ 1728 ; he was educated partly at the patrish
School of Foveran, whence he was removed to the gram^-
mar-sohool at Aberdeen, after his father's death, tl^t
he made such rapid progress, that he was entered a stu*-
dentin Marischal-college when he was but twelve years
of age. He devoted bis first four years to the study of
Greek, Latin, the mathematics, and philosophy, and was
^t the close of the course admitted to the degree of M.A«
He now commenced his theological studies, which he pto^
secuted at the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh.
Immediately on the completion of his twentieth year, in
* Moreri.— Gibbon'a History. *
«se 6 E R A R D.
174S) he was licensed to pretch in the church ^f Soet^
land, and in 1750 was chosen assistant to Mr. David For«
dyce,^ professor of philosophy in the Marischal college at
Aberdeen, and in two years afterwards, upon the dei^ of
the professor, Crerard was appointed to succeed bun.
Here, after a short time, tlie department assigned to Mr.
Gerard was confined to moral pbibsophy and logic, the
duties of which he discharged with conscientious and un^
wearied diligence, and with equal success and reputation.
He was a member of a literary society at Aberdeen, con-
sisting of Drs. Blackwell, Gregory, Ueid, Campbell,
Beattie, &c« which met very regularly every fortnight
during the winter, when the membera communicated their
4ientiments with the utmost freedom, and received mutual
improvement from their literary discussions; and hence ori-
ginated those well-known works, Reid's ^* Inquiry into the
Human Mind ;" Gregory's " Comparative View;'* Gerard's
^ Essay on Genius ;" Beattie's *< Essay on Truths" aadCamp-
bell's << Philosophy of Rhetoric." In 1759 Mr. Gerard was
ordained a minister of the church of Scotland, and in the
following year he was appointed professor of divinity. in
the Manschal college, and about the same period he took
his degree of D. D. He continued to perform the seveml
duties attached to his offices till 1771, when he resigned
the professorship, together with the chuvch living, and
was preferred to the theological chair ivi the university of
Kiug's-college, a situation which he held till his death,
which happened on his birth-day, Feb. 22, 1795. Dr.
Gerard's attainments were solid rather than brilliant, the
effect of close and almost incessant study, and a fine judg-
ment* He had improved his memory to such a degree,
that he could in little more than An hour get by heart a
sermon of ordinary length. He was author of ^^ An Essay
on Taste," which was published in 1759, and which ob-
tained for him the prize of a gold medal, from the society
of Edinburgh. This work was afterwards much enlarged,
and reprinted in 1780. His ^^ Dissertations on the Genius
and Evidences of Christianity," published in 1766, are
well known and highly appreciated ; so also are his *^ Es-
say on Genius," and his sermons in 2 volumes. In 172^9
his son and successor. Dr. Gilbert Gerard, gave the world
a posthumous work of much merit, which had been. Ie&
among the papers of his father, entitled *^ The Pastoral
Care," which made a part of his theological course of lee-
G E R A R I>. " 41S
tures. As a clergyman the conduct of Dr. Gerafd was
marked with prudence, exemplary manners, aqd the most
fMinctual and diligent discharge of his ministerial duties ;
kis sermons were simple and plain, adapted to the common
class of hearers, but so accurate as to secure the approba*
tion of the ablest judges. As a professor of divinity, bi»
great aim was not to impose by his authority upon his
pupils any favourite system of opinions ; but to impress
tfaem with a sense of the importance of the ministerial of-
fice ; to teach them the proper manner of discharging aU
ka duties; and Co enable them, by the knowledge of the
scriptures, to form a just and impartial judgment on con-
troverted subjects. Possessing large stores of theological
knowledge, he was judicious in selecting his subjects^
happy and successful in his manner of communicating in-
struction. He had the merit of introducing a new, and in
many respects a better plan of theological education, than
those on which it had formerly been conducted. Having
a constant regard to whatever was practically useful, rather
than to unodifying speculatiotis, be enjoined no duty
which be was unwilling to exemplify in his own conducts
In domestic life he was amiable and exemplary; in his
friendships steady and disinterested, and in his inter-*
course with society, hospitable, benevolent, and unasr
snming ; uniting to the decorum of the Christian pastor,
the good breeding of a gentleman, and the cheerfulness^
afiability, and ease of an agreeable companion/
G£RARD (John). See GERHARD.
GERARD THOM, or rather Gerard Tek^ue, founder
oC the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was born either in
a small island in Provence, or, as is thought more probable,
. at AmalB. He was the institutor, and the first grand
master of the knights hospitalers of Jerusalem, who after-
wards became knights of Malta. Some Italian merchants,
while Jerusalem was yet in the hands of the infidels, ob-
tained permission to build a Benedictine monastery oppo-
site to the holy sepulchre for the reception of pilgrims.
In 1081, an abbot of that monastery founded also an hos-
pital, the direction of which he gave to Gerard, who* was
distinguished for his piety. In 1100 Gerard took a reli-
gious habit, and associated with others under a particular
vow to relieve all Christians in distress, besides the three
^ Gleig^s Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britamuca*
414 G £ K A R D.
great vows of chastity, poverty, atid obedience. Geraril
died in 1 120, His order was protected by the church firDm.
the begioniQgy and in 1154 'was confirfned by a biiU at
Aoastasius IV. ^icb distinguished the subdivisions of the
order into knights, conspaoions, clerks, and serving bcoh
tbers. The successor of Gerard, as grand master, waa
Raymond du Puy.'
GERARDE (John), a surgeon and famous herbalist ol
the time of queen Elizabeth, was born at Namptviob^
Cheshire, in 1545., He practised surgery in London, aad
rose to eminence in that profession. Mr. Granger sKsys^
'^ be was many years retained as chief gardener to lord
Burleigh, who was himself a great loyer gf plants, and had
the best collection of any nobleman in the kingdom ; among
these were many exotics, introduced by Gerarde.". TUa
is confirmed by the dedication of the first edition of bia
Herbal, in 15d7, to that illustrious nobleman, in wbiciUie
says he had ^^ that way employed bis principal study, and
almost all bis time," then for twenty years. It appeara
therefore that he ha'd given up his original professif^n*
Johnson, the editor of his second edition, says^ *^ he lived
some ten years after the pjublishing of this wprk, and died
about 1607 ;'' so that he surviv^ his noble patron nm&
years.
Gerarde lived in Holbom, and had there a large botanic
garden of his own, of which he published a catalogue in
1596, and again in 1599. Of this work scarcely, an im*?
pressiou is known to exist, except one in the British Mu*
seum, which proved of great use in preparing the Horttis:
Kewensis of Mr. Alton, as serving to ascertaau the tinid
when many old plants were first cultivated. It contain^
according to Dr. Pulteney, 10S3 species, or at least sup^
posed such, though many doubtless were varieties ; and
there is aii attestation of Lobel subjoined, asserting his
haying seen nearly all of them growing and fiowering. This
was one of the earliest botanic gardens in Europe.
The great work of our author, is his ^^ Heiba), or Ge*
neral History of Plants," printed in 1597, in folio, by
John Norton, who procured the wooden cuts from. Franc*
fort, originally done for the German herbal pf Tabemes"* .
montauus. The basis of the text was the work of Dodo*
nsBus entitled ** Pepoptades," for which also probably the
1 Moreri
G E R A R D E. 415
KtAc cuts bad- been used. Lobel asserts that a translation
of the ** Pemptadies'' bad been made by a Dr. Priest, at
tbe expence of Mr. Norton ; *but the translator dying sobn
after, tlie manuscript was used by Gerarde, without ac-
knowledgment The intelligent reader of the iHerbal will
observe that most of the remarks relative to tbe places id
which certain plants are found, their common uses, &c.
belmg to the original work, and refer to the country iii
which Dodon«us wrote, not to England. Gerarde is also
accused of having been no Latin scholar, and of havings
made many mistakes in the- additional matter which he
translated Arom the works of Clusius, Lobel, &c. He also
certainly misapplied many of the cuts. Yet he had the
great merit of a practical knowledge of plants, with un-^
bounded 2eal, and indefatigable persererance, and con -^
tributed greatly to bring forward the knowledge of plants
in England, and his name will be remembered by bota-
nists with estefem, when the titility of his Herbal is super-
seded. A «{econd ^ition of Gerarde*s Herbal was pub-^
Usbed by Dr. Thomas Johnson, in 1636, who, like ihany
o&er editors, censured his author with great freedom, and
undoubtedly made many essential corrections. He was a
man of far n^re learning than Gerarde, althohgh by no
means so good a botanist.'
GERRARDS. See GARRARD.
GERBAIS (John), a learned French ecclesiastic, was
born in 1629, at a village in the diocese of Rheims. He
was admitted a doctor of the Sorbonne in 1661, chosert
professor of rhetoric at the royal college m 1662, and was
afterwards principal of the college at Rheims, where, by
his will, he founded two scholarships. He died April 14,
1699, leaving several works in Latin and French ; the
principal are, a treatise *• De Causls Majoribus,'' 1691,
4to, in which he maintains that episcopal causes ought' to
be first judged by the metropolitan, and tbe bishops iii
his province. Innocent XI. condemned this work in 16801
A treatise on the authority of kings over marriages, 1690,
4to; three letters *• Sijr le pecule des Religieux," 16^3,
12mo; a translation of the treatise by Panormus on
the council of Basil, 8to ; ^* Leitre sur la Comedie,"
12mo;./^ Lettre sar les Dorures et le Luxe des Habiti
des Femmes,'^ 12mo, &c. All the works of this author
* Pultenpy*s Sk' Ichcs of Botanj'.— Rees\s Cxrloi adla.
416 Q E R B A.I 3^
discover lively wit, great strength and solidity of reaaojnB^f
with much penetration and deep learning. He was chosen
by the French clergy to publish the edition of "Rules'* rer
specting the Regular^, with M. Hallier^s notes, 1665, 4t30.^
GERBELIUS (Nicolas), an eminent German lawyer^
was a native of Pforzeitn. He was a professor of law. at:
Strasburg, where he died very old, Jan. 20, 136p.., He
was greatly distinguished and respected in his day. Thuanus
calls him, ** Virupfi optimum, & pariter doc^rina ac.mor
rum suavitate excellentem.'' His principal work is an ex^
cellent description of Greece, under the title of '^ Isagoge
in tabulam GrsBciee Nicolai Sophiani," Basil, 1550, folio.
There are besides of Gerbelius, I. /^ Vita Joh. .Cuspi*
niani.'* 2. ^* De . Anabaptistorum prtu &(\ progreiu^u ;^' a
curious work. He publi)>hed also a New Testament, in
1521, 4to, an extremely rare edition, printed at Ha«
guenau. *
GER^ERON (Gabriel), a famous writer in favour of
Jansenism, was born at Saiut, Calais, ip the French pro-:
vince of Maine, in 1628, and was first of the, oratory, and
then became a Benedictine in the congregation of . St.
Maur, in 1649. He there taught theology for some.years
with*considerable success, but bein^ too free in hi^ opiniona
in favour of the Jausenists, was orderetl to be arrested by-
Louis XIV. in 1682, at the abbey of Corbie. He contrived,
however, to escape into Holland, but the air of that country,
disagreeing with him, he changed bis situation fpr the LqW:
Countries. In 1703. he was taken into custody by the
bishop of Mechlin, and being condemned for errors oa the
doctrine of grace, suffered imprisonment at Aniiens, and
in the castle of Vincennes. No sufferings, could shake his
zeal for what he thought the truth, and in 1710 he. was
given up to the superiors of his own order, whp ^pt him
to the abbey of St. Denis, where he died in 1711.. .,IIe
was author of many works on the subjects of controversy
then agitated, particularly a general History of Jansenism^
3 vols. 12mo, Amsterdam, 1703, for which he' was called
a violent Jansenist. His other principal works werej edi-
tions of Marius Mercator, St. Anselm, and Bajius; the
Apology of Rupert, abbot of Tuy, respecting the Eucba-
mt, in Latin, Svo; " Le veritable Penitent, ou Apologie
> ^iceron, Tol. XIV. — Morcri.— •Diipin.
* Freheri Theatruia,^>Mclchior Adam in Titis Juriscon8uU.<-»$axU Onoow
G l: R B E E O N. 417
• • • ■ . ' '
(te'^la Penitence,** 12mo, against P. Hazarcl, a. Jesuit;
•^^ La veritg Catholique victorieuse, , sur la Predestination
et la Grace efficase ;" " Trait6 historique sur la Grace j'*
" Lettres ^ M. Bossuet, Eveque de Mes^ux ;'' " La con*
fiance Chr^tienne ;'* " Le Chretien d6sabus6;" " La Regie
des Mceurs contre les fausses Maximes de la Mprale cor-
rompue," 12mo; "La Defense de TEglise Romalne;'*
and " Avis sal utaires de la iSainte Vieirge ases I)6vots iii-
discrets." This last is a translation of the " Monifa Sajlu*.
taria*^ of Adam Windelfels, a German lawyer. Many others
are enumerated by Mpreri.
'He is said to have been impetuous \n. character apd
style, but his virtues were also great^ his manners severe^ t
nnd his piety exemplary. A considerable detail pf the life
of Gerberon is given in the literary history of the congre-^ .
gation of St. Maur, published in 1770, 4to.*
GERBERTUS. See SILVESTER 11. ^
GERBIER (Sir BaLtuasar), a painter in miniature^ ,
was born at Antwerp in 1592. . Jle was. employed by
Charles L' but is far more conspicuous as having be^n en* ^
gaged, in conjunction with Rubens,.. to negociate a tr^aliy .
with Sf^^in ; ancl for having, been for a time British resi'^
derit at Brussels. His being in the suit^ of BupkingtiaGqi^ ,
10 Spiin was the means pf this elevation ; for which he do^s
toot appear to have been duly qualified. £(e was some-
what acquainted with architecture, and was en^ployed by ,
lord Craven to give desigqs for Hempst^d-hall, which Jbas
since been burnt. Being neglected by the cpurt| bQ. ia.
1648 appeared as an author^ and founder of an jLca4en)y
at Bethnal -green ; and in 1649 published ,bLs first lecture
On geography. ^ This wa^ follovfed by others^ and by various
pamphlets respecting quackish schemes and project^j with
which his head appears to have been full. He afterwardf
went to Cayenne, and settled with his family at Surinam ;
where, by order qf the. Dutch, he was seized and sent
back to Holland, from the jealousy, of that governmi^Qt,
which regarded him since his naturalization in England a&
an agent of the king. On the restoration of Charles .IL he
returned to England^' and prepared triumphal arches iioir
his honour. Here be practised various means of living for
some years, with no great respect or profit, and at last
died in 1667, having passed his latter days m all the expe-- -
I Mweri.— Diet HUn
Vol. XV. E E
418 G £ H B I £ S.
dients of quackery. Lord Orford has bestowed -a long ,
article upon sir Baldiasar, but bas not much exalted hul
merit as a man or an artist. *
GERBILLON (John Francis), one of the Jesuit mis- .
sionaries in China, and author of some Historical observa-
tions on great Tartaxy, and accounts of some of his travels, \
inserted in Du Haiders History of China, was born in J 654, .
became a Jesuit in 1670, was sent to China in 1685, and
arrived at Pekin in 1681. He obtained the highest favour .
with the emperor, for whom he wrote ^^ Elements of Geo-
metxy,'* from Euclid and Archimedes ; and a practical and
speculative gseometry, which were splendidly published
at Pekin in the Chinese and Tartarian languages. The
emperor permitted him to preach, and to appoint preachers
throughout his vast dominions, but was always desirous to
have him about his persfon. He died at Pekin in 1707,
superior general of aU the missions in China. He wrote
an account of .his journey to Siam,, which has not been
published.'
GERDIL (Hyacinth Sigismonb), a Roman cardinal^ ^
and a metaphysician of very considerable talents, was born, '
at Samoens, in one of the northern districts of the Pied-.
montese dominions, in 1718. He was first instructed by .
an uncle, iirho afterwards placed hihin the royal college .,.
at Anneci. In 1732 he entered the Barnabite order^^ and
as soon as his divinity studies were finished, removed to
Bologna, where he so recommended himself to 'Benedict
XIV. then archbishop of that city, as to be employed by ^
him in making extracts, translating passages and collecting. ^
hints for the treatise on canonization which that ponliPv;
published some years aftierwards. In 1742 he became,,
professor of pbilo$bphy in the convent of Macerata. and in '^
1747 published at Turin his best metaphysical- worl^, a '.
"Treatise on the Inimortality of the Soul," whicH origi-
nated in this expression of Lock^, that ^< we shall never
know whether God has not 'communicated the power of
thinking to matter.'* Gerdii, in opposition to this opinion,
which it is well known occasioned the charge of irreligion
against Locke, maintains that ^^ the immateriality of the
soul can be demonstrated from the same principles by
which Locke argues the existence and immateriality of the
1 Wft)pole*f vAneodotfift.^N^PilkitigtoD.M-Lysont's Envtrons, vol. lU
s MwerL— DicU Ulst.
]
6 E fe b t L 419
^^prisme Being." Thos^, however, who gave father Get* '
dii credit for his success in this argum€||it, wereleis pleased-
With finding that in his nei^t work, published at Turin
in 1.748, a ** Treatise pn the n^^gre and origin of Ideas,"
he maintained the opinions of M^ebranche . against those
of Locke ; and this his biographer considers as » retrograde
step in tnetaphysics. ,.^;
The reputiaitlon of the^e two wor)u, what^vel* may now
be thought of them, procured him the professorship of phi*
lo^ophy in the university of Turin in ^750, and he was ,
also appointed a fellow of the royal apademy which was
instituted at that time. M^ny excellent memoirs from his
pen are printed in the first five volumes of its transactions^
published.in 175!^. In 1757 he published what was thought
the most useful of all his works, the ** Introduction to: the
Study of Religion," against the inndel writers of his dtcf^
The merit of this work induced the pope Benedict XIV. to
recommend him to his Sardinian majesty, to be tutor to '.
the prince royal, afterwards the late (abdicated) king erf
Sardinia. For the use of his royal pupil he wrote an ex-*
cellent treatise on duels; and during the time he was
employed in the court of Turin, published three works in
confutation of some paradoxes of as many eminent French *
writers, Melon, Montesquieu, and Housseau. He coq«
Tuted Mdon in his doctrine, that lui^ury contributes to •
the prosperity of nations ; Montesquieu, in his principle
that monarchic governments can subsist without virtue^
and Rousseau, in the whole of his system of education^ -
exhibited in the Emile. This li^t appears to be the best. :
Rousseau himself acknowledged that it was the only hook ;
written against him which he thought worthy of being fead '
to the end, a compliment, however, as much to himself
as to Gerdil, and containing mgre vanity than troth* This
work was translated into English^ and published at London <
in 1764, under the title ''Reflections pn Education; re*
lative both to theory aud practice," &c« 2 vols. i2mo^
Gerdil afterwards diminis^bed in some degree his general
reputation by publishing^.a work on the phepom^na of ca* .
pillary tubes, in, which, be combated the doctrine of attrac-
tion. On this occasion the late celebrated astronomer La
Lartde said, ^' Gerdil is learned in many other brauches of
%«ience ; and his reputation may safely dispense with this
work."
E ^ 2
420 ,G E I( P I L.
,1 >
In 1777, on the nomination of his Sardinian majci^y^
Gerdil was made a cardinal, and consequently left Turin
for Rome, where, however, he lived in a state of compara-:
tire retirement, and is said to have been dissatisfied with
the political conduct of the court of Rome, from which he
foresaw many evils to the church. In 1801 he warmly op-
posed the intended negociations with the French consular
government, and treated Buonaparte's proposal for a con-
cordate as an impudent hypocritical farce, and therefore
openly dissented from it. It was generally reported that
he told the late pope, Pius VI. that " by the signature of
the concordate he had signed the destruction of religion/' ,
which in one sense was probably true. Gerdil was a ca^
tholic of the old school, and with him there was no religion
but that of the church, and no power but that of the court
of Rome. These predominant sentiments of his mind are not
unfrequenth^ discoverable in his works. He died at Romet
Aug. 17, 1802, much regretted by his admirers, by his col-
leagues, and by the public at large. He was buried by
his own desire in the plainest manner, in th^ church of
his convent of St Charles, at Cattinari. The year after
his' death a comjplete edition of his works was published at
Bologna, in 6 vols. 4to. They are written in Latin, Italian,
and French.*
GEREE (John), an English divine of the puritan cast,
was bom in- Yorkshire in 1 600, and in 1 6 1 5 entered as a ser-
vitor of Magdaleh-hall. In 1621 he took his degree of
M. A. aiid being ordained, became minister of Tewkes-
bury, in Gloucestershire, where he was afterwards silenced
by bishop Goodman for objecting to certain ceremonies of
the ehurch. In 1641 this suspension wa^ removed by one
of the parliamentary committees which took upon them to
new'^odel the church. In 1645 he became by the same
interest minister of St. Albans, and about four years after-
wards that of St. Faith's, under St. Paulas, London. Al-
though a puritan in matters of the ceremonies and disci*
pline, he appears soon to have penetrated into the designs
of the reformers of his age, and opposed the civil war, and
especially the murder of the king, the barbarity of which
is said to have hastened his death. He died at his house
in Ivy-lane, Paternoster-row, in February 1649. Wood
4 AtkenttiiDit vol. V. fkoni his Btoffe, pUblishe(Kat Rdme^— DicU Hist.
G E R E £. 421
gives a long list of sermons and tracts published by thin
author, against the baptists and independents ; one of theiti
is entitled ^^ An exercise^ wherein the evil of Health-drink-
ing is b^ clear and solid arguments convinced/' 1648, 4to.
Another, more useful in that age, was his ^' Astroiogo-
Miastix; or^ the vanity of judicial astroloey/' 1646. He
bad an elder brother, Stephen, also a puritan divine, who
wrote against Dn Crisp, in the Antinomian controversy. *
GERHARD (John), an eminent German Lutheran di-
vine, was born at Quedlinburgh, in Saxony, Oct 17, 1582^
where he was partly. educated, but in 1599, was sent to
Wittemberg, and studied philosophy and divinity under
the ablest masters. In 1601, by the advice of B;auchbach,
a counsellor and vice-chancellor of Saxony (for his father
died in 1598} he went through a course of medical studies,
but about two years after, recollecting a vow he had made
during a fit of sickness, he returned again to divinity, the
study of which he farther prosecuted at Jena, to which
be first went as tutor to his friend Rauchbach'a son. lu
1603 he took his master's degree here, and in 1604 re-
moving with his pupil to Marpurg, he continued his theoi
logical studies, and learned Hebrew. |n 1605 he returned
to Jena, took his degree in philosophy, and having been
ordained, was appointed by John Casimir, duke of Saxony,
to a church in Franconia, and at the same time to be pro-
fessor of divinity in the Casimirian college of Cobourg.
In 1616 by consent of his liberal patron, be accepted the
professorship jf divinity at Jena, and continued in that of-
fice during the remainder of bis life. He was four tinies
chosen rectbr of the university, and encreased his reputa-
tion by a vast vi^riety of publications which made him
known to all the literati of Europe, many of whom, both
protestants and catholics, bore testimony to his extensive
learning, piety, and usefulness, both as a divine and
teacher. He died of a fever, Aug. 17, 1637. His works,
which are written in Latin and German, consist of treatises
on various theological subjects, critical and polemical ;
commentaries on various books of the Old and New Tes-
tament; common*places, &c. &c. One only of these, his
^* Meditations," is well known in this country, having gone
through many editions, and having also been translated
into most European languages and into Greek. He left a
t Ath. Ox. vol. II.
422 G E.R H A R D.
numerous family, some of whom became distiiigabibcd
fLS divines, particularly his eldest son, JdHN ER|ir£ST, who
^as born at Jena in 1621, and studied at Altdorf. He wj^s
appointed professor of philosophy at Wittemberg in 1646,
and in 1652 was nominated professor of history at Jena*
Like his father he devoted inuch of bis time to biblica) and
' theological learning. He died in 1688. Among bis worjis
^re^ f^ Harmonia Linguarum Orientalium ;'^ " Di!»putatio-
])om tbeologicarum l^asciculus;*^ '*Pe Ex:cltsias Copiicse
Ortu, Progr^ssu, et Doctrina." There is a very minute
' and curious history of this family in the worlf from wliich
' these particulars have been taken, with much collateral ip-
formfitioq respecting the theological writers and controv^-
siea during the life jof the elder Gerhard. ^
GERLAp|I (StepH£:n), a Lutheran divine, was born at
' ICuitlingen, a Village in Suabia, Pec. 26, 154^. I}e Jaid
ihe fopndation of a learned education c^t Stutgard, and be-
came distinguished for bis diligence at the university of
Tubiogeo, wh^re, in 156^, be took bis degree of B. A.
with great applansct Si^rtly after this he withdrew (mm
the university to Eslingen oti account of the pl|^;i]fi, tfiid
there be was admitted to the degree of doctor in pbiio9o-
phy ia 1567, and in 1573 he accompanied D^vid Uqgnad,
who was sent on an embassy from the emperor Maxiputian
*IL to the Turkish court. He continued at Constantinople
about five years, acquainting himself with the qfianpera and
. i^eligion of the Turks and Greeks, ciiltivating an acquaint-
ance with the most emi|^ent men in the latter eqmmunion,
and collecting m^ny Greek MSS. which lie purchased for
Crusius. Upon his return to Tubingen be was 9iade profes-
sor, dean of the church, and a member of the senatus aoa-
demicus, but engaged in t(ie duties or his prp^ession. with
so much zeal and assiduity, as to injure his health. He
died Jan. 30, 1612. lie was author of various controver-
sial writings against Dane^u and Buseus oji tb^ subject of
the divinity of Jesus Chris^; two yolupies of ^VPiaputa-
tiones Theologies de pr^cipui^ horum temporum contijo*
versiis," Tubingen, 1610, 4to, and of what may now pro-
bably be thought the most important of his works, *^ A
Joiirnal (in German) of the embassy to the Porte,'' piib-r
fished at Francfort, in 1674, foI.V
} Uistorif ccdesiastica S«cu1i XVil. in vita Jo. Gcrbardi; L«ipsic/1724^ Cpo.
? Me^chitf Adam. — Freheri Thealrum. — Nicei;on, vol. XXVI.
GERM A N I C U S. 423
* GrERMANICCTS (Cjesar), son of Drusus and of Antonia
the virtuous niece of Augustus, inherited the excellent
qualities of his ipother. TiUeriqs, who was his patenial
uncle, adopted him, and he was gradually raised to the
consulship, the twelfth year of the Christian sera. Wbeix
Augustus died, he was in Germany, where the soldiers
ivould have raised him to the empire, had he not declined
it He recalled the rebellious to their duty, defeated the
Germans under Arminius, and retook a Roman eagle which
the Marsi had kept from the defeat of Varus. Being re*
called to Rome, he obtained the honours of a triumph,
and was appointed commander in the East, whither he te-
turned soon after, to quell the enemies of Rome in that
quarter. He was there so successful, that he defeated the
king of Arnibnia, and placed another on his throne. *But
the splendor of bis victories is supposed to have cost him
his life ; for Tiberius became jealous of him, and if he did
not actually poison him, as many thought, contrived to
wear out his life with fatigue and vexation. He died at
Daphne of Antiocb, aged 34, in t|ie 211th year of the
Christian sera. His widow,' Agri'ppina, by whom he had
nine children, received his ashes with sincerity, as well as
solemnity of grief, in which all Rome, except the tyrant,
deeply partook. One of his sons was Caligula, who proved
so dreadfully unworthy of his excellent fatner. Germanic
'- cus bad oil the qualities and talents which could conciliate
universal affection arid esteem : courage, probity, military
'Skill, pleasing manners in society, fidelity in friendship,
and even abilities for literature, eloquence, and compo*
fiition. Some specimens of his Latin poetry are still ex-
tant'; and he wrote comedies in Greek, and a version of
' Aratiis. In the midst of arms he cultivated polite studies.
It is seldom that so many admirable qualities unite in a
person of such rank ; and it must have been, therefore,
with the most poignant regret, that the Romans saw him
so early cut off by the dark suspicions, or unfeeling treat*
ment, of Tiberius.
His " Arati Plio&nomena, Latinis Ycrsibus tradita,'* waa
published at Venice, 1488, 4to, and reprinted by Morel-
lus at Paris, 1559, ^to. Some epigrams attributed toliim
are among the " Poematia Vetera,'* Paris, 1590, l2nio,^
and Cobourg, 1715, 1716, Svo.'
'»
I RnmQn anl Cnitersal Ht?t,--Tacitu'«, lib. 1 and II— -Savii O'nomait.
424. O £ R M O N.
GJ^RMON, or GERMONIO (Anastasiits), an eiQineot
lawyer, whose writingsf are mach valued both for matter,
^nd manner, was born at Turin in 1551, of a noble Pied-
montese family. For some reasons^ not explained, his
education was neglected until be bad attained the age of
twenty-two, but he then applied with great diligence to
the study of the law, and after taking his degrees at Turin,
was appointed professor of the canon-law. This was so.
inuch to bis inclination, that he continued in the ofBce^
although promoted to be archdeacon of Turin, and aposto-
lical prothouotary. As archdeacon he accompanied the
archbishop pf Turin to Rome, and acquired the esteem of
the popes Sixtus V. Urban VII. Gregory XIV. and Cle-
ment VIII, By the la§t he was employed in compiling
part of the Decretals, with notes and illustrations. After
other honours and preferments had been bestowed on him,
lie was made archbishop of Tarantesia in Savoy. He died
oh an embassy at the court of Madrid in 1627. Besides
his notes on the decretals, and other smaller pieces on the
digest and code, he published ^^ De Sacrorum iromunitati-
bus lib. tres, &c." Rome, 1391, folio. " Pomeridianoe*
sessiones in quibus Latinae Linguas dignitas defenditur,^'
Turin, 1580, 4to. There is also an edition of his " Opera
Omnia ab ipso recognita,'' Rome, 1623, fol. ^
GERMON (Bautholomew), a celebrated Jesuit, was
born at Orleans June 17, 1663, and entered the society of
Jesuits in 1680. Much of bis life appears to have passed
in controversy. He was a man of unquestionable learning,
and an elegant Latin writer, but not so much admired as a
critic. He entered thp lists of controversy, with two men
of great abilities, M^billon and Coustant, in consequence
of father Mabillon^s work on diplomas, in which he thought
he discovered that Mabillon had advanced some things on
the authority of forgeries. This produced Gecmon's first
work, *^ De veteribus regum Fraocorum Dipjomatibus, et
arte secerpendi antiqua diplomata vera i falsis,'* Paris,
1703, l2mo, which was followed by two other treatises o^i
the same subject. Mabillon answered ir\ his " Supple-
nient a la Diplomatique," 1704, but without naniing Ger-
mon ; and the controversy employed other pens, but ap-
pears to have ended at last in favour of Mabillon. Germon
afterwards engaged in the disputes on grace, &c. and is
GERM ON. 425
tbougbt to haye been ihe author of a '^ Traite Theolbgique
fiur les 101 propositions enoncees dans ie bulla Unigeni-
tus," 2 vols. 4to, published by the cardinal, de Bisi^y, as
his own. One of his most curious publications appears to
be *^ De Veteribus Haereticis Ecclesiasticorum codicum
corruptoribus/* Paris^ 1713, 8vo^ In this he takes a view
of the many forgeries, interpolations, &c. tliat have oc-
curred, either in editions of the bible, or io the writings
of the ancient divines. Gennon died Oct. 2, 17 IS, at
Orleans, whither he had gone to pay a visit. '
GERSON (John), by 3onie caliied Charlier, an illus-
trious Frenchman, and usually styled ^'Doctor Christianis-
simus,'' was born in 1363 at Gerson in France. He was
edilcated at Paris, after which he studied divinity for ten
years under Peter D'Ailly and Giles Deschamps, and re-
ceived the degree of doctor in 1392. Three years after he
became canon and chancellor of the church of Piaris ; and,
when John Petit had the baseness to justify the murder of
Louis duke of Orleans, which was committed in 1408 by
c^er of the duke of Burgundy, Gerson caused the doc-
trine of this tyrannicide to be censured by the doctors and
bishops of Paris. His zeal shone forth no less illustriously
at the council of Constance, at which he assisted as am-
bassador from France, and where he distinguished himself
by many speeches, and by one, particularly, in which he
enforced the superiority of the council over the pope. He
caused also the doctrine of the above John Petit to be con-
demned at this council. Not venturing to return to Paris,
where the dake of Burgundy would have persecuted him,
be retired into Germany, and afterwards got into a con-
vent at Lyons, of which his brother was prior; and here he
died in 1429. A collection of his writings have been pub*
lished several times; but the best edition is that of 1706,
vnder the care of Du Pin, in five vols, folio. In this edi-
tion there is a 'VGersoniana^" which is represented as
being curious. Thuanus has spoken highly of Gerson ii)
the .first book of his history. Hoffman, in his Lexicon,,
calls him, *' ssecuJi sui oraculum ;*' and Cave, in his *^ His-
toria Literaria,'' says, that no man can be very conversant
in his works, sine irisigni fructti^ ** without very great
benefit.*' Some have attributed to him the famous book of
^^ the Imitation of Christ ;*' but for this there seemy no
' l^oreri.— pict, Hist.-— Saxii Onooiait.
428 G E R V A S E.
"There are two MS copies of it, the one in the Excbeqder,
which, according to Strype, archbishop Parker presented
to that collection ; the other is in Caius college, Cam-
bridge, which the same author thinks might have been the
original whence the archbishop's copy was ' transcribed.
Bale and Pitts differ much in their accounts of his works.^
GERVAS of Canterbury, another historian of the
thirteenth century, was a monk of the monastery of Christ's
church in that city, and wi^te a chronicle of the king's of
England from the year 1 122 to 1200, and a history of the
archbishops of Canterbury from St Augustine to arch-
bishop Hubert, who died in 1205'. These are his princi-
pal works, and are published in Twisden*s ^' Hist. Angli-
can. Script. X." A strict attention to chronology in the
disposition of his materials, is one of the chief excellencies
of this historian. Nicolson seems to think that there was
a more complete copy of his chronicle in Lelaiid's time,
beginning with the coming in of the Trojans.*
GESN ER (Conrad), an eminent scholar, philosopher,
and naturalist, and called the Pliny of Germany, was the
son of Vasa Gesner, and Barbara Fri.ccius, and born at
Zurich in Switzerland in 1516, where he receiired the first
rudiments of the Latin and Greek languages. His pro-
ficiency was such as to give every hope of his beconvng ah
accomplished scholar, but the poverty of his father, who
was a Worker in hides, and perhaps wanted his son*s assist-
ance in his trade, threatened a total interruption to his stu-
dies, when John James Ammian, professor of rhetoric at
Zurich, took him to his bouse, and offered to defray the
expence of his education^ Gesoer accordingly continued
three years with Ammian, and applied to his studies with
the utmost diligenoe. In his fifteenth year his father was
Jfilled in the civil wars of Switzerland, and his mother was
no longer able to maintain him ; and, added to these mis-
fortunes, he fell into a dropsical disorder. On his reco-
very^ finding himself destitute of friends, he determined,
young as he was, to travel, iti hopes of being able to pro-
vide a subsistence by his talents in some foreign country.
With this view he first went to Strasburgb, ' where he en-
tered into the service of Wolfgang Fabricius Capito, the
learned Lutheran reformer, with whom he resumed the
' Tanner's Bihl. Brit.-r-Nicolson*8 Hist. Library.
^ iN*icolso.rt. — Twistleu ubi supra.
» • 1
G E S^N E B, 429
study of the Hebrew language, of which he hiid acquired
some knowledge when at Zurich. After some months^
stay here he returned to Switzerland, and the public tran-
quillity being restored,, he procured a pension from the
academy of Zurich, which. enabled him to make the tour -
of France. He passed a year at Bourges, applying to ^
Greek and Latin with great attention ; and finding bis pea*
sion too scanty to maintain him, improved his finances in
some 'degree by teaching schooL Next year, he went to '
Paris, butis said to have made very little pfogtf^ss in. study '
while th^re, and returned to Stra^urgh in hopes of pro-
' caring some employment from the friends he had made,
but was visry soon recalled by the uojiversity of Zurich,
and placed at the head of a reputable school. Here he
might have maintained himself in the comfortable pursuit
of his studies, had he not married, a step which, although
he hafl afterwards no reason to repent of- bis choice, in bk
present circumstances was highly injudicious, and imrolved
him in many difficulties.
jHis original destination was the church, but having from
hi& infancy a. great inclination to physic, he novv" resolved
to supply to that study as a means of livelihood. After a
suitable course of reading, he resigned 'his sehbol, and
went to Basil, his pension being still continued, and en-
tered on a regular course of medical instructions.^ From k
desire to be able to read the Greek physicians, he conti-
tinued- to improve himself in that language, and was s6
well known for his critical dkill in it, that he was promoted,
in about a year, to be Greek professor ^at Lausanne, where
an university had been just foundedby the semite of Berne;
The advantages of this professorship not only enabled him"
Co maintain his iamily, but to proceed in bis medical stu-
dies and botanical pursuits, which ended -at last in his
taking a doctol^» degree at Basil. He then Returned to
Zuricb, and entered upon practice, and in a short time
was made, professor of philosophy, acharge Which he filled^
with great reputation for twenty^four years, at the end. of
which he fell a victim to the more immediate duties of bis
profession, having, caught the plague, of which he died
Dec. 13, 1565, when only in his forty'^ninth year, Wheii
he found his end approaching, he requested to be carried
into his museum, where he expired amid the monuments
of his labours. His piety and benevolence were no less
eminent than his talents, which were great and universal
486 G<E S *J^E tt/
He wrote^ with much ability, on grammar, botany, jihatfj^
macy, medicine, 'natural philosophy, and history ; but his
fame now rests chiefly on the following works : l.^^Bfblio- '
theca universalis," or a catalogue of Latin, Greek, and He^
bnew'bookt, printed at Zurich, 1545, in one volume foiio> "
mth criticisms, and often specimens of each. Of this there
havi^tbeen various abridgments and continuations. T^^.T
edition of 1583 by Frisius, is usually reckoned the best. *
Gesner^s " Pftndectarum, sive partitionum uAlversalium,'*
shoidd also be added as a second volutfie to hts ^ BIdHo-
theca;*' It was printed in 1548. * 2. " Historia Anima- '
liuitt,*' comprised in five books, making three fblio vols'.'
with numet^oS wooden cuts. The first was pubfished at
Ziiciehtn 1551, thela^tin 15^7, ^fter the decease of th^
Ituiiior. There is also an edition in German. This vast
codpilatibn, oentainirig a critical revisal bfaH that had' '
beeaor done before him in zoology — ^th'fe work of a physiciati, ' *^
whoraiaed and maintained himself by liis practice, aild *
who was cutoflP^ in the middle of a most active and useful '"'
life-^migfat be supposed the labour of a reclui^e, shot up
foe an age in his studyj and never diverted from his obj6t:t' ';
by.axiy otber cal'e^. Although it dbes not extenH to irt-' '
secta. or shells, > his observations respecting the former **
make apart of thfe'work of Mouflet, entitled^* Insectofum '
«ive Miiiiknorum Animalium Ttteatrum,'* published :at Loir- '
don in 1634, the earliest book on entomology. Th0
*^ Icones .Animalium,^' with their nomenclature, form a
separate publication from the above, condsttng of the
wooden cuts and navies only. 3. '^ AquatiKum Animan-' '
tium Enumeratio juxta Plinium,'* a little 8ro, pHhted Jit
Zurich in 1556. 4. •^ De Lacte," treatinor of milk atfd its;/
preparations, from various authors, Zurich, l54i,in'8vo.
^. ** De Secretis Remediis Thesaurus ;'* a PharilfacopcBia, '
which has gone through a number of editions In various "*
languages. 6. " De raris et admirandis herbis, <^U5b sive ^
quod noctu luceantj sive alias ob causas, LutiariaB hbmi^'
nantur,'* with wooden cuts, Zurich, 1555, in 4to, acconf-
panied with a description of the celebrated mount Pilat^> ^
or Mons Fractus, the northern extremity of the Alps, '•;
which Gesner visited in 1555. 7. " De 6mni rerum Fos- V.
silrum genere, Zurich, 1565, 8vo. Also *' De rerum Fos- ^ ,
siUum, Lapidum et Gemmarum maxime figuris*.** Thd • ;
« Wheii at Basil, as a necessary sup- of several Grttk vor^s iVoDi PhaVori^
p])r*for his pock«t, he made an extract uus*s Lexicoo, wliich he sold lo «
G^E S N E BL 431^
botanical reilvirks relative to th^ scientific arraogetibefit of >
plants, on which the superemi^ent merits of ,thi3~ great
man ace founded,, are chiefly to be gathered frpm bi& let- '
ters, which were published after bis death. Front the
number pf wooden cuts, and of drawings, which be! hftd -
prepared, it is probable he meditated a general '^ History ,
of Plants,^ the future arrangement, of which, frequently
oceqpied his thoughtsji' an4 prompted many nf« these let*
ters. Gesner^s wife survived him, and notwithstaiiding .:
the dangerous nature of his disease, whtoh wa» accoin- ^
Eanied with a pestilential carbuncle^ she did not desert
is, death'^bed, for he expired in her armftb He left .
no offspring, but, at hi^ death .there remained ^ alive of
Andrew Gesner, his father's brother, one hundred and
thirty-five descendants, in children, gmnd-childten, and >
great grand-children. From the latter are descended .the :
modern family of Gesners, some of whom we ar# about .
to notice, fiis remains were honourably: interred the day/
after his decease, in the cloister of the great church at Zu^
rich, near those of his intimate friepd, Frysiua, who died .
the preceding year. Abundance of Latin, and some Greek
▼erses, .were composed to his honour, and his life, writt^i .
by hU countryman Josias Simler, was published in the en«
suing year. . Hallei^ mentions Gesner as probably the first
person who, being short-sighted, found the advantage of .
concave glasses.
I>r. Pulteney's account of the fate of Gesner^s excellent .
figures, forms, as be justly observes, a mortifying anec* \
dote in, tho^ literary history of the science of botany. Of .
the 1500 figures. left by Gesner, prepared for his *^ History,
of Plants,^' at his death, a large share passed into the ^
'* Epitome Matthioli,'' published by Camerarius in 1^586,
which contained in the whole 1003 figures; and in the
same year, as also in a second edition in 1590, they em*. ^
bellisbed an abridged translation of Matthiolus, .printed
under the name of the <^ German Herbal.'' In 1609 the
same,, blocks were used by Uffenbach for the Herbal of .
bookBeller, to insert th^m into a new tion a part only of these addItiaos>. io-
cditiob of A Lexicon compiled by dtf- tending to insert the r^st only by de-
ferent hands, which was pablished grtea^ in the «abs«qaeot editions of
under the title of ** Lexicon Grieco- the book. Dying before h^ -could ac-
l.atiBom,*' Basil, 1537, folio, and complisb thiftricii, Qesner was applied
usually placed in the cataliogaeof Oes- to in all the new reprints ; the last in
tier's' works. The bookseller, however, which he bad a band was that of 15S0,
tiiib muahattnain;, placed iA this edi- folio.
4S2 G E S N £ R.
Castor DoranteS) printed at Francfort. This ptibiicaticnfj
however, comprabends only ^48 of these icons, nearly
100 being introduced of yery inferior merit. Aftef this
period, Camerarias the younger being dead, these blocks
were purchased by Goerlin, a bookseller of Uim, and next
served for the ^^ Parnassus medicinaiis illustratus*' of Be-
dier^ printed in that city in 1663. In 1678 they were
taken into- a German herbal by Bernard Verzacha ; and
such .was the excellence of the materials and workmanship
of these blocks, that they were exhibited a sixth time in
the ^'Tbeatrom Botiqiicum" of Z winger, Basil, 1696,
and finally in a new edition of the same work, so late as
1744. Thus did the genius and labours of Gesner add
dignity and oriHiment to the works of other men, and even
of aome whose enmity he had experienced during his life-
time. Besides the above mentioned, Gesner left five vo-
lumes, consisting entirely of figm'es, which, after various
vioissitudes, became the property of Trew, of Norimberg,
who gratified- the public, by the pen of Dr. Schmiedel>
with an ample specimen, published in 1753. '
GESNER (John), a canon of Zurich, and professor of'
natural philosophy and mathematics in that university,
prdiably belonging to the same family as Conrad, was born
in 1709. Hf studied at Leyden and Basle with Haller,
and maintained a close correspondence with him during
the life of that distinguished man. Their taste for botany
was the same, and their cbaracter.4 similar. His letters
make an interesting part of the '< Epistols ad Hallerum,''
and abound with solid and curious botanical criticism and
information. He paid much attention to the cryptogamic
class, and other difficult branches of the science, as well
as to the anatomy and physiology of plants. He survived
bis learned friend twelve years, dying in 1790, at the age
of eigbtyK>ne.
This author published two physiological dissertations on
plants in 1740 and 1741, reprinted at Leyden iii 1743,
along with Linnseus's ** Oratio de peregrinatione intra pa-
triam.^' In these he^ treats of the life land structure of .
vegetables, their propagation, sexes, elastic motion of
some of their stamens, and their methodical classification^
He reviews the experiments and observations of Leeuwen-
1 Life by Sidiler.— NicerQ^, vol. XVII.— -Rees's Cyclopsdia.-^Pulteaey^s
$ketchei.— Halkr Bibl. Botao. — Cieoacnt Bibk Curieuse*— Saxii Oaomast.
6 C S N £ R. 4S3
hoeck) Malpighiy Grew, Hales, &c. announces the tb^n
novel system of Linnabus, wh.om, with a kind of pro-
phetic spirit, he calls '^ a man destined to reform all
natural history/' Yet with all their knowledge, Gesner
and Haller were Imposed on by one of the grossest decep-)-
tions. A person presented him with a common mea**
dow Crowfiot, on some branches of which were stuck
flowers of the common daisy. He immediately published^
in 1753, a learned dissertation on vegetable monsters, en^
titled *^ de SLanunculo bellidifloro,'^ in which he exhibits a
figure of this strange anomaly ; and the mistake remained
undetected till sir. Joseph Banks obtained the original spe-
cimen after Gesner's death. On its being softened with-
boiling water, in the presence of the president of the Lin-^
n^an society, and several other botanists, the. stem of the
ranunculus came out of the base of the daisy, as from a '
sheath ; and indeed tbe different pubescence of eacb was^
very distinguishable before their separation^ A history of
tbe whole is given by Mr. tConig, in his Annals of Botany^
X, t. 368, with a plate drawn for sir Joseph Banks by Mr.
Bauerj and signed by all the witnesses*
Gesner published at different times eleven-dissertations
in quarto, from il59 to 1773, under the. g<eaeral title of
** Phytographia Sacra,*' and meditated a very extensive
work on the characters of plants, for which he had pre-
pared a considerable number of exquisitely engraved^
though too much crowded, plates^ some of. which are in
Dr. Smith's possession; but this publication never, took
place. He wrote also on extraneous fosails, and composed
an index to Weinmatin's " Phytographia," printed iir 1787
in 8vo. A catalogue of his library for sale was published
in 1798, by which it appears to have been one of the: best
collections of botanical books ever offered to the puUic.^^
GESNER (John Matthew), a profound scholar and
acute critic> was born at a village near Nevrburg^ in Ger*
many, in 1691. He was also of tbe family of Conrad Ges*'
ncr. He lost his father at a very early age; but, by th<>
kindness of a fatherrin^law^ he Wfis enabled to fo{low .tlie
bent of his natural inclination for learnipg, ai>d studied fo^
eight years under Nicolas Keelerus, at Anspach^ In cqik
sequence of the recommendation of Biiddeus, he was ap-
pointed to superintend the public school of Wieihheim, in
1 Rees's Cjrclopsdia.
Vet. XV. F F
*U 6 E S N E R.
^IcJh cteracter he remained eleven years, tfotn Wieiti-
b^kt ht Mras removed to a situation equally honourable,
**iU *ore luerative, at Anspach ; whence, after some other
dhangesof no great importance in his situation; he fitialty
returned to G^tingen. Here he rteceived the reward of HVsi
taletils and industry in several advantageous appointments.
ll*^ #a^ made^ professor of humanity, public librarian, and
inspector of public schools, in the district of Luneburg.
Hd died at Gottingen, universally lamented and esteeitoed,
ifr the year 1761.
His works of greatest importance are various editions of
the classics, both' Greek and Latin ; and, above all, a
Thesaurus of the Latin to'ngae, Leipsic, 1749, 4 or 2
vols-, fcl; whfch, whoever pbs-seiSses, wilt probably not re-
quire thie aid of any other Latin lexicon. The editions of
tSie (^las^ics which received the correcting hand of Gesner^
afnd which- are more popular, are the " Horace'* and the
**^ Claudiair.*' The work which he himself vahied the mosV,
and which was not published till after his d^ath, is th^
<• Argonatitics of Ofpheus,*' with the tracts " D'e iapidt-
bus," and the " Hyiflns." Many ingenious and Ifearned
m^n have not' thought it beneath theda to write in reconr-
n^ertdation of Gesner's talents and Virtues; but our readers
wiH receive more various and particular information frbm
a' Narrative on this subject written by Errtestus, and ad-
dressed to Ruhnkenius. An excellent portrait of GeSner
is prefixed to his Latin Thesaurus. ^
His- brother, John JauTes, \vho died in 1787, is auriior
Ar the "Thesaurus Numismatum," Tigur, 1738, sr vofs.
^1, the best medailic work of general referehce ever putt-
fished, but very rare, and, when met with, seldom cooft^
plete. *
GESNER (SOLOMaN), a Lutheran divine, was borrt at
Bdleslau, in Silesia, Nov. S, 1559. After receiving the
early part of his education at hi^ natiVe place, he wa^ sefit
to Breslaw to pursue the studies preparatory to the pf6-
fessipn of a- divine, and thence to Strasbui-g, where' haviilg
obtained an academic exhibition for flve years, he employed
that time in the study of philosophy, the mathbdnatics, and
the learned languages, particularly the Oriental. tf« tiGvt
became private tutor to a noble Livonian, and in 1583 was
admitted to the degree of master of arts. lu 1 592 he was
1 Saxii OiMibast.— Finkerton^s ]i^edaU» Psef.
G E S N E K. 4U
mHtf d to be proi^$9or of diviuiiy id the uiiiV^rqifcjr <of yfitt
lemb^rg, and was at th^ same time admitted to the degrisft
ol doctor of divinity. He also occupied the important fiotlss
erf dean and rector of the university, ^sessor in the eecle<^
$ia$.tical consistory, wd first preacher in the chufcb ; but
the duties of these, with bis close application^ injwred Im
bealtia^ and be fell i sacrifice to a compUcatioo of disordei^
FeU 7, k&Q5. His works are a Latia translation of *^ The
Prophecy of Hosea ;'' *^ Disquisitions on the Psalter/' treat**
ing of the dignity^ the qse, the argument^ aod theeoiH
nection of the Psalms, and many other works of a tbepIo«
gical and cootroveifsial nature, to the amount of fisitty,
tvhieh ar^ eoumerated in our authorities, and of which his
eoBlimeiiliyries and prelections on Isaiah^ Joel, Obadiahy Sia*
appear lo be the most valuable. ^
GESNER, or, as some spell the oaihe, GESSNER
(SoLtOMOK), a distinguished German poet, was bom at Zw*
fieb in t730. His youth afforded iko remarkable sjmp*
tomar of tus future fame, but his father wals assured thafC
the boy had talents, which would one day or other ezatk
biffl 4bev^ bis school-fellows. As these, however, w^M
sot perceptible at that time, and* the progress he made m
•chool-learnrng at Ziuricb was unpromising, he was aenttd
Berg, and put under the care of a clergymaB, where luf
l^ppears to have made greater proficiency. In aboiivt two
years be returned to his father, who was a bookseller al^
Zurich, and, probably encouraged by the men of geniuff
who frequeui^d his father's siiop^ our author new began tor
eourt the muses. His success, however, not being sucl»
as. to induce hi^ father to devote him to a literary life, ha
preferred sending him to Beriin in 1749 to leara the trade
of a bookscUa'. Young poets are not easily oonfined l^
the shackles of commercial life, and young Getner soon
eloped from his master, while his father, irritated at' this^
ttep, discontinued his remittances as the most ^eotual
mode of recalling him to his duty.
At this crisis, after he.had secreted himself for some time
in a hired room, he waited on Hempel, the king's painter,
whose friendship, be bad already gained, and requested
that gentleman to folloiv him to his chambers. Here tbe*
walls were covered with paintings which he had just &••
nisfaed, entirely from his own invention. The painieif
>Nieeroii,ToLXIi»-»*Melehior Adam io Vitis Ttieologorusi.rr-Preh^rl ThieatEBSi.^
P F 2
%
•ompnmehted him, aUboagh with the proviso, that' fart&%r
laboar and experience woutd be necessary to render hinr
an accomplished artist. Probably, by Hempers means, bi9
father was persuaded Qot only to pardon him, but to grant
him leave to prolocig bis stay at Berlin, where he formed
an acquaintance with artists and men* of letters. Krause;
Uempel, Ramler, and Snlzer, were his principal companions^
and Ramler, to whom he h^d communicated some of his
poetical attempts, gave him very useful advice on the na-
ture of ]x>etical composition,, and che defects which be
perceived in Gesner's pieces.
, From Berlin be went to Hamburgh, where, in (he company
of Hagedorn and other eminent characters, be improved
his taste and knowledge, and returned to Zurich at a time
when his countrymen were prepared to relish the baauties
of his pen. The famous Klopstock, and Weiland, who
^ now visited Zurich, paid* particular attenrion^ to tbe rising
genius of Gesner. His first pablkation, in 1754, waa
'^ Daphnis ;'' his next ^^ Inkle and Yarico ;'' and his fame
was soon after completely established by his ^^ Pastoralsr
On the appearance of these l)e was hailed as another Theo-
critus. Of all the moderns^ says D'r. Blair, Gesner ha»
been the most successful in his pastoral compositions. He
has introduced many new ideas. His rural scenery is often
striking, and his descriptions lively. He presents pastoral
life to us with all the embellishments of which ife is suscep-
tible, but without any excess of refinement. What forms
the chief merit of this poet is, that he wrote to the hearty
and has enriched the subjects of his idyls with incidents-
that^ive rise to nnich tender sentiment.
Notwithstanding this reputation, his contemporaries were
unwilling to place him in any other rank than that of a
writer of light, easy, compositions, in which the higher at-
tributes of poetry are not to be found. Gesner, to con-
vince them of their mistake, produced his *^ Death of
' Abel,*' in order to prove that he eould soar to the sublime,
m which, however, , we think he has not reached ^ thesubli-
ipity of this work appearing to us to be mere turgidity and
affectation, more calculated to deprave taste than to gra-
tify it.
The success of this work, however, was uncommon.
Soon after its appearance it was translated into French, and
80 much pleased the readers in that country that three
editions were sold in less than a year. It was at no long
G E S N E R. i'ir
•distance translated (by Mrs. Cbllier) into English, and al-
-most every otlier European tongue. In this country it is
still a very favourite work with the* l6wer classes^ HW'
other publications becanne now in higher'request. and the
most celebrated men in France, especially Turgot and
Diderot, lent their assistance towards rendering the trans-
lation of the *' Death of Abel" more perfect. The duchess;*
•f Choiseul, who was then at the head of taste in France,
requested Gesner to settle at Paris; 'but be declined it^
stating, by way of apology, that he was retained in his
native place by the tenderest ties of nature/
About his thirtieth y-ear he became acquainted with
H^degger, a man of taste, who bad a large collection of
paintings and engravings, and, what was more intieresling,-
a daughter, whose charms made a Very lively impression'
on our author. After some difficulties w^re surnionnted^
be married this lady, and from this time appears to have
carried on the businesses of poet, engraver, painter, and
bookseller. The latter department, however, was attended'
to chiefly by Mrs. Gesner, as well as the care of the house
and the education of the xshildren. With him, painting
^nd engraving oocupied the hours which were not devoted
to poetry, and his mode of life was marked by cheerfulness
and liveliness of temper, and a conduct truly amiable and
exemplary. He was highly loved and respected, and unit*
ing to taste and literature the talents requisite for active
life, he was raised by the citizens of Zurich to the first
offices in the republic. In 1765 he was called to the great
council, and in 1767 to the lesser. In 1768 he was ap-
pointed bailiff of Eilibach ; and to other offices, all which
he iilled with the greatest honour and fidelity. But in the
height of his fame and ^isdfiilneBs, he was cnt off by a istroke
of the palsy^ on the 2d of March 1788, in the fifty^eighth
year of his age, leaving a widow^ three children, and a
sister behind. His fellow-citizens have since erected a
statue to his memory, in his favourite walk on the banks
of the Limmot, where it meets the Sihl.
In 1765 he published ten landscapes, etched and en-
graved by himself. Twelve other pieces of the same na-
ture appeared in 1769 ; and he afterwards executed orna-
ments for many publications that issued from his press,
among which were his own work^, a translation into Ger-
man of the works of Swift, and various others. The repu-
tation which be acquired by his pencil^ was scarcely in-
«ss o E s N c; R-
Id 4h$i mti^ig.hfim Ms pfin. He wm ir6c)ccHie4
affioog the best fxti^is .of Germany; Utod Mr. FuessU, ki9
countrymao, in bis ^' iiistoriml iEssay on tbie Paintier% Im^
f^wetBf Arcbit)ect6, and .ficulfKors, wbo ^have done iionoue
to Switsariand," jg^ves a 4istiiirg«»sbed pbK:e Iki Geanefy
tboagb tjbeti alive. In 1802 bis ** Works/' uanalatijed ^om
ibe Geruaan^ were pobiipbed lliei!e» in 3 vols. 8 w^ witb an
aoooaot of bAs ;life avd wntiof s, io ^rbtdk ^his arlMAd ia
principailly indiebted. ^
GETHIN (Laj>y Gaacb), an EngUth Jady cf DQcovmofi
EartSy was the daughter of »ir GecMrge Novton, of AbbotSf
»eigh^ in Somtvsetsbicei and ^ocn ia 1676« jBbe ba4 .all
the advantages of B liberal ednc^ktiony akkd becaqae tbc wife
of air Richard Getbiii, of Qetbin^giiolti in belaad. .fike
vas Qkistse99 of g^eat nocooiptittbiaeiita iiatar^ :a«d ac««
qoteedy buit did not live long lenongh to (jKsfA^ tlneai ao
^ world, for isbe diedintber ttwreoity-AiiBt jiear^ Oct. Ht
16^7. She waa^bttriisd, not; in WeslHnwutor- abbey, as Bal-
lard mi^ajLes, bm^ At IJolliogbQViniQf m Kent In W«atf«
n^Euaaterndbbey^ however, e heautiyEid oiofiamont wiiib an
iAMpriptioo is veoected o^#r bar; ;aifttl for fKevpetuaiing her
meoiery, promien was made for a sermon to be ifM^eacbed
i^ the abbi^, J^Mdy, oa Asb-W«dfM»da^ (far tever. She
Irpc&e, B»i left .hehisid sher in loose fiapaai, a wovk, wbkh,
aoon af^er her tdeath wss>a»etho4iz!(dl And|ujbli$bad uttdeff
ibe title of <^ Bieli<|iufl^ Geriunians^ ; or, some remains ef
the moat jngesioiis aind excellent lady, Grace lady Gethin^
lately deceased a being a vccllection df cboice discomaes^
pleaaaojt apGf>bthegms, and witty aenteoces. Wriiiten ^by
her, for the adost pait, by wayx>f essa^r, and M ispare hours,
I7O0,** 4I«>, with her |>Qrtraiti>efQne Ji. This wofk condsls
ef discourses upon TaidojNis aobfeczts toi f^gkoo, flaofah^
manners. Ice. iand i^ >bow very scarce* Among Mr, Con-*
gneve's poems jane aom^ eneomta^bsc ^ Verses io the -iiie*^
Biory lof Ci»jee lady JGatbiu,*' oocasioBed by reading her
toolc : ^and Xfar. fimsb, in iiis antiiyeffsary aecmoA cniier
death, says, that to aofienar taleata and ^dawnienls of
mind, dbe joined jneelDBesa, caiidour, kilq;rity, and piety.
Her xeadieg, oteeryation, tpenefcysaieB, and* judgment, mmm
estrisordinary for her j^eare, jiod iier ^oondsiiet is jevi^ seia*
^on of life corcectiwd eflc^iiplaiy* ^
> lAfe, at above.— Meistejr>f « Poffi(aits des BpaofOM lUvstECs fk la^SHtfse/^
^ Ballard's Mempin.«»JC^eble^a CootinuaUo^ ofOraDgery fnU I*
QEJUINp (Richard), .«k curious peniiMvn, i^Sr^QOord^
ing to Woo^, SI Mauve .of H^i:dpr<Ubife, >bu|; .settJl^ in
feUer-laie, Lop^oii, .9^»i:ly 9^ 1,^16, .^bowit ; which ilime
iie publi^d a isopy-bpot pf -^afipus hai|4s, jn 00 tp^tes^
oblong quarto, well executed, cpn/sidering tliietime. lu
IW biB .pqblish^d hw *< Cbirqgr^phia,'* iui37 plat«3, in
^sfhicb be.^prmpipfii,\y aicp^ at (heiimproyefoc^t pf thje Uaiiftn
hB.n^. Th.ev<e is apcitU^,edi,tiQn.Qffthi8 book, dat^diefiA^
perhaps after this d^a^, .as it has this title, ^VGetbiog^S
3«dixivt}s,^' with bift pictuiie ip the from. In A65^.biis
^' CalUgrapboiechnia*' was published from the rollings
j)ress'>^it cpot^ins thitty-six fplio.platps, with his ipictsire,
Mfhich 1^^ a label rQundit, ipscribii^g bicn.aged thiny-ftwo,
^bich .fi^ust b« a oiii^ajce. It sippep^, indeed, to be '^M
i:ewpub\ica^ion of,his<fQrmer woarks, fpr some of 6he. plates
iure dated iSiS^ i6l(;, .and it 13 dedicated to 9ur Franci$
fis^qUf who . died Jnl6j56.* '
GEVARTIUS {Jo^^ Gasbae), a Je^rned orjtic, .waifthe
^n of an ejn^oent lawyer, and bprn at Antwerp, lApg. ^;
1593. Many>autihorp bave called hioi sionply JoburGaspar;
and son^times be did this bimaelf, .whence, be iwa9 at cki^
time, better kno^wn J|?^ .the wrne of Gaspar thant of Qevartiusi
His first application to letters was. in the cpUege of Jfesuitsi
at Antw^irpy tSfbepiQe his r^moyed l^o t/>uyain, jahd tbi^ to
Ppuay. He went to Pa^i^ in. 16J7, and.speut some.yiQavs
there in t)i^ conver^tion of thejlearned. .Returning to.tliie
JLow Countries in 1^21, be tpok the degree, of LL. D.
in tbe univemty of Dpnay, and^f|:erw;^rd3 weint (to^^iiHr
sm^Pf wbete he- wsms made town-clerk, a postthe beid»to
tbe^end^pf hi^life* H.e marrj^ in.iG^5,*alui died in 1^66;
Hediad al.wa3isa ta^ for cU^ical iQarning> ^nd' devoted ji
grea^ ,par<t ofihis Uipe tp litetrary f«]i:jiuits/ \n 162.1 Joe
pMl>li;^hed:^t.Le^djep, ip Svp, ^^Lectionnm Papioianammi
JUibri quip<iwie,m' Staitii*I^apiwi Sylyas;" and, .at .Paris in
!Gip^ ikUh *' <ElQ«tcir»ip i^ibri tres, in;.qi>ib«s.pluriinave^
teriira Scriptoruna loco obscura et controvec^ 'e^Kcantur,
illustrantur, et dmendantur:^' Th<^sie, -though published
n^hQnihe,wasyot3pgi have ;0suibii9hj$d .iii$ mputation as a
fifitic. .'Heijdf f i^edjako tsomr cK^dit f cam h'i^ popticaKat*^
|<9nip^, >p#r^ic4))^% >a L^tin poesin, publUhed jat Paris,
>6^^, op thpe death .«f Thwnp^. . He kept ^a.oonata^t cor-
respondence . with tbe learned of his time, ami some of his
"> Massey's Ofigxn and "^sogftets of Lattt^ra.
449 G E y A R T I U S.
letten have been printed in the '^ SjUoge Epistolanim/*
by Barman. Oar Bentley nentioos Caspar Gevartius as a
nan famous io bis day ; and tells as, that *^ be undertook
an edition of the poet ManiUus, but. was prevented by
deatb*' from executing it. '
GEWOLD (Christopher)j a learned historian and law*
yer of the sixteenth century, was bom. in Franconia,.bat
the dates of his birth and death are unknown, and even
his works, although of great merit, have been for many
years so scarce as to luive escaped the knowledge of the
foreign librarians >nd collectors. Maximilian, duke and
afterwards elector of Bavaria, enrolled him in the number
of bis aulic counsellors, and made him at the same time
keeper of the archives, a situation which enabled GewoM
to brinff to light m;iny important historical documents, and
to publish the following volumes : 1. *' Genealogia sere«^
nissimorum Bojarise ducum, et quorundam genuinse effigiea
a. Wolfgango Kiliano esri eleganter incisae,'* Antwerp,
1605, fol. reprinted at Augsburgb, 1620, and again in
German, in 1623. 2. <^ Cbronicon monasterii Reichers-
pergensis in Bojoaria, ante annos CD congestum,^' &c.
Munich, 1611, 4t#k This is uncommonly rare, but has
been reprinted in Ludewig's '* Scriptores rerum Germani-
carum.'* 3. ^' Antithesis ad clariss. viri Marquardi Fre-
heri assertionem de Palatino electoratu,^' Munich, 1612,
4ta There were other pamphlets between Ffeber and
Gewold on the same subject. 4. '^ Orationes Albert Hun«
geri," Ingolstadt, 1616, Svo. .5. ^^ Henrici monachi in
Rebdorf annales," ibid. 1618, 4to. 6. '^Delineatio No-
rici veteris ejusque confinium,'^ ibid. 1619, 4to. 7. " Wi«
gulssi Hunds metropolis Salisburgensis,'' a reprint at Mii* >
nich, 1620, 3 vols. fol. by Gewold, with a continuation
and notes, 8. <^ Defensio Ludovici IV. imperatoris ratione
electionis contra Abr. Bzovium," Ingolstadt, 1618, 4to^
9. ^' Commentarjus de septemviratn Romani imperii,**
ibid. 1621, 4to.'
GHELEN. SecGELENIUS.
GHILINI (Jerome), an Italian writer, born at Monza,
iiv, Milan, 1589, was educated by the Jesuits at Milan, in
polite literature and philosophy. He went afterwards to
Parma, where be began to apply himself to the civil and
I Niceron, toL :^]j:XVI.n.-^FQppea3ibl Bel9.<^Afer«ri.-«fSaxuOxiSma8t,
f Moreri.— Ciement Bibi. Ciirieiiiie.
G H r L INI. 44i
\
t
^anon law ; b]:|t was obliged to desist on ^ account bf iR
kealth. He returned borne, and upon the death of his
father married ; but, losing bis wife, he becaine an eccle^
siastic, and resumed the study of the canon law, of whicb
be was made doctor. He died in 1670, fe^ving several
works; the most considerable of which, add for which be
b at present chiefly known, is his ** Theatro d'Huomihl
Letterati." The first part of this was printed at Milan,
1633, in 8vo, but it was enlarged and reprinted in 2 voh.
4to, at Venice, 1647. Baillet says that this work' is es-
teemed for its eicactness, and for the diligence which the
author has shewn in recording the principal acts and
writings of those he treats of: but this is not the opinion
of M. Monnoye, his annotator, nor pf the learned in ge-
uerni. It is more generally agreed, that excepting a few
articles, where more than ordinary pains seeni to have
been taken, Ghilini is a very injudicious author, deals in
general and insipid panegyric, and is very careless in the
matter of dates. This work, however, for want of a bettei^^
bks been made much use of, and is even quoted at tbis day
by those who know its imperfections. ^
GHIRLANDAIO (Domenico), a painter, of whom Va-
sari speaks as being of the first rank inbis tiiAe, was properly
called CoRRADi, and was born in 444S^. He at first was
employed by bis father in his own profession of goldsmitb>
at Florence, who obtained the name of Ghirlandaio, by
having l)een the first to make little pietallicgarlands (Ghir«
landi) for children to wear. Domenico, after he had
^opted painting as bis pr^^esston, worked for the churches
and convents in Florence, both in fresco and in oil, like
other artists introducing into his pictures thfe portraits of
his friends, but with more Character than had hitherto
been done there ; and he was the first who left off gilding
in pictures, and adeip^ted to imitate its effects by -colours.
He was called to -Rome by Si&tud IV. to assist other mas-
ters employed in painting his chapel. His works there
were afterwards spoiled to make toom for those of M. An-
gelo. He was highly honoured, and employed nobly;
but bis greatest glory is, having had the great hero of the
art^ M. Angelo, for a pupil. He died in 1493. His bro*
0l^rs,: David and Benedetto,, finiidied many ef his works,
X l^icprpD, vol. X3CXIX.— «More»i.^^'-Qemenl BiM. Carieuie.
$4fi G H I^X A.N P A I O.
wd -^^ncfttied bin 9011 Ridolfo to i^be ,wftf'(9fbo iifi^eniw^
J»iw«lf, wb9i.»jFited biiD^ but notBUQce^fpUy, .to tw^pci^ ip
ftkfi VatMcw^ In liiU}cdfo'S(pH:liui^s, Mr, FMeU ^ayn, V.l^np
)4^4K>iAelb}ng w^lpgfws |:Q.ibe genius -pf-Rapba^,; tl^e^iomr
f^P^i^km, ihe viwapity ^ tbe fac<^ .1^ cboio? ^ qoilpuicsy
Mjaayet^bin^ WmI m the use of nature, !b«|ray«iQoilAr f^^i^in^
,witib ii^riojr powev^/' He ;4i€^ in 1560« aged s^jv^vkty-
five* ^ • .
* GIAWJ^jONiE, w in Latin JANN^ONIUS (Prteh), was
Jbqrn at Isobiielia^ a ama^Uitowa in :^alia» in tbe moo^oS
M^y X^H^f and ipraoiised tbie iayv» bat was ntncb >iii«tse
tdi^Aio^uidbed as an historian^ In 17t^ be wiote a <' Sia-
jMwyqf N^le^/' lin 4 vols. 4to. Tbe style is pi|re» hut
^tbe ^raediMB wtb iwbicb>be disQUwed; several .topics rctiWng
^o tbeoij^iniof .tbe papal power gaji^e so muoh o^bo^^e^
Aba imurt ,of ftame^ ithat he was obliged to ^^i)e .bim«tf
#saai his nati^re ^ousiny. . He found au issylmn iwUb <lhe
Jiing of :Sardkkia, who diid ^oot, however, dare* to avow binir
fatf ibis pcofci^tor, butichose ratber ito represent bis ^i^uar
tioR as that of a prisoner. Giaaoone .died in Piedmont ^in
4ifirH 1748. £atracts from his iii^tOKy iwere afterwards
fHwaded sin IloUwd, uiidjer tbe t^te of >^ JVneodotes J(jf4:ier
iBttastiques.'V JHisposlbumous worJia wer^ tgimn to tbe
Tirafildaa'a 4tO'mlaoie> ll^Bi, aonlaining, jaokai^ oUier jnisr
^laneotts juallery liis profession of ^faii^, and a jjustiftcaticot
of ibis'lustory^ and ^a life of ihioiy by .Leonard Pansam.
There is a correot, ibut iiot v.ery elegant ^Fceojoh tnsn^latiiaii
hf OettsaiMeattx, Hague, 4 vcds. <.4tp, and an £nglii^ oa^
by (C^pt. Ogilviey ri« i72&r^I73 1 , <in t2 ivols. fol^
Gtli^£>INlf(FfiUK), afiieaiioeitt uuisioian, and in maay
Kespieots tbe greatest >pei!fottner,«fi <tfae yioUn tducing the
last^oentttvy, m'sb a 'native of Piedmant.; :aud'nrbep a ihoy,
was a di^nisterin idie Jikuomo jst Mtlaaty ttiidl«r Paladinii of
whom be fesmed jsinpng^ .the barpmchovd, imd xampoai:-
timi.; but Ittwittg previously iinanifesAad a. partiality rfor-^tbe
vioUn, .bis £»ther irecaUed bitn to Turin, io urder Mx seoeim
insinietiiM>s.on idiat, :iDstruineiit.of tbetfunoos^Soaiis. .He
wenttai&Dsse eadydniiis life, land af teewoacds to Naples,
where, ihavbig lobtaiaed jbl place ;ainxmg ripienos in |he
gpaca/ofiobastr^ *he used td Qoimsh anii^^oltttnge pa^S4gfl9
> Mored^?tU(k)gtoii*-^fibn«!fX;|ickipibUa.
* Fabroni Vit» Italorum.— Diet. UisU-^Saxii ODomasU
G I A R D I K I. 441
miich mbie feequ^ntly^bonbe oug«bt>toliftve^one. ^tiem^
e«er/* says Giavdtni^ of wjiom I>r. Bumey had tbU ^icoount^
^ 1 acquked great reputation • among the ignorant foriny
impertiiieDce ; yet one night, dnriog «l|e opera, Jotn^ili,
yfrfi^ liad oooiposed ^k, eane into the crohMtm, and aeating
Uoiself doge hymm, 1 4icteraiin(ed to give thettiaestto A
imppeUtL a touch dP my taste and ^esecotion ; find in *the
aympbony of the next song, vAiifsh was in a pathetic style, t
gave 'loose to :my fipgers and fancy; for which 'I was n*
warded by. the composer with a^^violentslap^in 'the face;
wbioh,'** : adds Giardinii ** was the ^best lesson , I ever ^-e*
eeived from a gveat>ma9tor in my life." domeUi, after -thi^
m$s boweiver very kind, in a dii&rent 'Way,'to this ^^HHig and
«K>i|devful musician.
iGMardini came to England in the ^pi4ng of 1750. flii
first pmibKc performance in London ^'was ^ a bMefit con*
cent, on Ji^hich occasion he ptayed a «ato and <i0iicerte^
and tthougb theve was v«ry 4itde company, ^e 'applause
was so ioud, long, and 'furious, as nothing but that be^
atowed^on Garrick'had ever equalled^ In coneequence, 4ie
aoon was engaged and caressed at most <rf the private con*-
certs of the prii>cipai nobility, g^nt^y, and foreign -mi-
Disteis ; at the Castle and King's-airms conoert^in *the ci!^ ;
and in 1 754 be wtss placed at the -bead ^of the opera batid>;
in which be jntroduoed a -new discipline, «nd ti new styto
at playing, ttiuch superior in itself, ^nd n>ore congenial
with the poetry and «iusi<^ of Italy, €han the 'languid man*
ner of his predecessor 'Festing.
In 1756, on the^failure and ftigbt of the Impresario^ <fi
undertaker of the opera, Vaneschi, Mingotti, and Giardiia
joined 4iieir interns, and 'became tmanagers, but found
themselves -inrolved at the end of -the ^season in au^h 4Mi«
cokies, that they were glad to f etire. Giardini, while in
the opera management, besides arranging ^pfeksiiocios, set
several entire dramas ; but though be had so great a hand
on his instrument, so «iuch fency in his cadences and solos^
yet ifae liad not sufficient force -or variety to supply a whole
evening^s entertainment at the Lyric theatre, i^hougfa he
contimied to throw in « single air or rondeau into the
<^eras of other masters, wbidfi was more applaifded than
all *the rest of the drama. In ITM, in spite of for*
mer miscarriages, Giardini and Mingotti again ^resumed
the reins of opera government. But, after struggling two
yearS| they again ^resigned it, and from this period Giar*
444 G I A R D I N L
dini was forced to content himself with teaching ladies of
rank and fashion to sing, and the produce of a great anniial
benefit. He continued hero unriralled as -a leader, a solo
player, and a composer for bis instrument, still augmenting
the importance of his instrument and our national partiality
for the taste of his country, till the admirable productions
f nd great performers of Germany begajl to form a Teutonic
interest and Germanic body here, which, before Giardini's
departure from London, became very formidable riirals to
him and his Roman legion.
At the end of 1784, he went to Italy, and after re*
jQuainiDg on the continent till the summer of 17S9, re-
turned to this country, bringing with him a female pupil
and her whole family. He then attempted a burletta opera
at the little theatre in the Haymarket^ while the opera-
house, which had been burned down, was rebuilding; but
bis speculation £ftiied« During his absence the public had
learned to do without him, and reconciled themselves- to
his loss; bis health, hand, and eyes were idipaired; he
ivas dropsical, his legs were of an enormous size, and little of
his former superiority on his instrument remained, but his
fine tone. He composed quartets that pleased very much,
but in. which he never played any other part in public than
the tenor. The style (^ music was changied ; he printed
xnany of his old compositions which used to please ; bat now
could gain neither purchasers nor hearers, so that about
1793, be w^nt to Petersburg with bis burletta troop ; which
seems to have pleased as little there and at Moscow, as in
London ; and be is said to have died in this last city in
great wretchedness and poverty !
Of this performer. Dr. Burney says, that if be ^^ has
been surpassed by a few in taste, expression, and e:&ecu-
tion, his tone and graceful manner of playing are still un^^
rivalled ; nor does any one of all the admirable and great
performers on the violin, surpass all others so much at pre-
sent, as Giardini did, when at his best, all the violinists
in Europe.** Giardini^s private character appears to have
been of the worst description ; and although possessed of
such, talents and intellects as art and nature scarcely ever
allowed to the same individual, yet by extravagance, ca«
price^ and a total want of benevolence and rectitude bf
hearty be died a beggar, unfriended and unpitied.]^
1 Beet'f Cyclopadia, by Dr. Barney ^ »
0 I B. 44i
GIB (ADam), a Scotch divine of considerable talents
and zeal, and one of the founders of the Secession cbttrch
in Scotland, (See £RSKiif£, Ebenezeh, and R^lph), and
the leader of that division of the seceders called (he Anti-
burghers, was born in Perthshire, in 17 IS, and was edu-
cated at the university of Edinburgh. Soon after 1730^
violent disputes occurring in the general assembly of the
church of Scotland, respecting the law of patronage, Mr*
Q'ih was among the keenest opponents of private church
patronage, and in 17^3. was with three otheirs dismissed
£roQi his pastoral charge. These afterwards formed con-
gregations of their own, to one of which, at Edinburgh,
Mr* Gib was ordained, in April 1741. This congr^gatioa
gradually increased, and with others of the same kind, wa»
in a flourishing state, when in 1746 a schism took place
among them respecting the swearing of the oaths of bur-
gesses, and from this time the secession church was divided
into two parties, called burghers and antiburghers, and
Mr. Gib was considered as the ablest advocate for the lat-
ter. In 1774 he published ^^ A display of the Secessior^
testimony," 2 vols, ftvo, and in 1786 bis " Sacred Con-
teiDplations/* at the end of which was an *^ Essay on Li-
berty aiid Necessity,'' in answer to lord Karnes's Essay on
that subject. Mr. Gib died at Edinburgh, June 18, 1788^
and was buried in the Grey-friars church-yard, 4vhere an
elegant monument has been erected to his memory, at the
expence of his congregation, among whom he had un-
weariedly laboured for the long period of forty-seven
years.'
GIBBON (Edward), an eminent English historian, wa»
descended from an ancient family of that name in Kent.
His grandfather, Edward Gibbon, a citizeq of London,
was appointed one of the commissioners of customs under
the Tory administration of the last four years of queen
Anne, and was praised by lord Bolingbroke for his know-
ledge of commerce and finance. He was elected one of
the directors of the unfortunate South-sea company, in
1716, at which time he had acquired an independent for*
tune of 60,000/. the whole of which he lost when the com-
pany failed in 1720. The sum of 10,000/. however, was
allowed for his maintenance, and on this fotindaiion he
reared another fortune, not much inferior to tlie tirst, and
I Starke'i Biog. Scoiica.— Eocyclopsdla Biltunnicai art. Skcculk.').
44» G I B B O K
UettreA ^ ftat 6f it in tbe purchase of landed property.
Ife^dted in Deoembef 1736, at bis houg« at Vntaeyr ^^^^
iy. bi« last will eoriebed two daiightera, it tbe eaf>6oee af
hit son EdwaNly who had roarried agaiaat his <son«ent.
Tbt» sen was sent to Camhridge^ where at Emaanel col*'
lege^' be ^* passed tbrongb a regular course of acadeasical
discipNne/' but left h without a degree, and afterwards
travetted. On bis return to England he was chosen, itir
1734, member o# parliament for t^ borough of Peterslield^
Md in 1741 fey SoutlMimpton. lu parliament he^joirieil
the party wbidh* dfter a long contest, finally drove sir Re-
hert Walpole: and his friends fnilm< eheif phces. Om M-
Ao# hM' not concealed that ^* in the pursuit of aa^ ntp»^
|Miiar ittMii^ster,' he gmtMed a^ prifvate revenge against f b<r
dpprtfssor of bi^ feniHy in tb^ Soutb^sea perseciMiiili.*'
Waipole^ however, was ikM that oppressor, for Mr. Goxe^
hda clearly provedthat he frequently endeavoured to stmip
ihe torrent of parliamentary vengeMce, and toinduie tfae^
sentidfients of jdie bouse to terms of moderation.
Edward Gibbon, the ntofe imnsedi^te subject of thie
ani^, Wds bom at> Putney April ^7, O. & 1797. Hw
mfotfafer was Judith Porten, the daughter of a merobaat of
London. He was Hhe eldest of five brothers and » sister^
9R of wbonv died in their infancy. During his eariy years^
hiii constitution was* uncommonly feehle, hut be was nmrsed
with i!inuch tenderness by his maiden tfunt, Mrs. G^thertBe
Porten, and received such intttrikctioo during intervals of
health, as his years siidmitted. At tbe age ol* seven be waa
placed under the care of Mr. John Kirkby, tbe authcyr el
** Automathes,'* a ph4losOpbi^ed4 ftetibn. In bis ninth year,
January 1746, he was sent to ai school at Kingston upon
Xhames, kepb by Dr» Woodeson and his assistants; but
dven here his studies were fi«e^ent)y inCeitulyted by sick-w
ness, nor does he .speak- with ropture either of hi!» profit
ctency, or of the school itself. In 1747, on his mothef^a
deatb, be was recalled home, wheroy during a- residence
of two years, principally under the eye of his afleoiionatia
aunt, he appears to have acquired that passion for reading
which predominated during the whole cf hi^iife.
In 1749 he was entered in Westerinster-school, of which,
within the space of two years, he reached the third form,
but his application was* so frec)uently reiidei^ed useless l^
sickness and debility, that it was determined to send him
to^ath. Here, and at Putney, he recoTered bis faeaiili so
G r B B O N^ 4VT
§
NMras to be Abie to return to his* books^ smd %% he afi>^
pfoacked his sixteenth yeary hisr disorder entirety left him;*
The fteqaent interruptioms, hawever, vrbieh' he had mei>
witby and probably £^ dread of tbeoonfined air of the oity^
of Westminfiter^ bad induced hfi^ father to ptaeehim m,
•Esher, in Surrey, in the houseef the itev. Phitipi Pran«iiv
tfa«r tranflbtoir of Horace. Bil« hit hopes vi^re a/gain frds-
traled. Mr. Francis preferred the* pieaMurea of London td(
the iastruction of bis pupils ; ' and< our scholar, wiitbout hi-f
tber pfeparatiofr») was hurried to' OxfordI, wbe^rey oti Aprit
3, 1:752/ before he bad aceoaiplishedf his^ frfte^mb yeary be>
was matvicalated as agenttematl oottnAdner ot Hlfagdalen^'
oolieiBie^
To 0:ttibrdy he infenns us, h« brought ** a stock of
eradftion' that migbt have p«i%aled a do^tor^ and a^ degree^
of ignorance of which' a* sehooUboy WouM^ have b^en^
ariiained.^' During the last tbtde years, aithtougb sicb»*
«ess imterropteda regnkvr courte of ftistruotion, his foitd^
11099 for books inereasedy arid he* ^^i permitted to ifn*^
dnlge it by rangvng ovei^ the shetvei* withdot plan* or de-*'
sign. His* indiscriminate appetite* fi seed by degMes' in tb^
bistorioal tine, and he perused wiiftb grebeest aHri'dify suchr
Jiistorical books as came in his" w«iy, graliifyin^ a curiosity
ef which he could not tra<^e thcf soi!ifce, and supplying'
wants which be coo4d not express. In this cotrTse of de«
miltory reading he seems incohstiousfy to have been led t^
sbat particular branch in whtbh he was afterwards to excel.
But whatever connection this had with his more distant life,'
k was by no means favourable to his academical pursuits.'
He was exceedingly deficient in classical learning, and
went to Oxford without either the taste or preparation!
wl»ch could enable hitn to reap the advantages of acade;'
ihiioal education. This may probably account for the
bafrshness With wMch he speaks of the English universities/
He informs us that he spent fourteen months at Magdaien-<
eoHege,' which proved the most idle and unprofitable of
bis* whole life; but why they were so idle and unprofltabley
#e -cannot learn from his Memoirs. To the carelessness
of h'n tutors, indeed, he appears to have had sorirte reason
to object^ but he allows tl^it he was disposed to gaiety and
to late hours, and therefore complains with litile justice,
Stat h* was not taught what he affected' to despise. The
truth seems to be, that when he sat d^wn to write his Me-»
moirs, tbememoirs of an^eminebt and accomplished sobo«^
448 Citii6}i.
laty be found a blank which is seldom found in the hio^
graphy of English scholars ; the early displays of geniusy
the laudable emulation, and the well-earned honours ; he
found that he owed no fame to his academical residence^
and therefore determined that no fame should be derivable
from an university education.
Wbenhe first left Magdalen* college, he informs us that
bis taste for books began to revive, and that <* unprovided
with original learning, unformed in the habits of thinking,
unskilled in the arts of composition, he resolved to write a^
book;'* The title of this 6rst essay was ** The Age of Se-
sosiris,** the sheets of which he afterwards destroyed. Oti
his return to college, want of advice, experience, and oc-
cupation, betrayed bicb into improprieties of Conduct, late
ho^urs, iU-K^boseii company, and inconsiderate expente«
In his frame of mind, indeed, there appears to have been
originally a considerable proportion of juvenile arrogance
and caprice. At the age of sixteen he tella us that hi^
reading became of the religious kind, and after bewildering
himself in the errors of the church of Rome, he was con-
verted to its doctrines, if that can be called a conversion
which was rather the adoption of certain opinions by a boy
who had never studied those of his own church. This
change, in whatever light it may be considered, he im->
putes principally to the works of Parsons the Jesuit, who
in his opinion had urged all the best arguments in favour
of the Roman catholic religioi]. Fortified with these, on
the 8th of June 1753, he solemnly abjured what he calb
the errors of heresy, before, a catholic priest in London,
and immediately announced the important event to his
fattier in a very laboured epistle. His father regretted the
chaiige, but divulged^ the secret, and thus rendered his
return to Magdalen college impossible. At an advanced
age, and when be had learned' to treat all religions with
equal indifference, our author speaks of this conversion
with a vain respect, declaring himself not ashamed to
have been entangled by the sophistry which seduced the
acute and. manly understandings of ChillingworUi and
Bayle. The resemblance is more close, however, in the
transition which, he adds, they made from superstitida 4a
scepticism.
His father was now advised to send him for some time^
Lausanne, ift Switzerland, where he was placed, with a
moderate allowance, under the care of Mr, PayiUiar^ a
GIBSON. 449
C^Hiift HHQiiter. Mr. PaTiUivd wat instniDted ta nen
ixlaifp bis iMipU frodi tbe emrrs of popeiy ^ but as be oould
^0\ 9pe9k £nglisb, pot. Mr. Gibbon Freucb, sooie time
elapsed before mucb conversation of any kind beoam^
pr&pticable* Wbeo tbeir mutual industry had removed
Ibis ob^tacte) Mr. PavlHiard fir^t secured the attention and
al^cbm^nt of bis pupil by kiudaess, tbeq directed his
^t^dicN^ W%Q ft regqlar plani and placed within his pQwet
$ucb means Qf informfttion as might remox« tbe errors into
which be bad fallen. This judicious method soon proved
aneqes^ful; on Cbristmas day 175^9 after ^* a full convict
tion^^' Mr. Gibbon received the sacrament in the qhurch of
Laiisanne ; and bene it was, be informs us, that he aus«
pended his religious inquiries, acquiescing with implicit
belief in the tenets and mysteries which are adopted by the
geneml conseiit.of catholics and protestants.
His advantages in other respects were so iflspertant during
bi$ residence at Lausanne, that here, for the first tine,
be appcssrs ta hav«. commenced- tb^t regular prooess^f in^
sirui^tieo which laid the foundation of all his future improve*
ments# His thirst for general knowledge returned, and
while he was nqt hindered from gratifying his curiosity in bis
former daniltory manner, certain hours were appsopriated
for regular studies. His readiug bad now a fixed object,
and that attained, he felt the yalue of theacquisition, .and
beosme more Deconeiled to regularity and sjrstemv He
c^ned new stores of learqaig and tasie, by aequirtng a
]uiowledge of tbe Greek, Latin, and French langua^tesi
Of .thi€». proficiency, akbough bis tutor ought not lo be
robbed ii bis share of the merit, it is erident chat Mf. Gib*
bon's unwearied industry and laudable avidity of %now*
le^ewQce at this lime uncommon, and bespoke a mind
eapabie pf the highest attainmenu, and deserving-of the
bigbeet luMiours within the compass oF literatvire. To ina^
tbemsiicS'OSily^ he showed a reluctance; contenting bitiits-
setf wi^b lUnderstanding tjie principles of that science. At
tbk. early, age it b probable he desisted merelj^ iVom 6ndiwg
no pleasmraiin mathematical studies, and nothing to ^rsii-
lify ^nribiiiy ;. bat as in^ bis oiofe aiBUme years- it was hik
practioe $0 nndensaiae the' pursuits which be did not cboeae
to follow, be took an opportunity to pass a refleetien 0k
the. utility of matbenutitts, with which few will probtA>ly
sf^e*.i 'He aeenseatiusr'acieaee of '^ bandening^ the mind
by thsi. habit of ijigid demonstration, so destnietvre of tiif^
Vol. XV. G o
*S0 6 I B B O n.
finer feelings of moral evidence, wbicte ihuit determhie
the actions and opinions of our lives.^* So easy is it tof
find a plausible excuse for neglecting ^vbat we want the
power or the inclination to follow.
To bis classical acquirements^ while at Lausanne^ he
added the study x>f Grotius, and PuffendoHF, • Loekey and
Montesquieu ; and be mentions Pascal's '^ IVovincial Let*'
ters/' La Bleterie's '< Life of Julian/* and Giatmone^a
civil ^^ History of Naples/' as having remotely contributed
to form the historian of the Roman empire. From Pascal,
be tells us that he learned to manage the weapon of grave
and temperate irony, even on subjects (^ ecclesiastical so*
temnity, forgetting that.Jrony in every shape is beneath
the dignity of the historical styl^, and -subjects th^ bisto*
rian to the suspicion that his courage and his argumeat are
exhausted, it. is more to his credit that' at this time he
established a correspondence with several literary ebarac-
tecs, to whom he looked for inst,ructien and direction, with
Crevier and Bneitinger, Gesner and AUamand; and that
by the acuteness of his remarks, and bis zeal £or ksowledge^
he proved himself not unworthy of their confidence. He
bad an opportunity also of seeing Voltaire^ who received
bim as an English youtb^ but without any peciliiar nob«
tiice or distinction. Voltaire diffused gaiety around bim
by erecting a temporary theatre, on which he performed
bis own favourite cfaaEacters, and Mr. Gibbon becaoie so
enamoured of the French, stage, as to lose much of his re**
aeration foe Shakspeaxe. He was now familiar in s<Miie^
and acquainted in many families, and bis evenings were
generally devoted to cards and conversation, ^tberio pri«
vate parties, or more numerous assemblies^
; Dutiug this . altern9i;ion of study and. pleasure, he, be^
came enamoured of a mademoiselle Susan Curehodi, a young
lady whose personal attractions were erobeUished by>ber
virtues and talents. His addresses • were favoured, by her
and by her parents, but bis father^ qn being ciHivolted, ex^
pressed the Utmost reluctance to .this ^' strange ^lliaaee,*^
«nd Mx. Gibbon yielded to bis pleasure* His woaod^ he
tells, us, was insensibly healed by tioie, and tbelady was
iiotunbappy;» She afterwards {became the* wife of «beeei
Aebrated M,-Neckar<; . / •...>-. » j ! i ..- r,..i ./j
.. In 1758 be was permitted to return ta England, after.aii
absence of nearly five years. . tiis<£ttheF Deceived, him with
^wpr&ki^ws' tb^n he expected^ and. rgoieed iUilbesuc*<^
„ \
6 I B £ O Ni 4H
of.liii^.plan- of educataon* •. During bis .'^b^^nc'e' his.
father had married his second wife» miss Doroi^li^^a, Pattpn,
ichom hia son was prefpaved.to dislike^ butfoun<;l a^.amiable
aiid deserving woman. At home be was left- at liberty tpt
cMSsult his tdste in tb^ choice of place, conqp^^yi . atid
amuaementSy and bis excursions were bounded only t^y 4tbe
liitHts of the. island and the measure, of his income': . H^
bad now. reached his^twenty^first year ;. and some favoit ^f^i
foirts wercr made to procure him the employment of secret'
tary. to a foreign embassy. His atep^mother recommendedl
the study of the law ; but the former sdieme did not sucn
ceed, and' tbe*liybter he^elioed. Of his (ir^t two years in.
England, be pasaed about nine months in London, and the
remaiiider in the country* -But London had few charms,
except' the vcommoti on^s that can be pUrjchased. , ]His fa^^
tbcr *hi^. no fixed residence there, and no circles into
which'he Slight introduce his son. He acquired an inti-»
macy, bewever, in the house of David Mallet, and by his
Bseass.was introduced to lady Hervey^s parties. The want
•f soeiee^ aeems never to have given him much uneasiness^
nor does it appear that at any period of his life he knew
the nmery of: having hours which he could not fill: up. At
biafatber'a hous6 at Buriton, near Peter^field> in Hampi
aliire, he.eojoyed much leisure and many opportunities of
adding to his' stoick of learning. Books became more and
morertbe soucce of all his wishes and pleasures, and al*
thoffgh his father eiKleatoured to inspire hiui with a love
and kiiowledgei of farmidg, he could not succeed farther
tbm occasioMKy to obtaiu his cprnpany in sufch^ excursion^
aa Me usufeil. with ooutitry gentlemen.
., The* leisure be oould borrow from his moife.. regular
p^n of fttuidj^ was employed \ty. perusing the worka of the
beat English -authors since - the revolution^, ip hopes that
the purity of his own language, corrupted by;;the l<^ng use
of'afonsigU.idloitiy might be restot^. Of: Swifi and Ad-
dison, wb^iwer^e ^econHneiide<i by Mallet, he s^en^s toiti.t
ii$ettm v^luei plrai&ing Swift iQr his manly o^tgioal [vigpurj
dfid Addic^m iQrf).el€gan<2o> ^tfHii nii)dn«w^i.,\T;bi«i perjB^ft^
iMa]M«tfw#9 ib^l^r^ui latig^^ge, an^jl: w:ejl-:tqrpetl p^i
mdi of ft^bc^tsiw^^dflftimedihiwowitfi/tbeifti^t^^
tbAtbi9/i»ight>!nne|d8^y'trfea4>iu bi« fftotti}^..,:]?ut.^barn§^tf
M-ke^-mdifit^ tlii^ 4oi(e fwi^.^W^iitti and;4tFd4i«Qi)irT^bfr$¥}n
tsi^H9MM^'^^t9Avf^n as M :k(»e«^h!P^ t9 .a{^pr<$^i%(^ theea^
G G 2
4S§ GIB B O N2
tuckldl when h^ beiOftmi^ a writer of hisforyi wdforMidd a
style [^<$illiar to himself.
In 1T0) bis ftifst j^^uMication made itr appeanmtiiy ntfdeilr
ebe titte 6f *< E^sfti stif Petade de la iitterature^^' t sm^ltt
toldme ift¥ ISttlOt P«irt of this tvact been wrkten at Lmb'
sanne^ ind tbeiHi^le eontpleted in London. Hetonttik^
Dn Mity, a man of ettteiisive learnifig and jad^^ent^ who
encooraged him to ]iiibli^h the work^ bat tbft be myiM
hkre prob&b)y delayed fof some time» bad tio« his father
insisted upon it> ibinktag ^t some pfoof of tkerary talents
might intirodikie hfrn to public notitfe. The design of this
es^ay was td prove thn&t all the fffcahies ef the mind may
be exercised and ditspl'Ayed by the Mody ef anoieiil Ktera«
inre^ in oppositfoA to i>'AtemberVfttid oi?herfc of the French
enc^yclopedist^j #tit> <36Rtended >^r that Mwpbileisopby
that ha^ ^Inee pfbdiu^d stfth- ihn^t^rabto ce«feec{ifeifee^.
He introduces^ however> a vati(»ty ^f wpits «ot imme^
diately eottneeted'with ttii», and evlnt^s that Ut the atwdy
6f the belles tettfeS and ih ^ritielslh^ bis range wai^iar
more eiitt^sive thati coeld have bten e^cpeeted from bis
years. His styte approaiihes to tb&t ef ¥ohfa)t<e> and' h
often Itthiehfic^tid and flippAtitj af»d the bebt eMcms^ liMit
can be offered foY his^ v«i«^ting in l^^hcb^ i$^ that h40f)i^fi*
liipatebjett f^\tMi t» the Ihetdtinre of tliatf eotfntiy, with
wt%h he 9eems to court an alliance; aHd liitfa which tt is
ceitain he #M mofe fa^MK^r Ihhn'aalh i^m ^ f?liglafid^
This essay aciCordinglj was praised in the foreign jocffni^
but attract!^ t^ijr little nmite at home,' i^i»d wks ^Mm for->
goiteh. Of Its iMerit^ be sp^k« it^ bif f\l«#Miitfa; widi a
mixture of praise and biame> but the formei* firedoiMaMti^
Md vdfh jiistice. Had the Ffehch* laitg#ft|ge ite^en tbM as
eofbmon iti the liteWwy world as it is iiov^r, so eitf aofdMaijf
Hk produetioh* fnfom 'a yeuiVg nrnnwmld have tui^eilfery
high expectirtfirns.^ ' ' ' / . : * ' :
Abotit the time wh iefn WI9 ei^sa^f iippearedv ttr. eiblyofi whs
hiddced to embrec^ tile ftiHttaty profi^stotiii ^ -He ^as ap*^
pointed d^^dih of the ^oafh b2(ttalion of the ffampibit^
^ilitia^ Md for t^ yeahi ktfi a half evidmred'^ a wtadetw
tfig lii^ of n^lh'tkr^ ser^tKdlh^^: It^ < ts sel^^ lte« the tte^
moit^ iiMF'ik^K^era^y ^chati^tei^ a/k^ enlt¥en«d h^^ itictdeiit
like this.' ^r.Gibfoon> n^ tAsiy b^ eispeet^^^MuM aM
divest biV mih^^^ itis old halbit^, iand tbet«efore eiidMrMr«d
te iifiit^ %lm wA^i^t a^d the sobolhr. He '&tMiMed>«h%^rt of
W^rintbe Ml^tnlftifes MUitd^^sof «fcablfu9*Mtiili^'{M;^M^
© I B B O W. 453
;fhlMi4t), yfhUfi ffl^m tbe diacapUoe and eTolutiims of a mo**
.4era baft^lioii) be was acquiring a clearfir- notion of ti|^
pbal^iHf smm) iba legion, and what he aeena lo hmre n^alned
^ i1t# (uM wortb, a mPFe intimatis knowl^dg^ of the woM,
a4»d siiph an iocreaae of acquaintance as made him better
Jm^owa ^ban be oo^ld have been jn a much longer dine,
Ivul be r^gulariy paaaed hia aumoiers at Burilon, and Ua
Mrintera in London. He anatched idso aome boars ffom hk
military dul^iea for study, and upon tkB whole, altfaoiig|i
be do^s imH look back with much pleasure on this period of
bia lifj^ he perasits the reader to sn^ik at the advanta^
which ^be historian of the Roman empire derived from
the captain of the Hampshire grenadiers. At the peace in
1768-3, bis regiflseilt was disJbanded, and be reaum^ his
/^udie^ tbo regularity of which bad been ao much interi-
rup^^di that h^ apesJta.of new entering on a new plm.
After bentating, probably not long, heiween the matfae*
ffWics And the Greek language, be gavs the pvefiareiioe to
^e latter, and pursued his reading with . vigour^ But
whatever he inaad or studaedt be appears to have read and
jitodied with a' view to historical joomposilion, and he as>i>
jw^d to the gharatMerof a historian longbefene he eouUl
li|C Mpop a suIp^ocI* The time was faveurpfaJe to Mn Gib^
^oo^s i^mhvtio^. . He was daily witneasing the criunnphs of
Huqi^ ^nd Hohertson, and hie prphehiv bought that a
sutyeGt only w^s wa&ting to form his claim to equal hoi*
flours.
Doling bis service in the militia, he revolved several
^uhject^ tm hiaiorical eomposiiCion, ajul i^y the variety
pf theqii it does aot appear that he had any .particular puri-
yoae Co serve, or preconceived theory ,to whioh facts were
to h^df yAinong the subjects he has enumerated, we find
.ibfU expedition of Charles VIII. of France into Italy^*-^the
crusade of Hichard I. — the barons* wan against John and
Jienry III — the history of £dward the Black Prince*«^be
lives^ with comparisons of Henry V^and the emperor
Titus-TT*tbe life of sir FhiUp Sidney, and that pf the mar^
quis of Montrose. These were r^^qted in their turns, but
bfi dwelt with rather mofe fondness pu the life ctf sir Wal*
fm Rftieigb ; and when that was . discarded, meditated
either the bistovy of tfie Liberty ef the Swiss ; or that of
the ^ep^^ic -of, Florence under the boase of Medipis.
His dosigns were, hawser, now interrupted by a visit
^. t^, cwti^ei^t, which, aoooMiiag 4o custom, 'hi| father
454 C r^'B aST:
thought necemry to comply the i^diicattttn of aii*^ng'1fsfi
gentleman. Previous to bis' d^parttire MohtaimiSfli^ctim'
mendatory letters from lady Hervey, Horace Walpdle (the
izte lord Orford)y Mallet^ and the duke de Nivernois, to
various personsof disttncttoniti France. In ackhowledg-
ing the duke's services^ he notes a drcUmstbtice which
in some degree unfolils his own eharactery and exhibits
that superiority of pretensions from which hef neter de-
parted. " The duke received irte civiOy, but (perhaps
through Maty's fault J treated me more as a man of iet-
texs than as a man of fashion.** Congreve and Gray were
>weak enough to be offended on a similar account, but that
Mr. Gibbon, whose sole ambition was to rise to literary
fame, should have for a moment preferred the equivocal
character of a man of fasbion, is as unaccountable as it is
wcmderfnl that, atsn advanced period of life, he should have
recorded the incident.
In France, however, the fume of his ^ssay had preceded
him, and be was gratiBed by -being considered as a man of
letters^ who wrote for his amusement. Here he mixed
in familiar society with D'Alembert, Diderot, count de
'Caylus, the abb6 de Bleterie, Barthelemy, Rajmal, Ar-
naud,. Helvetius, and others, wbo were confessedly at tlie
head of French literature. After passing fourteen weeks
in Paris, he revisited (in the month of May 1763) his old
friends at Lausanne, where he remained nearly a year.
Among the occurrences here which he records with itiost
pleasure, is his forming an acquaintance with Mr. Holrdyd,
t)ow lord Sheffield, who has since done so much honour to
his memory, and whom be characterises as ^< a friend whose
activity in the ardour of youth was always prompted by a
benevolent heart, and directed by a strong understanditrg.'*
In 1764 be set put for Italy, after having studied the
geography and ancient history of the seat of the Roorian
empire, with such attention as might render his visit pro-
fitable. Although he disclaims that enthusiasm which takes
fire at every novelty, the sight of Rome appears to have
conquered his apathy, and at once fixed the source of his
fame. '* It was at Rome, on the 15th of October 1 764, as
he sat musing amidst the ruins of the capitol, while the
bare-footed friars were singing vespers in the temple of
Jupiter (now the church of the Zoccolants, or Francfecaa
friars) that the idea of writing the Declike and Fall of
Ibe city first started* to his mind.*' But thiH appears to Hare
\
G I B B O If. 46&
hmn inertly the effect of local emcMiiony for his plan wail
tbefi confitied to the decay of the citi/. In the 'hibnth^Jb£I
June 1765^ «fae arrived at his father*$ home, 'and seems 'to i
have entered on a life which afforded no incident^ or rodwi*
fer remark. The five years and a half which interveiiedH
between his travels and his father's death in 1770yibe in^^
forms us, were the portion of his life which he passed Withc
the least enjoyment, and remembered with the least satis*^^
faction. By the resignation of his father, and the death'
of sir Thomas Worsley^ he was promoted to the rank of
major and lientenant^obionel commandant of his regioient-
of militia, but was, each year that it was necessary to a&*'
tend the monthly meeting and exercise, more disgusted
with "the inn, the wine, the company, and the tiresome,
repetition of annual attendance and daily exercise." /s. <
Another si^urce of uneasiness arose from reflections on^
his situation. He belonged to no profession, and- had
adopted no plan by which he could, like his numerous ad-*-
quaintance, rise to some degree of consequence. He la^
mented that he had not, at a proper age, embraced the)
lucrative pnrsuits of the law, or of trade^ . the chances o0
civil office, or of India adventure, or even ^^ the fat slum-^
bersi of the church." Still, however, such a mind as his
was notfiormed to be inactive, and a greater portion of hii^
dissatisfaction appears to have arisen from an ipipatieoce to
acquire fame, and from the extreme length of those prQi>*
spects which the various designs he formed had presented.
He yetcontemplated the Decline and Fall of Home, but
at an awful distance ; and in the mean time, as somethings
more within his grasp, he resumed his study of the veyolqu
tions of Switzerland, so far as to execute the first book of
a iustory. This was read in the following winter (1767) to
a literary society of foreigners in London, who did not
flatter hiBi by a very farourabie opinion ; yet it was praised
by Hume, who. endeavoured only. to dissuade him from ther
use of the Fcenteh language. The: opinion, however, qf
the foreign critics to whom he had submitted this, attempt^
prevailed over thatiof Hume, and he renounced the design
of continuing it .The>maDuscript is. now in thevpossessioo
of lord Sheffield.'.
In 1767 he joined with Mr. Deyverdun, a Swisis ^eptl^
man then in England^, and a man of taste and critical
JknQw4edge,\le whom, he wa& m^ch attached, in publislfing
a .3i(ei!aK|:< Jiittvnal^ in iaiitation uf Dn Maty's <> Joiardal
^ss oibbdin:^
BntaDfW|oe.*' Tb«|F eittitkd it ^ U%mmxH LitetMim dbb
la Grand Bretagne." Two Totomes only .of ibb ^rkxk ivenh
publiflhed, and met wtCb ^ery tittle tncdwogfimtQU Mu
Gibbon acknowledged baviAg reviewed lord Lytfeehon'a
History in the first volume* The fnaMriaU of a third vo*'
lume were almost eompleted, when he reoonuaended hia
G6a«l)Qtor JDteyirerdub as traTelltng gonrernor io lir Richard
Wcnlejf ab appotntoieiit virhicfa tei'mioabed ihe *^ Memoirea
Litnrhires." Mr. Gibbon's next performance ^iras an ab-
ttek on Dr. Warhorton, which he eondemna for its «e-
Tsrity and for its cowardice, while he hrings the kestimony
of some eminent scholars to prore thai 14 was successful
and decisive. Warburton'S hypothesis on the descent of
^Cneas to hell had long been applauded^ and if not uni«
versally idopted^ had not been answered duritig a space of
thirty jrears. It was the opinion of this learned writer,
that the descent to hell is not a false, hot a aumio scc»ie
which represents the initiation of £neasy in the obaracMr
of a law-giver, to the Eleusinian mysteries. Mr* Gtbbon,
on the contrary,, in his ** Critical Ohsetvations on tho Sisih
Book of the^oeid," 1770, endeavoured to prove^ that
the ancient law-givers did not invent the. <iiy8terie% and
that JElneas never waa invested, with the office of law--giyer ;
^at there is pot any argument, any ciroiimstance, whiah
can melt a fable into allegory^ or remove the scene fima
the Lake Avernos to the temple of Ceres ; that saah a wild
supposition is equally injurious to the poet and the man.;
that if Virgil was not initiated he. could not, if he; worn,
he would not, reveal the secrets of the initiation ;. aod that
the anathema of Horace (tv/afo qui Cererif sttcrmm^ migtniU
be] at once attests his own ignoranoe ..and the ianoceaoe
of his friend. All this might Imve been argued in desmt
and respectful langoage, but Mr< Gibbon avows that his
Ikostility was against the person as we)! ea the hypo-
thesB of ^* the dictator and tyrant of the world <^ litera-
ture,'* and with the acateness of th« oritie^ be sherefove
determiaed to join the acrimony of the ^fMdemic.. In his
more advanced years he affects, to oregrist an ttnaasoiy
attack nppn one who was no longer abia to defend hiouoUF,
but be is unwilling to part with the reputalSon: to wbiohibe
thought his pamphlet ^entitled, or to conoeal the prslife
which professor Hey ne bestowed 01^ .'it. j «. i . *
After the dciath of bis &tber in I770y an^ evont>wiMh
left him the sole disposer of bis time and aaciini^liMfl^ ^e
G I B'B OrN. isf
Amn teridnrij to the Got»po%ttioti of his eelcibvated'
hutory. For aomo years he bad reirolved the subject iti* ^
bU miuAf and bad read^very thing with a view to tbis great
undertaking) which bis election for the- borough of Les-
keard in 1775 did not tnucfa interrupt. The ftrtt volume
was pttUisbed Feb. 17» 1776, and received by tbe public
wiib sttcb aridity^ that a second edition, in Jtine^ and a
cbiid aoon after, wiH'e scarcely adequate to tbe demand.
To me hk own language, bis book was on every table,
attd almost on every toilette : the bisttnian was crowned
by tbe taste or fashion of the day. From tbe ample ptaises
dF Dr. Robertson, .and t>f Mr, Hume, be ajb^pears to have
derived more substantial satisfacdon. Hume anticipates
tbe objections that would be made to tbe fifteenth and
erxiMntb chapters, with bis usual arrogance and contempt
of religion. ** When I heard of your undertaking (which
was some time ago) I own I was a little curious to see how
you would extricate yourself from tbe subject of your tw6
last chapters. I think you have observed a very prudent
temperament ; but it was impossible to treat the subject so
aa not to give grounds of suspicion against you, and you
nay expect that b damour will arise. Thid, if any thing,
will fsetard your sucoess with the.public ; for in e^ry other
respect your work is calculated to be popular. But among
many odber marks of decline, the prevalence of sop^rstittoh
in England prognosticates the fall of philosophy and decaj^
of taste ; and though nobody be more capable than you to
swvive them, you will probably find a struggle in your fin(t
advances.*'
Mr. Gibbon's refieetions on this subject, in his Memdiri,
ave not very intetUgible, unless we consider him as employ •^
ifig irony; He amets not to ihave believed that the ma«-
jority of Englisb readers were so fendly attached even to
the name a»d Abadow of Christianity ; and not to have
foreseen that the piotts, thetimkl, ahd tbe prudifntw^M
feel, or affect to* feet, with such exquisite sensibility. If
bis bad foiween all this, be eondescends to itifbi'm us that
^^ be aright; liave ttoitened the two iavidkms cbaptevs.^* He
seetns to rejoice that ^ If tbe voice of our priei^ts waa eliU
monmt and biMsr^ ibelr haMs wer« disanned from tbe
•pbwer of peiteoution ;'' and adbensd to tbe resolution of
trusting hiaaself and Ma writing* to the candoor of tbe pub»
He, until Mv< Davis, of Oxford; presuttied toattiick, ^« not
' die fiiitb, but the fidelity of tbe historian.** He then pqb-^
453 GIB fi 0;N.
liibed hia << Vindication/' whiob^^ be gftyi^ ^ exfressive of
, lens anger than contempt, amused for a while che> busy' and
idle metropolifl." Of bis otber^antagomstB ^be speaks with
equal contempt, << A Tiotory over such antagonisHs was a
sufficient humiliation.*' It is noty h<iwever9 quite certain
that be obtained this yictory ; the: silence of an author is
nearly on a, par with the flight of a warrior, and it is evi-
dent that the contempt which Mr. Gibbon has so lavishly
poured on his antagonists, in his '^ Men^oirs," has more of
passionate resentment than : of conscious superiority. Of
his 6rst' resentment and his last feelings, he thus speaks:
" Let me frankly own, that I was startled at the first dis«
charge of ecclesiastical ordnance ; but, as soon as I found
' that this empty noise was mischievous only intbe intention,
my fear was converted into indignation ;, and every feeling
of indignation or curiosity has long since ' subsided into
pure and placid indifference."
It may not be unuseful to give in this place the titles at
* least, of the principal writings which his bold and disin^
genuous attack on Christianity called forth* These w^re,
1. ^< Remarks on the two last Chapters of Mr. Gibbon's
History. In a letter to a friend." (See Art. 8*) 2. ^* An Apo«
logy for Christianity, in a series of letters, addressed to
Edward Gibbon, esq. By R. Watoon, D. D* F. R. S. and
regius professor of divinity in the unitsersity of Cambridge"
(now bishop. of Llandaff), 1776, 12mo. 5. <^ The History
9f the-ebtablisbment of Christianity, comfiiled from Jewish
and Heathen authors only ; translated from the French of
professor Bullet, &c. By William Salisbury, B. D^ with
nole^i by the translator, and s some strictures on Mr. Gib-
bon's Account of Cbristianity, and its fii^t teachers," 1776,
8vo. .4. '^ A Reply to the. reasonings of. Mr« Gibbon in hia
History, &c. which. seem to affect the truth' of Christianity,
but have not been noticed in the answer which Dr. Watson
\^ih given to that book. , By Smyth Loftu% > A. M. viear of
Coolock," Dublin, 1778, 8vo. 5. << Letters :on the pre-
valence of Christianity, before its civil establisbmenu .With
ohiervations on a late History of the Decline of the RoBiafi
, Empire. By East Apthorpe, M. A. vicar of Crpydon, 1 778,
&V0. 6., ^^ An Examination ol the:Fifte^itfa and Sixteenth
Chapters of Mr. Gibbon's History. Jn which his viewofi
the progreas.of the Christian religion iasfaoiirni to befpunded-
on the misrepresentation of. the anthora hr cites ; imd. qtf^
G I B B O *J. 459
tnefons instances of fais inaeetttacy aad^ (dagiarismare pto-
duced. By Henry Edward Davis, B. A. of. Baliol college,
^Oxford,'* 1778, 8\ro. 7. *< A few Remarks On the History
Hit the 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; relative
■chiefly to^he Two last Chapters. By a gentleman^'* '8vo.
-8. <* Remarks on the Two last Chapters of Mr. Gibbon's
'History. By James Chelsum, D. D. student of Christ
Cknrotr, Oxford, and chaplain to the lord bishop of Wor-
cester: the second edition enlarged,*' 1778^ 12mo/ This
is a'seeood edition of the Anonymous Remarks nyenlioned
in the first article, and contains additional remarks by Dr.
Randolph, Lady Margaret's professor of divinity in* the
university of Oxford.
Mr. Gibbon's Vindication now appeared under the title
p{ ** A Vindication of some passages in the Fifteenth and
Sixteenth Chapters of the History of the Decline and Fall
of the Roman Empire. By the author," 1779, 8vo. This
was immediately followed by 1. ^< A short Appeal to the
public. By the gentleman who is particularly aiddressed in
the postscript of the Vindteation," 1779-1780, 8vo. 3. « A
Reply to Mr. Gibbon's Vindication ; wherein the charges
-brought against him in the Examination are confirmed,
«nd ftirther instances given of his misrepresentation, iriac*
curacy, and plagiarism. By Henry Edward Davis, B. A.
of Baliol college, Oxford," 1780, 8vo. 3. « A Reply to
Mr. Gibbon's Vindication, &c. containing a review of the
errors still retained in these chapters. By James Cfaelsum,
D^D. &c." 1785, 8vo.
The other most considerable works levelled at the His-
tory, upon general principles^ were, 1. ^^ Thoughts on the
nature of the grand Apostacy, with reflections and obser-
vations on the- Fifteenth Chapter of Mr. Gibbon^s History.
By Henry Taylor, reetor of Crawley, and vicar of Ports-
fiioathin Hampshire, author of Ben> Mordecai's. Apology
for embracing Christianity," 178U2, 8v6. 2. ^^Gibbod^s
Atdcouot of ChristisRHty considered; together with some
Btrietunes on -Hmne's- Dialogues concerning Natural Reli-
gidn. By Josepb Milner, A. M. master of the grammar*
school of Kingsion-upon- Hull," 1781, 8vo; 3. << Letters
^o Edward' Gibboa, esq. in defence of .the authenticity of
the 7 th verse of the vth chapter of th.e First Epistle of St.
yohn. 5y George Travis, A.M." 1784, 4to. 4. "An
Ittqiii#y into 4ha Secondary Causes- Which Mr. Gibbon has
460 O I B:B'0 N*
ftiftigo^. Hf die flipid gfi»m^ of Cbmtiftm^* By m
Davy Dalrymple'* (lord iUibfl»)^ 178#, Mo.*
Id addition to these aotagonivts, it may be meoiiMMHl
t^t Df. Priestley ead^vour^ to provoke Miu Gibbon to a
controversy* The letters whicb passed betweoa thaes aro
xepubUsl^ed in tbe ]VleoK>irs» and are intcreatMig becraise
Jiighly cbamcteristia pf bplJsi parties. The litenuy wodd
h^ seldoei aeen poleeaic tarboieeoe aod soeptiet} ajrogasinr
ao ably contmatrdf Of aU Mr* Gibbon's aiitagotiiata» iie
speaks with respect only of Dr. Wataon« Davis^ it m
evidcMitt gave him most uneaainess^ because he waa able
to repel, but a few of tbe many ic^barges that writar bnanght
against him. In sound, manly reasonings dear, pcvspiK
cuousy aiid welUfoundedy wkbottt an atom of eontfoversial
asperity^ sir David Dahymple's Inquiry excels ; aod may
perhaps be coasidered aa oompAately proving^ what it
is of most importaoce to prove, that Mr. Gibbon's astadL
on Christianity waa unnecessary as to its comiectaon
5rith bis histdry, aod is disiageoiiotts aa to tbe mode im
which he conducted it. . The ooBAroversy waa upon the
.wbolb beneficial ; the public was pot upon its guards aod
through the thin veil of lofty coutempt,. it is very ewlent
^bat Afr^ Gibbon repented that be had made atfalse flifttmase
of the pobhc opinion on the subject, of religion. »
, The prosecution of his history ^waa for some time checked
by all employmeui of a different nature, but for which hb
jtalenta. were thought prefeiuble to that of any writer odfm-
nected with administration. At the request of the minbteis
of atate> he waa ioduced to amUFer a manifesto which tbe
.French court had issu^ agaiaat Great Britam, prepara^^ory
tp war.. This Mr Gibbon ably aocompUshed in a **:Vb^
inoifse . Justrficatif^". composed in Ereoch, which was -de*'
Itvercvl ; as a state paper tMy the courts of £orope. For this
service beuras appointed one of ihe ictfda.eomnmsianefB
of trude and plaolaiiopis, . a place wpiah about T^dHitf. car SOOl
la. year, the dJutifa oif ^ribicb were iioit.ivsffiyardoona; itta
acceptance of thiaplaee, ha informs u% pwvekedraomeof thai
leaders of the o|qpeaitimiy jHth whom he bad Uifed in habits
of intimacy, and l)e was niiyastiy aecuaed of deserthsg a
parly^ifi. which be. had noferealisied. . At ibe genuffal ^eei-
^ lo his third volume Mr. Gibbon Travis aiidressed '** IJetteui to Ed«f^
iMik an ofportmiity to ^tvty thfr an- GJW>t«, esq.'** irfiidi were ^swered'b^
Uiefiiiei^ ^ jki9 Tene. t itlkm v» 1» air.|>rafcMDS Bn*0O( aad pratooia'a
** For there are three/' Itc. lo tup- cootrovcrsy of considerable warmtk .
port of dm veney Mr. Archdcaooa
GIBBON. 461
linii^ howtf^etf in 1780, he lost bis MMii in parKameti V th^
voters, of Leskeai4 being dUpiMied to favour an oppoailiiod'^
cattdidaie^
.. In April nil be published the second and third irolumeft
ef his bisibory, which excited as mncb' attention^ although
kesa^soiltfoveny, than his first Tolnme. They were written
jteitb- more caution, yet with equal elegance, and perhaps
mtte prooft of just and profound thinking. His affection
for bit .week, appears to have been too warm to permit him
to .estonaie the leeepkion with which these volumes were
boQoiinidk He speaks, ia> his Memoirs, of what no persort
.aoqoaittted with the literary history of that verj Irecent
peneid can remetnlMer, of ^* the coldness and even pr^n^
dice of the town." It is certain, and it is saying much,
that tfaey wave received with a degree of eagerness and
appn6bati(m proportioned' lo their merit : but two Votames
are njQt s0r speedily sold as ene, and the pvomise df a conl
.tinuation^ while it gratified the wishes of his admirers^
aeoessasily suspended that final senteweeupon which the
ijBSBeo£she work wtts ukiosateely to depend.
Soon after the meeting of the new perliantent, be wai
ebostm, on-a vacaney, to repTcment the borough of Ly*
vsiagleii in Hampshire, bot the admrrtistrdtion to which he
hadattkched himself was mm -on its decliue, and with its
Mi tbe.jbeard of trade was abeltsbed, and ^ he was stripped
^. aiaiMivenjeot salary, after having enjoyed it about three
yeaorK^' Amidst ti»e eeisvubioos of parties which fc^ow^d
the dtssoltttion of lord Ntsrsh^s ai^mimistratfeti, he adhered
todrotCDoUsHSiiffiraaapriiicipte of gratkude, but he ob-
laiaediis leturoionly promises of distant ailvancement^ while
te/fenad dMitiaii sMlditional ineome was ia^aiediately ne*
odssarjr to /euable him to distntsmtbe styteof Kvingto
the. had been accwstoofed* And sacil at the sam^
srfBluaiiadMRsrenee towards frablic business, and such
Ut'eageoieBS locpursae ins studies, that no additiofnat in*
oaiQe wmild btiflm been aoeeptabie, ^if earned at «he ex*
pemve ef pkurhamentary ataendMee, 'or effittial duties.
.>fcii'thikidileasma, lAfr. Oifaton turned bis thoughts once
moMi te bis beloved «La«saone«> Ptum his earliest know-
ledgw of ithat country, 'kle bad always che^i^ed' a secret
wish^i that the scbodl of -his yomtb might become the re^
treat vf bis ilecliuing'jagey^ where a moderate fbrtune would
seoonBtdUebtessilnigs of- ea»e^ leisure; and independence.
Uis^oidifioend Mr. Dey v^lrdun was 'U^w settled there, an
4^ G I 8 B O; N; .
ipduoeveDt of no inall attnctioti ; and to bim he coidhmi*-
nicatedhu designs. Tbe armngemenis of friends are soon
adjusted, and Mr. Gibbon, having disposed of all his i^
/epts, except hia library, bid adieii to England, in Sep-^
Member 1783, and arrived at Laosaane nearly twenty years
after bis second departure. His reception, was> soch «)5^ b»
lexpected and wished, and the comparative adivantage#*>of
bis situation are thus stated, nearly in his own words. ' 'Httt -
pef^onal freedom bad been somewhat, impaired by. tb^
house of commons and by the board of trade, botihewM
now delivered from tbe chain of duty and dependcfiieey
from-the hopes and fears of political adventure ; im woher
nugd waa no longer intoxicated by the fumes .of ipsofty^
and he rejoiced in his escape, as olten aa< he read of 'the
midnight debates which preceded the dissolution of- par*
)ian>efnu . His £nglisb oBconomy had i^een that of a seiiiiaiy *
bachelor, who might afford some occasional dinners^ 'In
Switzerland hei enjoyed, at ev^ meal, at every hour,^ the
free and pljeasfint conversation of the friend of bis youth ^
and bis daily table was always provided.for tbe recepuoft'
fi[.o9^ or '.two. eixiraordinary. guests. In LoadoD he «^af
Josj ii))tbe crowd ;< bo* be rankedi with tbe 6rst{famiii«»^fl
IffiVls^nae, .and his style of prudent expence enabled: bim
to imainlsio a fair balance of leeipiocal.ctyilities. instead
of ;a,si9>all house-betweeo a street and a staUe^ysnd, he
occifipjied a apacioua and convenient oiansion, cenoeoted
po.tbe north side with the city, asd open,, to ithe souths
to a beautiful and bouodleas^boctaon* . - • .
Iajt;bis(9at%lQgue of advantages,* we iBay.perceiv«>SGni€^
vh^t, of aaprioe and weakness, :aod. it may centaiiAy' be^
ccoiij^b^ured , that a man of* bb*iol:enial j*eso«rcea'jfiigte
^^ve discQveriad siMatioQS<in £nglaad^ bothadc^ited'to the
purposes of c^conomy and retirement,' and yieldoijg ioMf'^
.vak.o(:aooiety. rBnt from, his sBhsequentjneaiailca; itfttp*
pea]^9 tb^t .he waa, either iipm ^pride ton modesty,, asrfscie . to
the GOfaipany of his litersiry'aiSQcis^be^i andiprefisnedpiin
his'hqu^s qf >relasiation, tkuH ^eMnpanyin'whidi. theooaw
venation leads, tii>t. tordisisoifsi«l,. .^t jtotthetebrohangdi of
muitual kindness and eftfeajvneatsij* Ilil:thia.petha|ss be^is
nqt.^ii^gqlar; and in idiilibiBg 4blie /polemical. inm» which
literary cpnverflatibn too lrequeiltfe)h tstketi, ; be is not) to be
flamed. What was 4nest oomqn^tpd^ble^t Ikvweiiery :aod
what constantly piiedpmiflaAed'itt4hetmif»(d ofiGibbot^irwas.
^crease of knowle^e. ^ /Prodi /tbi^t^jLia^/ndopiiltike. of
GIBBON. 463
vfeatiiNi ooald Iwve diverted him, and whatever his friends
or tbeistaite mighthttve done for him, hiroivn ncbeme, the
CGtnii^nt wish and prayer, of his heart, was for a situation
in. which books might be procured.
He remained at. Lausanne about a year^ before he re*
sttmed hisvhistery, which he concluded in 178^7. This
e?«nt is racopded by him in language which it would be
absurd to change^ because it is personally characteristic^
and of which' no change could be an improvement. — ^^ I
have presumed to mark the moment of conception : I shall
now cemmemorate the hour of my final deliverance. It
w$s on the d^y^ or rather night, of the 27th of June, 17S7,
between, the-hours of eleven and twelve, that 1 wrote the
last linea of the k»t page, in a summer-house in my gar^
den. After lading down my pen, I took several turns in
a b€f*ceauy er covered walk of acaotas, which commands a
prospect of the country^ the lake, and the mountains. The
air waa temperate, the sky was serene, the silver orb of
(be.- moon ^ was. reflectisd from the waters, and all naturd
was^aUeet. I. will not dissemble the first emotions, of joy
pU'lbe recovery' of my freedom, and, perhaps, the esta-
UiMHsaeiitof mjrf £ame. . But my pride was soon: humbled,
and a scber melaiidholy was spread over my mind, by the
idea that I htu!;. taken an everlasting leave of an old and
i^reeable companion, and that whatsoever might be the
future date of my History, the life of the historian might
be short edMirprecarioiis. I will add two facts, which have
seldom occurred in the composition of six,- or at least of
five^foarlQSi .1. My rough- manuscript, without any inter-
BUsdiatfi copy^ has been sent to press. 2. Not a sheet has
beieiivaeeo by aagr human, eyes, excepting those of the
author. and tke printer; the faults and mferits are exclu*
•ivelymy onvn*."
• With the manuscript copy of these volumes he set out
{mmx JLaiMaoDe^ and at the end of a fortnight arvived at the
houfte of -his :frif»d lord Sheffield, with whom he resided
ditrtog the.lvbole of his stay in England. Having dis-^
ppted of t^e copyright to. his liberal publisher, the late
^K4 GadeU, . and the whole having been printed, the day
• Extract from Mr. Gibbon's Com- 1786. The Vlth Volume, begun Ma|(
mpn-place book:— The IVth volume of 18th, 1786, eiided June 27th, 1787.
tiiie . ttuftoff of Um D«<liiid ttnd Fall «€ These three volumes were sent to prest^
the I^naa.Kippijre, b^ua Masch Is^ Aug. 15th, 1787, and the whole, ioi'^
I78t2, ended June 1784. The V'th Vo- pression was concluded April follow-
lftfiie>'begunJdiir19S4,eii4edMay'}st, ' in;;.
494 gibbon;
0f pol^lkation^ b^ infomvi us, wa* dela^NMl, tiiat it night
qouicide with tbe 6fty*firit annivenaiy ^f lu« hifth^zjf
May 8y 178(9^ whaa tlie doubb festml wm. cdebraMd by
a cheerful literary dinner at Mr. Cadell's bcMise^ On this
occasion soiee elegant atansas by Mr. Hayley «mva read,
at which» Mr. Gibbon adds, f< I scened tohlush.'t .
Tbe sale of tliese volumes was rapid, but the author
had a more formidable host of orities to cnoounteir than
when he first started, and his style underwent a more rigid
examination. He tells us himself that a reHgious olnmour
was revived, and the reproach of tmkceney loudly teheed
by the oeosors of morals. Th« latter, lie professes hift
cQ^ld never uod^rstand. Why he should not undemtatud
what was equaUy obvious to hia ad«irera and to hiaoppok
^ n^nts, and has been censured with equal asperity by betb,
is a question which oemiot be aeawered by supposing Mi*.
Gibbon defeetive in the oommoh powers of dcscernmeat,
Persisting, bowevery in his surprize, he oflSste a Tindioa^
tion of the indecent notes* appended to< these velwoies,
^hich priJbiably never made one convcvt. He sayathat all
the Uoeufbipus passages ar^ieCttetheebseuritycf a learned
languagie.;' but he forgets that Greek end Latin are taught
at every school; tlsat sensuality- may: be eftectnally ce(i«
sured without being mtontely deaeribed; aud-tbat^itiis-not
historically juat to exhibit individual vieea^as a general
picture of the enanaers ef an age et people;
In the preface to his fourth voluaae, he enbesinced his
appvoathiflg return to the neighfaourhood of: the lake of
Lausanne, nor did his year'a viait to Englahfid onee hsdece
him ^ aker his resolution. He set out aeoordingiy, « lew
w^ks after the publication of his history, and seonie^
gained his babitatiouf wbece, he informs sw, after Urf uH
repast on Homer and Aristophanes, he invoWesl hnnaelf in
the philcksbphic mazes of the writings of 'Plate. But the
happiness be expected in his favourite setmat' was cenii«
der^bly lessened by the death of his friiend Deyiverdun ;
wliile the idfeorders of refVDkitiDnaTy Frafioe heg$ki so m*
termpt the general tsaoquilUty that had tong> prevailed ie
gn^tzerlaod. Tffoops of emigraaas Hooked to Laosamie,
and brought with them the spirit of political discussion,
not guided by reason, but inflamed by passion and preju*
dice% The language of disappointment on the one hand,
and of presuntption on the othter, marketf'tk^ fise of two
parties, between whom the peacf fial enjoyoien^ of neaiiy
three centuries were fin?tlly destroyed.
GIBBON^ 46»
1 Mt$ Gibibon xnmd at Lausanne, Jnly SO, 1788. Of
bb. ^mptoy meat during his stay, we have little account.
It appears by bis correspondence that be amused himself
by i¥iuting a part of those ** Memoirs of his Life " which
Iprd Sheffield iias since given to the public, and he pro-
jected a series of biographical portraits of eminent £ng«
lifliflDea from the time of Henry VIII. but in this probably
iia. great progress was made* His habits of industry, he
teik US, became now much impaii%d, and he had reduced
bis studies to be the loose amusement of his morning hours*
He remained hece^ however, as long as it was safe, and
Html 4he murdeci of the king of France, and the waf in
which Great Britain was involved, rendered Switzerland
ao longer an asylum either for the enthusiast of literature^
or the viotiaa of tyrumy.
He left Lausanne in May 1793, and arrived in June at
lord Sheffield's house in Downing-street, and soon after
settled,' for the summer, with that nobleman at Sheffield
plaee. In October he went to Bath, to pay a visit of af»
focMoob to Mrs. Gibbon, the widow of his father, and to
Aitberpi the seat of lord Spenser, from which he returned
to Lcmdofr, and fbr the 4int time avowed to his friend lord
Sheffield, by letter, the cause of the decay of his healthy
whic^ he bad hitherto concealed firom every humaii being,
except a servant, although it was a complaint of about thirty«-
three years standing. This was originally a rupture, which
had BOW produced a hydrocele^ and required immediate
chirurgicai aid« Tapping procured some relief for a time,
but bis constitutioir could no longer divert, or support the
discharge. The last events of his life are thus related by
his*faiogyapher:
^f :After I left him, on Tuesday afternoon (Jan. 1 4> 1 794),
he sawam&e company, lady Lucan and lady Spenser, and
thought himself well enough at night to omit the opiunt
dmught, which he bad been used to take for some time.
H0 slept very indifferently ; before nine the next morning
he pose, but could not eat his breakfast. However, he
sheaved tolerably well, yet complained at times of a pain
in hfa stomach. At one o^elock he received a visit of an
JkMif from madame de Sylva, and at three, his friend Mr.
Crauford of Auchinames (whom he always mentioned with
paitiMlair regard), called, and stayed with him till past
five o'clock. Tb^y talked, a» usual, on various subjects ;
and tfif^nty boars before his deaths Mr. Gibbon happened
Vol. XV. H h
465 G I ]6 B O N.
to fallf into a conversation, not uncommDn with fiiai^ onr
the probable duration of his life. He said, thai he thought
himself a good life for ten, twelve, or perhaps twenty
years. About six, he ate the wing of a chicken, and drank
three glasses of Madeira. After dinner he became very
uneasy and impatient ; complained a good deal, and ap«
peared so weak, that his servant was alarmed. Mr. Gib^
bon had sent to his friend and relation, Mr. Robert Darell^
whose bouse was not far distant, desiring to see him, and
adding, that he had something particular to say. But^
unfortunately, this desired interview never took place.
^' During the evening he complained much of his sto«
macb, and of a disposition to vomit. Soon after nine, he
took his opium draught, and went to bed. About ten he
complained of much pain, and desired that warm napkins
might be applied to his stomach. He almost incessantly
expressed a sense of pain, till about four o'clock in the
morning, when he said he found bis stomach much easier.
About seven, the servant asked, whether he should, send
for Mr. Farquhar ? he answered. No ; that he ^as as well
as he had been the day before. About half past eight, he
got out of bed, and said that he was < plus adroit'' than h^
had been for three months past, and got into bed againiy
without assistance,' better than usual. About nine, he
said that he would nse. The servant, however, persuaded
him to remain in bed till Mr. Farquhar,. who was expected at
eleven, should come. Till about that hour he spoke with
great facility. Mr. Farquhar came at the time appcnnted,
and he was then visibly dying. When the vaiet de chambrc
returned, after attending Mr. Farquhar out of .the room>
Mr. Gibbon said Pourguai est ce qtu vous me quittez ? This
was about half past eleven. At twelve, he drank some
brandy and water from a tea-pot, and desired his favourite
servant to stay with him. These were the last words he
pronounced articulatdy. To the last he preserved his
senses ; and when he could no longer speak, his servant
having asked a. question, he. made a sign, to shew him that
he understood him. He was quite tranquil, and did not
* Btir ; his eyes half-shut. About a quarter before one, he
ceased to breathe. — ^The valet.de chambre observed, that
Mr. Gibbon did not, at any .time,- shew the least sign o£
alarm, or apprehension of death ; and it does no^t appear
that he ever thought himself in danger, unless his desire
to speak to Mr. Parell may be c<msid^red ia that light/'
' Other reports of Mn Gibbon's death were circulated alt
the time, but the above proceeds from an authority which
cannot be doubted. The religious public was eager ta
know the lasf sentiments of Mr. Gibbon on the important
point which constituted his grand defect^ but we fiud that
ibere were no persons near him at his death to whom that
^as a matter of curiosity | and it appears that he did not
think his end approaching, until he. became incapable of
collecting or expressing bis thoughts. If he has^ there*
fore, added one more to the number of infidels who have
died in full possession of their incredulity^ letit be re^
teembered that, as he saw no danger, he bad no room to
iftisplay the magnanimity which has been ostentatiously
ascribed to dying sceptics.
Mr. Gibbon was a man of so much candour, or so inca>
pable of disguise, that his real character maybe justly
^appreciated from the Memoirs he left behind him.^ Ife
discloses his sentiments there without the reserve he has
■
put on in his more laboured compositions, and has detailed
his mental failings with an ingenuous minuteness which is
seldom met with. He candidly confesses to the vanity of
•ab author, and the pride of a gentleman; and we may
allow that it is the vanity of one of the most successful
authors of modern times, and the pride of a gentleman of
amiable manners and high accomplishments. At the same
time, it cannot be denied that his anxiety of fame some*-
times obscured the lustre of his social qualities, parted him
too widely from his brethren in literature, and led him to
speak of his opponents with an arrogance which, although
uniformly characteristic of the cause he supported, was
* yet unworthy of his general cast of character. His con^
versation is said to have been rich in various, information^
communicated in a calm and pleasant manner, yet his
warmest admirers do not give him the praise of . excelling
' in conversation. He seldom brought bis knowledge for-
wards, and was more ambitious in company to be thought
a man of the world than a scholar. In parliament he never
< ventured to speak, and this probably lessened his value in
the eyes of an administration that required the frequent
and ready support of eloquence.
But although he has disclosed much of his character in
his Memoirs, there are some points left unexplained about
-which it would be important to be better informed. He
appears to be anxious to exhibit the peculiarities of his
HH 2
4«$ gibbon:
temper, and the petty habits 6f bis Ufe, and be has girenf ,
tuch ample details of the progress of bis studies, from the
first casual perusal of a book, to the completion of bia
history, as no scholar can peruse without interest and ad«
■liration. But be has not told ut much of the progress of
opinions in his mind* His conversioo to pqpery is a boyish
whim, which can never be contemplated in the grave Ughf
in which he has represented it» His returned to protest^
antism is related with nune breri^ and obscurity* What
passed in his mind during his first years of maturity, we
know not,, but on the publication of his History, we find
him an implacable enemy to Christianity, without the pre*
tence of a quarrel, or any previous declaration of ho8tili<"
ties. It has been justly remarked by professor Porson, that
'* he often makes, where he cannot readily find, an occasion
to insult our religion, which he hates so cordially, that be
might seem to revenge some personal injury.'* But by
what train of reading, or interchange of sentiments, he
acquired this inveteracy, he has not thought proper to in*
form ua. Left to conjecture, it is not unreasonable for us
to suf^iose, that his intimacy with the French writers oa
the side of infidelity, and particularly with Helvetius ; and
the correspondence he carried on with Hume^ to whom he
looked up with the" reverence of a pupil, induced him ta
think that the more he departed from the Christian belief,
the nearer he approached to the perfection of the philoso-
phical character.
As a historian, the universal acknowledgment of the
literary world has placed him in the very highest rank; and
in that rank, had his taste been equal to his knowledge, if
his vast powers of intellect could have descended to sim-
plicity of narrative, he would have stood without a rival*
But in all the varied charms of an interesting and pathetic
detail, and perhaps in the more important article of fidelity,
he is certainly inferior to Robertson as much as be excels
that writer in extent of knowledge, and in the comprehen-
sive grasp of a penetrating mind. If he is likewise supe-
rior to Hume in these respects, he falls short of what he
has himself so admirably characterised as *^ the careless,
inimitable beauties*' of that writer. Hume told him very
candidly and justly, that bis study of the French wiiters led
him into a style more poetical and figurative, and more
bfghly coloured than our language seems to admit of in
historical compoiitioli. We find^ ia bvi correlspoiuleiice.
^ . -
GliBON. i€9
tjbat dttrittg bis first residence abroad, he bad almost en-
tirely lost his native language, and although he recovered
it afterwards, during the twenty years he passed in Eng-^
land, yet his reading was so much confined to French
authors, that when he attempted English composition, he
every where discovered the turns of thought and expres-
^on by which his mind was imbued. It has been asserted
that his style has the appearance of labour,, yet we know
not how to reconcile much effort with his declaration, that
the copy sent to the press was the only one he ever wrote.
His labour might be bestowed in revolving the subject in
his mind ; and as his memory was great, he might commit
it to paper, without the necessity of addition or correction.
By whatever means, he soon formed a style peculiar to
himself, a taiixture of dignity and levity, which, although
difficult at first, probably became easy by practice, and
even habitual, for his Memoirs are written in the exact
manner of his History, and the most trivial events of his
life are related in the same stately periods with which he
embellishes the lives of heroes, and the fate of empires.
His epistolary correspondence is in general more free from
stiffness, and occasionally assumes the gaiety and familiarity
suited to ibis species of composition.
In 1796, Mr. Gibbon's friend, lord Sheffield, published,
in two volumes quarto, his ^* Miscellaneous Works,'* with
those ^' Memoirs" composed by himself, to which we have
so often referred. This publication contains likewise, a
large collection of letters written by, or to, Mr. Gibbon ;
abstracts of the books he read, with reflections ; extracts
from the journal of his studies ; a collection of his remarks
and detached pieces on different subjects ; outlines of hit
History of the World ; a republication of his ^^ Essai sur
I'Etude ;" critical observations on the design of the sixth
book of the £neid ; a dissertation on the subject of
r Homme au Masque de Fer; <' Memoir Justificatif pour
servir de Reponse a TExposS de la Cour de France;'' his
vindication of his History; antiquities of the house of
Brunswick ; and an address to the public, on the subject
of a complete edition of our ancient historians.
Of these miscellanies, his journal, abstracts, and remarks,
are the most important and curious in a literary point of
view. They contain much valuable criticism, and exhibit
such a plan of industry as perhaps few men have ever
pursued with equal ardour. His labours approach to what
4i0 GIBBON.
we read of the indefatigable scholars of the sixteenth aifd
seventeenth centuries ; and they may instruct scholars 6f
all ages, and especially those who rely on the powers of
genius only, that no station of permanent eminence can
be reached without labour, and that the indolence and.
waste of time in which the sons of ardour and imaginatioa
indulge, ^' will make knowledge useless, wit ridiculous^
and genius contemptible." "
GIBBON (John), an ancestor of the preceding, and a
heraldic writer,- was born November 3, 1629. He was
son of Robert Gibbon, a woollen-draper in London, and
a member of the Cloth-workers' company, by a slaughter
of the Edgars of Suffolk. Having spent some time in Jer-*
«ey, he was sent to Jesus college, Cambridge, but after-
wards became a soldier, and went to the ^Netherlands, to
France, and in 1659 add L660 was in Virginia. He pro-<
cured the appointment of blue-mantl6 by the patronage o£
sir William Dugdale, then norroy. His patent was givea
only during pleasure, and he never received any other. 'At
his death, in 17 — ^ be was the oldest o6Scer at arms, but
thought himself ill-treated in never having farther promor
tion. To assist in maintaining his family he kept a schboL
He was a learned, but imprudent man,, injuring his best
interests by an arrogant insolence to his superiors in the
college, filling the margins of the books belonging to the
library with severe reflections upon their conduct, couched
in quaint terms, and with silly calculations of bis own na-
tivity. H'e despised theip for not having had so classical
an education as himself, and he supposed his destiny so
jixed by the stars which presided at his birth, that good or
JU behaviour could never alter it. These were weaknesses
which shaded bis e^^cellencies. His ^^ Introductio ad La«
tinam Blazoniam, an essay towards a more correct Blazoa
in Latin than formerly hath been used,^' was a work which
did hiin the highest credit : it was printed in octavo, in
1682. He wrote two sipall tracts also, in the French lan-
guage, entitled, " Christian Valour encouraged," exhort*
ing the king of France to join the Venetians in their design
upon the Morea, and to attack the Turks, and leave Ger-r
many alone. He likewise wrote " Day Fatality ;" " Unio
Pissidentiiiin ;" *^ Prince-protecting Providence^;" ^'Edr
^^rdus Confessor redivivus." *> Satan's welcome/* 1679^
' Shel&eld's }iife cf Gibbon^ 2 rols. 4to.
GIBBON. .471
«ud ^^ Flagellum^ercurii Antiducales." He also diligently
collected, oi>t of various authors, a particular aceount of
the great and invportant services oif heralds of former times,
which he styled " Heraldo Memoriale," the heads of which
came afterwards into the hands of Maitland, to be inserted
in his History of London. *
.GIBBONS /{Orlando), an eminent composer of church
xnusic in the reign of James I. was born in 1583, and at
the age of twenty- one was appointed organist of the cha-
S el* royal. In 1622 he was honoured at Oxford with a
octor's degree, in consequence of the strong recommen-
dation of the learned Camden. Previously to this he had
published ^^ Madrigals of five parts for voices and viols,^'
London, 1612 ; but the most valuable of his works, which
are still in constant use among the best productions of the
kind, are his compos|.tions for the church, consisting, of
services and anthems.* Of the latter, the most celebrated
is his ^^ Hosanna." He also composed the tunes to the
Lymns and songs of the church, translated by George Wi-
thers, as appears by the dedication to king James I. In
1625, being commanded, tx officio^ to attend the solemnity
of the marriage of his royal master Charles I. with the
princess Henrietta of France, at Canterbury, for which
occasion he had composed the music, he was seized with
the small-pox, and dying on Whitsunday, in the same'
year, was buried in that cathedral. — ^His son, Dr. Christo-
pher Gibbons, was also honoured with the notice of
Charles I. and was of his chapel. At the restoration, . be-
sides being appointed principal organist of the chapel
royal, private organist to his majesty, and organist of
WestQ)inster-abbey, he obtained his doctor^s degree ia
music at Oxford, in consequence of a letter written by his
majesty Charles II. himself, in his behalf in 1664. ^ His
compositions, which were not numerous, seem never to
have enjoyed a great degree of favour ; and though 9ome
of them are preserved in the Museum collections, they
have long ceased to be performed in our cathedrs^ls.— Or-
lando Gibbons had also two brothers, Edward and Ellis,
the one organist of Bristol, and the other of Salisbury*
Edwar^d was a Cambridge bachelor of music, and incprpo?-
rated at Oxford, 1592. Besides being organist of Bristol,
be was priest-vicar, sub-chanter, and master of the choirist-
> Noble's Plist. of the Colles^e of Arms.— Gent. Mag. vols. UCII. aad LXXVI.
473 GIBBONS.
ers in that cathedral. He was ^worti a gmilemm of tfa^
chapel, March 21, 1604, and was the master of Mattheur
Lock. In the " Triumphs of Oriana,'* there are two nia-r
dtigals, ' the one in five, and the other in six parts, com«
. posed by Ellis Gibbons, Of Edward Gibbons, it is said»
that in the time of the rebellion he assisted king Charles L
with the sum of one thousand pounds ; for which instance .
of his loyalty, he was afterwards very severely treated by
those in power, who deprived him of a considerable estate,
and thrust him and three grand-children out of his house^
though he was more than fourscore yeans of age. ^
GIBBONS (Grinling), an eminent carver in wood, and
a statuary, supposed to be of Dutch parents^ was bom in
Spur-alley in the Strand. He lived afterwards in Bell^sa-
Tage court, Ludgate-hill, where he carved a pot of flow-
ers, which shook surprisingly with the i^otion of the
coaches that passed by« There is no instance, says lord
Orford, of a man, before Gibbons, who gave to wood the
loose and airy lightness of flowers, and chained together
the various productions of the elements with a frectidisor-
der natural to each species. He lived' afterwards at D^ptr
ford, where Mr. Evelyn, discovering his wonderful talent^
recommended him to Charles II. who gave him a place in
the board of works, and employed him in the chapel at
Windsor. His carved work. here is done in lime-tree, re-
presenting a great variety of pelicans, doves, palms, and
other allusions to scripture history, with the star and gar-
ter, and other ornape^ts, finished with great perfection.
At Windsor too, he c;ar,^ed the beautiful pedestal in mar-t
1)le, for the equestris^ statue of the king in the principal
court. The fruit, fish, implements of shipping, are all
e:Squisite ; the ba$e of tb^ figure at Char ingr cross, and the
statue of Charles II. in the .Roj^al-exchange, were also his,
ai^d probably the.bra^n statue of James II. in the Privy-»
garden, for there was no other artist of that time capable
of it ,
Gibbons made a magnificent tomb for Baptist Noel vis-
count Camden, in the church of Exton, in Rutlandshire ;
it cost lOOO/. is twenty-two feet high, and fourteen wide.
Thfere are two figures of him and his lady, and bas-reliefis
©f "their children. The same workman performed the
wooden throne at Canterbury, which cost 70/. and was the
I Hawkins's and Burney's Hist, of Music — and the latter *m Rees's Cyctopedia^,
GIBBON 8. 47S
donationof archbishop Tenison. The foliage in the choir
of St. Paulas is of his hand. At Burleigh is a noble pro-
fusion of bis carving, in picture frames, chimney-pieces,
and door-cases, aitd the last supper in alto-relievo, finely
executed.' At Chatsworth, where a like taste collected
ornaments, by the most living eminent masters, are many
by Gibbons, particularly in the chapel ; in the great anti-
chamber are several dead fowl over the chimney, finely
executed, and over a cioset*door, a pen not distinguish-
able from real feather. When Gibbons had finished his
works in that palace, he presented the duke with a point
cravat, a woodcock, and a medal with his own head, all
preserved in a glass case in the gallery. In lord Orford*s
collection is another point cravat by him, the art of which
arrives even to deception, and Herodias with St. John's
head, alto-relievo, in ivory. In Thoresby's collection was
.Elijah under the juniper-tree, supported by an angel, sir
inches long and four wide. At Houghton, two chimneys
are adorned with his foliage. At Mr. Norton^s, at South-
wicb, in Hampshire, was a whole gallery embroidered in
panneli by his hand--rbut the most superb monument of
hiji skill is a lan'ge. chamber at Petworth, enriched from th6
ceiling, between the pictures, with festoons of flowers and
dead game, &c. all in the highest perfection and preserva-
tion. Appendant to one is an antique vase, with a bas-
relief of the purest taste, and worthy the Grecian age of
cameos. At the earl of Halifax's, at Stanstead, is a chim-
ney-piece, adorned with flowers, and two beautiful vases.
The font in St. James' church in white marble, was also
the work pf Gibbons. It is supported by the tree of life ; ^
the serpent is offering the fruit to our first parents, who
stand beneath; on one side of the font is engraven the
Baptist baptising our Saviour : on another, St. Philip bap- '
tising the Eunuch : and on the third, Noah's ark, with thd
dove bringing the olive-branch, the type of peace, to man-
kind. The chancel, above the altar, is enriched with some
beautiful foliage in wood, by the same great artisL
Gibbons died August 3, 1721, at his house in Bow-
street, Covent-garden, and in November of the following ,
year, his collection, a very considerable one, of pictures^
models, &c. was sold by auction. Among other things
were two chimney-pieces of his work, the one valued at
100/. and the other at 120/.; bis own bust in marble, by
himself^ but the wig and cravat extravagant ; and an original
«4 & J B B O N S.
of Simon the engraver, by sir Peter Lely^ which had been
much damaged by the fall of Gibbons* bouse. ^
GIBBONS (Richard), a learned English Jesuit, was
born in Winchester in 1549, and going abroad, became a
man of considerable consequence in his order. Besides
filling some ecclesiastic posts, he was professor of philoaor
phy and divinity in Italy, Spain, Portugal, |it Toulouse in:
France, and lastly at Doway, where he lived during his
latter years, and employed his leisure time in publishing
editions of various works from MS3. illustrated with notes.
He died there June 21, 1632. His works are, 1. ^^Nicolai
Harpsfeldii Hist. Eccles. Angliae." 2. " Opera divi iEIredi,
abbads Riavallensis, Cisterciensis,'* Doway, 1631, 3vo.
3. ^VDivi Amadsei, Episc. Lausannae, de Maria virgine
matre, HomilisB octo,'^ Audomaropoli (St. Omer^s), 12aio,.
4. '^ Vita beati Gk>s¥ini, • &c.'' 5. ^^ Summa casuum con-
sciential Francisci Toleti cardinalis,*' with notes. 6. " F.
Ribera; Comment, in dupdecim propbetas minores,*' Doway,
1612, &c. &c.'
GIBBONS (Thomas), a pious dissenting divine, was
born At Reak, in tbe parish of Swaffham Prior, near New-
market, May 31, 1720. His father, of both his names,
was for some years pastor of a congregation at Olney, in
Buckinghamshire, and afterwards of another at Royston in
Hertfordshire. He received his early education in Cain*
bridgesbire, and in 1735 was placed under the care of Dr.
Taylor, at Deptford. After going through a course of
preparatory studies, he was ordained, according to the
forms among tbe dissenters, in 1742, and appointed assist-
ant preacher at the o^eeting in Silver-street. In this situ-
ation, however, he did not continue long, being in 1743,
galled to the pastoral charge of the independent congre-
gation at Haberdashers' hall, which he sustained the whole
of his life.
. He became an author very early, publishing in 1743
** Poems on several occasions,'^ which were followed by
other productions in tbe same style. It was perhaps Dr.
Gibbons's foible that he fancied himself a poet, and in
consequence was all his life composing hymns, elegies,
&c. on occasional subjects, without any of the inspiration
6f genius. In 1754 he was elected one of the tutors of the
dissenting academy at Mile^^end; the sciences be taught
« WslpbU^s Anecdotes of Painters, fcc. * Alesambe.-pDodd't Qi. fliit.
GIBBONS. 475
irere logic, metaphysics, ethics, and rhetoric, and he U
said to have taught them with applause and success. la*
1759 he was chosen one of the Sunday evening lecturers at
Monkwell-street, which he probably held as long as that
lecture continued to be preached. The following yeaf he
received the degree of M. A. from the college of New Jer-
sey in America; and in 1764, that of D. D. from one of
the colleges in Aberdeen. Among his most useful publi-
cations were, his " Rhetoric," published in 1767, 8vo, and
his ^< Female Worthies, or the Lives and Memoirs of emi-
nently pious women,*' 1777, 2 vols. 8vo. In 178a he
published ^* Memoirs of the rev. Isaac Watts, D. D.'* 9vo,
and assisted Dr. Johnson with some materials for the life
of Watts in the " English Poets." Dr. Johnson always spoke
of Gibbons with respect. He died Feb. 22^ 1785, of a
stroke of apoplexy. Dr. Gibbons was a Calvinist of the
old stamp, and a man of great piety and primitive manners.^
After his death three volumes of his ^^ Sermons on evan-
gelical and practical subjects," were printed by subscrip-
tion. He published also, in his life-time, besides what
have been mentioned, various sermons preached on funeral
and other occasions ; and some practical tracts. ^
GIBBS (James), an eminent architect, was the son of
Peter Gibbs of Footdeesmire, merchant in Aberdeen, and
Isabel Farquhar, his second wife ; he was born about the
year 1674, and was educated at the grammar-school and
the Marischal college of Aberdeen,' where he took the de-
gree of master of arts. Having, however, few friends, he
resolved to seek his fortune abroad; and about 1694 left
Aberdeen, whither he never returned. . As he had always
discovered a strong inclination to the mathematics, be
spent some years in the service of an architect and master-
builder in Holland. The earl of Mar happening to be in
that country, about 1700, Mr. Gibbs was introduced to
him. This noble Jprd was himself a great architect; and
finding his countryman Mr. Gibbs to be a man of genius,
he not only favoured him with his countenance and advice,
' but generously assisted him with money and recommenda-
' tory letters, in order, by travelling, to complete himself as
jEih architect.
Thus furnished, Mr. Gibbs went from Holland to Italy,
^ ;^Hand there applied himself assiduously to the study of ardhi-
'^1 '^'rrtitditt«iit DUMmn^tn' Magazine, vol. H.-r-DaTieg* Fi^neral Version for Gib-r
I^ODSy 1*785, 8to.
476 GIBBS.
tecture, under the best masters. About 1710 be came to
England ; where be found his noble patron in the ministiy^
and highly in favour with the queen. Lord Mar intro-
duced him to his friends as a gentleman of great knowledge
in his profession ; and an act of parliament having been
passed about this time for building fifty new chnrches, Mr.
Gibbs was employed by the trustees named in the act, and
gave a specimen of his abilities, in planning and executing
8t Martinis church in the fields, St Mary's in the Strand,
and several others. Being now entered on business, he
toon became distinguished; and although his generous
patron had the misfortune to be exiled from bis native
country, Mr. Gibbs's merit supported him among persons
of all d€nomiuations, and he was employed by persons of
the best taste and greatest eminence. The Radcliffe li-
brary at Oxford, begun June 16, 1737, and finished ia
1747; the King's college. Royal library, and Senate-
house, at Cambridge; and the sumptuous and elegant
monument for John Holies, ' duke of Newcastle, done by
order and at the expence of his grace^s only child, the
countess of Oxford and Mortimer, are lasting evidences of
his abilities as an architect. Some years before his death,
he sent to the magistrates of Aberdeen, as a testimony of
his regard for the place of his nativity, a plan of St. Ni-
cholas church, which was followed in the re-building of it,
and which was probably among the last of his performances.
As he was a bachelor, and had but few relations, and
was unknown' to these, he bequeathed the bulk of his
fortune, amounting to about 14 or 15,000/. sterling, to
those he esteemed hb friends. He made a grateful re-
turn to the generosity of his noble patron the earl of Mar^
by bequeathing to his son the lord Erskine, estates
which yielded 280/. per annum, lOOO/. in money, and all
his plate. His religious principles were the same with
those of his father, a nonjuror ; but he was justly esteemed
by good men of all persuasions, being courteous in his be-
haviour, moderate with regard to those who differed froin
him, humane, and charitable. He died on the 5th of
August, 1754, and was buried in Marybone church.
In 1728 he published a large folio of his designs, by
which he realized 1500/. and sold the plates afterwards for
400/.*^
1 Life origiaally published in the Scotch MagaziQe.-^Walpole's Anecdotes.
G I B E R T. 477
GIBERT (BlLTHASAR), an elegant French scholar, was
born January 17, 1662, at Aix in Provence. He took a
bachelor^s degree in divinity, and was appointed professor
of philosophy at Beauvais at the age of twenty-four, and
professor of rhetoric four years after, at the Mazarino
college, in which the exercises began 1688, and wer^
opened by him with a public speech. He Blled this chair
with much credit above fifty years, and formed a great
number of excellent scholars, by whom be had the art of
making himself beloved. He was several times rector of
the university of Paris, and. defended its rights with zeal
and firmness. In 1728 he succeeded his friend, the cele<-
brated Pourchot, as syndic of the university ; and it was
in this character that he made a requisition in the general
assembly of the university in 1739, by which he formed
an opposition to the revocation of the appeal which the uni«*
T^rsity had made from the bull Unigenitus to a future couu^-
cil ; which step occasioned his being banished to Auxerre.
He died in the bishop of Auxerre's house, October 28,
1741. His principal work is entitled, ^< Jugement des Sa*
Tans, sur les Auteurs qui ont trait6 de la Rh^torique,*^
S vols. 1 2mo. He also left ^< Traits de la veritable Elo-
quence,^' and ** Reflexions sur la Rhetorique," in 4 books,
where he answers the objections of P. Lami ; ^^ La Rhe-
torique, ou les Regies de TEioquence," 12mo, the best
work the French have upon that subject. '
GIBERT (John Peter), LL. D. and D. D. a learned
canonist of the same family as the preceding, was born at
Aix in 1660. He first taught theology at the seminary of
Toulon, then at Aix, and settled in Paris 1703. He re-
fued all the benefices which were oiFered him, and spent
fats life in deciding cases of conscience, and questions in
the canon law. He died December 2, 1736, at Paris.
His chief works are, ** Institutions Ecclesiastiques et Bene-
ficiales.'* The best edition is 1736, 2 vols. 4to. " Usagea
de PEglise Galiicane, concernant les Censures et Tlrregu-
larit^,'' 1724, 4to. '* Dissertation sur Tautorit^ du second
ordre, dans le synode diocesain,'' 1722, 4to. '^Tradi-
tion, ou Hist, de PEglise sur le Sacrement de Mariage,**
1725, 3 vols« 4to. *' Consultations Canoniques^ sur les
Sacrements en g6n^ral, et en particulier,'^ 1725, 12 vols.
12mo. ** Corpus Juris Canonic i per regulas natural! or-
dinfi dispositas, &€.'' 17S7, 3 vols, fpl.",
* Moreri.— Diet. Hist.-— Saxii OBomast. * Niceron> vol. XL.— Moreri
47S G I B.E RTU S.
GIBERTUS, or GIBERTI (John Matthew)^ an eiiii-^^
nent patron of literature, was born at Palermo, and in lui^
youth distinguished himself in the literary court of Leo X;
Clement VII. appointed him bishop of Verona at an eaHy.
age ; but as he was long resident at Rome, or employed
on missions of the highest importance at the ecdeaiastical'
state, Caraffi, who was afterwards Panl FV. was deputed^
to manage the concerns of his bishopric. At length, in^
die jpontificate of Paul III. Gibertus returned to his duH
cese, where his public and private virtues rendered him an
ornament to his station. Hia palace was always open to
men of learning, whether Italians or strangers ; and a con*
siderable part of his great revenues was munificently em-
ployed in the encouragement of letters. He was aUbeial.
patron of Greek literature, and had new Greek types east
at his own expence. He also employed under his roo^
a number of persons in transcribing MSS. and defirayed the
charge of publishing several excellent editions of the works
of the Greek fathers, particularly a beautiful edition of
Chrysostom's Homilies on the epistles of St. PauL He died
Dec. 30, 1S43. His works, with his life^ ^nere published
at Verona, 1733. He is deservedly celebrated in the
*^ Galateo** of Casa, and is the subject of the poem of
Bembus, entitled *< Benacus ;*' and various other contem/^
porary poets have paid him the tribute of praise which he
so well merited ; nor is it small praise that he was the firm
opponent of Peter Aretin, and used all his efforts to strip
the mask from that shameless impostor. ^
GIBSON (Edmund), bishop of London, son of Edward
Gibson, of Knipe in Westmorland, was bom at Bampton
in the same county, in 1669; and, having laid the foun*
dation of classical learning at a school in that county, en-
tered a scholar of Queen' s-college, Oxford, in 1686. The
study of the Northern languiEiges being then particularly
cultivated in this university, Gibson applied himself vigo-
rously to that branch of literature, in which he was assisted
by Dr. Hickes. The quick proficiency that he made i^^
peared in a new edition of William Drummond's *^ Polemo*
Middiana," and James V. of Scotland's ^ Cantilena' Rustic
ca:" which he published at Oxford, 1691, in 4to, with
notes. His observations on those facetious tracts afibrd
proofs both of wit and learning. But his inclination led
<rres8w«U'« Folitiail«^Tirabo«cbi«— Rosco^'s Leo.
GIBSON. 479
liim to more solid studies ; and, io a short time after, he
translated into Latin the ^^ Chronicon Saxonicum,'^ and
published it, together with the Saxon original, and hi$^
own notes^ at Oxford, 1692, in 4to. This work he under-
tbok bjT Ibe advice of Dr. Mill, the learned editor of the
* Gneek Testament," in folio ; and it is allowed by the
teamed to be the best remains extant of Saxon antiquity^
The same year appeared a treatise, entitled, <^ Libroruot
Manuscriptorum in duabus insignibus Bibliothecis, altera
Tenisoniana Londoni, altera Dugdaiiana Oxonii, Cata*
logus.'* Edidit E. G. Oxon, 1692> 4to. The former
part of this catalogue, consisting of some share of sir
James Ware's manuscript collection, was dedicated to
Dr. Thomas Tenison, then bishop of Lincoln, as at that
time placed in his library. He bad an early and strong
ibclination to search into the antiquities of his ooun«
try; and, having laid a necessary foundation in the kiiow-
ledge of its original languages, he applied himself to theni
for some years with great diligence, which produced his>
edition of Camden's '^ Britannia," and other works, no-*
ticed hereafter ; and he concluded, in this branch of learn*
ing, with '< Reliquiae Spelmannianse, or the Posthumous
works of sir Henry Spelman, relating to the laws and an«^
tiquities of England," which, with a life of the author, he
published at Oxford, 1698, folio. This he likewise dedi-* /^
cated to Dr. Tenison, then Abp. of Canterbury ; and pro-< /^aaj /fot
bably, about that time, he was taken as domestic chaplain ^ c/
into the archbishop's family : nor was it long after, that we ^^^ y^'^^nfr'
find him both rector of Lambeth, and archdeacon of Surrey. JftJS^ %h^
Tenison dying Dec. 14,' 17 15, Wake, bishop of Lincoln, a ^
succeeded him ; and Gibson was appointed to the see of ftfC /Zj9
Lincoln. After this advancement, he went on indefati-^
gably in defence of the government and discipline of
the Church of England : and on the death of Robinson, in
1720, was promoted to the bishopric of London. Gib-^
9on's talents seem to have been perfectly suited to the par-
ticular duties of this important station;, upon the right
management of which the peace and good order of. the
civil, as well as the ecclesiastical, state of the nation so
much depend. .He had a particular turn for business,
which he happily transacted, by means of a most exact
tnethod that he used on all occasions : and this he pursued
with great advantage, not only in the affairs of his own
diocese in England, which be governed with the most
i\
480 G 1 B S O iJ.
precise regularity, but id promotiug the spiritual affairs of
the church of England colonies, in the West-Indies, Thd
ministry, at this time, were so sensible of his great abili-^
ties in transacting business, that there was committed tp
him a sort of ecclesiastical ministry for several years ; and
especially during the long illness of Abp. Wake, almost
every thing that concerned the church was in a great laear
sure left to his care*
The writer of his life, among many instances which he
declares might be assigned of his maJ(^ng a proper use of
that spiritual ministry he was honoured with« specifies
some few of a more eminent kind. One was his occasional
recommendation of several worthy and leaned persons to
the favour of the secular ministry, for preferments suited
to their merits. Another, that of procuring an ample ^n-r
dowment from the crown, for the regular performance of
divine service in the royal-chapel^ at Whitehall, by a sue*
cession of ministers, selected out of both universities, with
proper salaries, who are continued until this day, undei;
the name of Whitehall preachers, in number twenty-*foary
who officiate each a fortnight. A third, that he constantly*)
guarded against the repeated attempts to procure a repeat
of the corporation and test acts. By baffling the attack*
made on those fences of the church, he thought he secoredl
the whole .ecclesiastical institution; fojr^ it was bis fixed
opinion, that it would be an unjustifiable piece of pre^
sumption to arm those hands with power, that might possi-
bly employ it, as was doue in the days of our fatbers^
r^ " against the ecclesiastical, constitution itself. He was en-
tirely persuaded, that there ought always to be> a legal
establishment of the church, to a conformity with which
some peculiar advantages might be reasonably aqnexed :
and at the same time, with great moderation and temper^
be approved of a toleration of protestaut dissenters; espe«
cially as long as they keep within the just limits of con-
science, and attempt nothing that is highly prejudicial to,
or destructive of, the rights of the establishment in the
church. But he was as hearty an enemy to persecution,
in matters of religion, as those that have most pc^ularly
declaimed against it.
Lastly, one more service to the church and clergy, per«
formed by the bishop of London, was thought worthy of
their grateful acknowledgements; namdy, his distin#
guished zeal (after be hid animated his bcediren oa the
« «
GIBSON. 481
bench to concur with him) in timely apprizing the clergy of
the bold schemes that were formed by the Quakers, in order
to deprive the clergy of their legal maintenance by tithes ;
and in advising them to avert so great a blow to religion, as
well as so much injustice to themselves, by their early appli-
cation to the legislature, to preserve them in the possession
of thetr known rights and properties. But, though the de-
signs of their adversaries were happily defeated, yet it ought
ever to be remembered, in honour of the memory of the bi-
"fihop of London, that such umbrage was taken by sir Robert
Walpole, on occasion of the advice given by him and his bre-**
tikren to the clergy in that critical juncture, as soon termi-
nated in the visible diminution of his interest and authority.
The biographer of sir Robert Walpole allows that the
inveteracy displayed against this eminent prelate for the
conscientious discharge of his duty on this occasion, re^
fleets no credit on the memory of that statesman. His
esteem for Gibson had been so great, that when he was
Ireproached with giving him the authority of a pope^ he
replied, " And a very good pope he is.'* Even after theii^
disagreement, he never failed to pay an eulogium to the
learning and integrity of his former friend. About this
time, great pains were taken to fix upon this worthy pre-
late, the character of a haughty persecutor^ and even, of a
secret enemy to the civil establishment. To this end a
passage in the introduction to his '^ Codex,'' which sug-
gested the groundlessness of the modem practice of send-
ing prohibitions to the spiritual from the temporal courts^
was severely handled, in a pamphlet written by the re-
corder of Bristol, afterwards sir Michael Foster, as dero-
gatory from the supreme power and s^perintendency of
the court of king's bench; and other writers, with less
reason and no moderation, attacked our prelate in pam-
phlets and periodical journals. It is said also that he was
obnoxious to the king, on a personal account, because he
bad censured, with & freedom becoming his character, the
frequent recurrence of masquerades, of which his majesty
was very fond. Bishop Gibson had preached against this
diversion in the former reign : and be now procured aa
address to the king from several of the bishops, for the
entire suppression of such pernicious amusements.' In all
this his zeal cannot be too highly commended ; and to his
honour be it recorded, that neither the enmity of states-
men, nor the frowns of princes, could divert his attehtroa
Vol. XV. 1 1
4S2 GIBSON.
frbai tlie daties of bis pastoral office; some of which con-
sisted in writing and printing pastor^ letters to the clergy
and laity, in opposition \o infidelity and enthusiasm ; in
Tisftation-cfaarges, as well as occasional sermons, besides
iess pieces of a mixt nature, ahd some particular tracts
against the prevailing itnrooralitres of the age.
He was very sensible of his decay for some time before
his death, in which he complained of ft languor that hung
"about him. As, indeed, he had lAade free with his consti*
tution by incredible industry, in a long course bf study
Tind business of various liinds ; he had well nigh exhausiefi
his spirits, and worn out a constitution which was naturally
sb vigorous, that life might, otherwise, hate probably beeri
^JTOtracted. He died, however, ort September 6, 1748,
With'true Christian fortitude, an apparent sense of his ap-
proachiiYg dissolution, and in perfect tranquillity of mind,
tinging the intervals of his last fatal indisposition at Bath,
Wfcer'a Very short continuance there. His lordship was
hilamed, ind left several childt^n of 'each sex, who were
'aH handsomely provided for by hihi. In private life he
f)dssessed the Social virtues 1n un leihinent degree, and his
beneficence was tety extensive. Of this one remarkabTe
mstance is recorded by Whiston. Dr. Crow had left hirii
^500l, which our prelate freely gave to Dr. Crbw^ rela-
tions, who ivere in indigent 'ci^rcuinstahces. Recording
this story does Whiston more terfedit than his foolish liv-
ings against the l)ishop's " gross ignorance" of what he
calls " primitive Christianity/*
His works in the order of ptrbKcatioh were : 1. An ediv-
tion of Drumm6nd*s *• Polemo-middiana, 8tc. 1691,*' 4to,
already mentioned. '2. The **Chfonic6n Saxonicu'ro,'*
16^2, 4tb. S. ** LJbrcfrum Manuscriptorum ^atalogus,^
prrntfed the ^ame year at Oxford, 4to. 4. ** Julii Caesieiris
Pot'tiis fccius ifhistratns,^* a tract of W. Somner, with \
dissertation of bis own, 16'94.- 5. An edition of **'Quin-
tilian de Arte •Oratoria, with notes,"'Ox>n. l€93^ 4to. 6.
A ti'anslaftion of Camden's ^* Britannia" into English, 16^5,
folio, ^nd again with large additions in 1722, and 1772, t^6
vols, folio. 7. " Vita Thomsfe Bodleii Equhis Atitati, d»
Historfa BiWiothecse Bodleianse,** preffixed to ^t?&taldgl
Libroruni Manuscriptorum in Anglia & Hibernta ib nnUoQi
collect!,'! Oxon. 1697," folia 8. ** Reliquiae Spelmannii
anae, &c." 1698, folio. 9. "Codex Juris Ecclesiafetid
Anglicani, kcJ" 1*7 13^ folia 10. " A Short State of ^ome
G I B SO N. 41tti
^Maetit Qiie»tiOQ» Id C0iiyoc;ation/* 1700, 4tQ« 11. ^<A
letter to a Friend ia the Country, cooeemiog tjo^ Pro^
.oeedingsin Coiivocntiony in tb^ ye^itf 170Q and 170i»'*
J703| 4lo. 12. ^< Tfae Riglut of the Archbishop to con^
•tioue or prorogue the whole Convocation. A Summary of
ibe Arguments in favour of the 9aid right." 13. << Synon *
idus Anglicand, .&c." 1702. 14. ^^ A Parallel between a
Presbyterian Asaembly, and the ne;^ Model of an Englisk
ProvHicial Synod/' 4to. 15^ ^^ Reflections upon a paper
-entitled < The Expedient proposed,'" 4lo. 16. "The
Schedule of Prorogation revieii^ed," 4to. 17. " The pre-
tended Independence of the Lower House upon the Upper
House a groundless notion/' 1703, 4to. IS* " The Marks
of a defenceless Cause^ in the p^roceedings and writings of
the Lower House of Convocation," 4to. 19. "An Ac«
count of the Proceedings in Convocation in a Cause <itf
Contuaiacy, upon the Prolocutor's going into the couatry
iwithaut the leave oif the archbishop, comipenced April lO^
1707." All tbese upon the disputes in convocation, ex-
'Cept the " Synodus Anglicana," &c. are printed without
JoAs name, but generally ascribed to him. 2Q. " Yisksk^^
Aions parochial and general^ with a Senxion, and some other
Tracts.," 1717, 8vo. 21. Five Pastoral Letters, &c,
jDirections to the Clergy, And Visitation Charges, &c.
&va* To tbese may be added bis lesser publications asiid
tracts, viz. Family Devotion \ a Treatise against Intemkr
|>erance ; Admonition against Swearing ; Advice to per»-
isons who have been sick ; Trust in God ; Sinfulness of
neglecting the Lord's Day; again«t Lukewarmness itk
'fieJigien ; se«ia*al occasional Sermons. Remarks on part of
#, BiU brought into the house of lords hy tbe earl of Not^
4;i^l^am, Jn 1 72 J, entitled '^ A £iU for the more effectual
;Suppres&iGMi of Blasphemy and Profaneness," is also ai^
4Hribed to ibe bishop ; as is also ^^ The Case of addressing
Ahe £anl c^ Nottingham, for his treatise on the Trinity,''
f>ublished about the same time. Lastly, ^^ A Collection of
tbe principal Treatises against Popery, in the Papal Couf-
jtr^oiirevsy^ digested into proper h^tds and titles, with some*
iiprefac^ of bis own," Lond. 1738, 3 vols, folio. *
. GIBSON (Richard), commonly called the Dwarf, twm
^ painter 'of some eminence in the time o£ sir Peter Lely,
» Biog. Brit. Suppl. vol. Vll.-r-Wbiston's Life.— Cpxe's Life of Walj?oIe,—
-Cenmra. Ltterana^ vol. 11.
484 GIBSON.
to whose manner he devoted himself, aad whose pktimv
he copied very feitbfuUy. He was origioally servant to a
lady at Mortiake, who, observing that his genius led him
to painting, pat him to De Cleyn, to be instructed in the
rudiments of that art. De Cleyn was roaster of the tapes-
-try -works at Mortlake, and famous for the cuts which he
designed for some of Ogilby's works, and for Sandys's
translation of Ovid. Gibson^s paintings i» water-colours
were well esteemed ; but the copies he made of Leiyls
portraits gained him the greatest reputation. He was
greatly in favour with Charles I. to whom he was page of
the back -stairs; and he also drew Oliver Cromwell several
times. He had the honour to instruct in drawing queen
Mary and queen Anne, when they were princesses, and he
went to Holland to wait on the former for that purpose.*
He' married one Mrs. Anne Shepherd, who was also a
dwarf. * Charles I. was pleased, out of curiosity or plea'-
santry, to honour their marriage with bis presence, and to
give away the brider Waller wrote a poem on this occa-
sion, ^^ of the marriage of the dwarfs.'* Feuton, in his
notes on it, tells us, that he had seen this couple painted
by sir Peter Lely ; jind that they appeared to have been
of an equal stature, each of them measuring three feet ten
inches. They had, however, nine children, five of which
attained to maturity, and were proportioned to the usual
standard of mankind. To recompense the shortness of
their stature, nature gave this little couple an equivalent
in 4ength of days; for Gibson died in Covent-garden, in
his-75th year, in 1690; and his wife, surviving him almost
.no years, die^i in 1709, aged &9. — Gibson^s nephew^ Wil-
liam, was instructed in the. art of painting both by him
faad sir Peter Lely» and became also eminent His excel-
lence, like his uncle's, lay in copying after sir Peter Lely ;
although he was a good limner, and dr^w portraits for per-
sons d[ the first rank. His great industry was much to
be commended, not only for purchasing sir Peter Lely's
collection after his death, but likewise .for procuring
from the continent a great variety of valuable works^
which made his collection of prints and drawings equd;
to that of any person of bis time. He died of a lethargy
in 1702, aged 58. — ^There was also one Edward Gibsqk^
William's kinsman, who was instructed by him, and first
'l^ainted portraits in oil; but afterwards, finding moreen-
oouragement in crayons^ and his genius lying that way^ hit
GIBSON. AiS
*
:&ppKed bimself to them. He was in the way of becoming
A master, but died when he was young.'
GIBSON (Thomas), a native of Morpeth in Northum-
berland, , was famous in the sixteenth century, for the
studies of physic, divinity, history, and botany, in which
he made considerable progress. Bale bears witness to bis
character as a physician^ by saying, that he performed
ahnost incredible cures. He was a friend to the reformar^
tion, and wrote soipe pieces in defence of that cause, for
which he was obliged to become a fugitive in the reign
of queen Mary ; but, dn the accession of Elizabeth, re-
turned, and died in London m 1562. Among his work^
are, 1. " A breve Chronicle of the bishops of Rome's
blessynge, &c.'' a work supposed to be the same called by
others " The treasons of the prelates," in English ,rhym©,
Lond. iGmo^ printed by John Daye, consisting of only
eight leaves. 2. ** The sum of the acts and decrees mada
by divers bishops of Rome,'' from the Latin, i2mo, lip
date. 3. " A treatise behoovefuU as well to preserve the
people from pestilence, as to help and recover them, &c.'*
1536., 4to. The following remain in manuscript, ** An
herbal ;*' " Treatise against unskilful chemists, &c." " -
GIBSQN (William), a remarkable instance of thp
strength of natural powers usefully directed, and assidu-
ously employed, was born in 1720 at Boulton, a few miles
from Appleby in Westmoreland. By the death of his
father, he became an orphan, without friends, or educa-
tion even of the humblest kind, and hired himself to a far-
mer in the neighbourhood, with whom be remained some
years^ and then removed to superintend a farm at KendaL
Here, wh^n in his eighteenth, y^&r, being informed that
his father had been possessed 6f some landed property, he
spent his savings in making ink}qiry> and at last found that
it had been mortgaged beyond its value. He therefore
continued his occupation, and soon after was enabled to
rent and manage a little farm of his own^ at a place called
HoUins in Cartmell Fell, where h6 began to apply himself
to study, without perhaps knowing the meaning of th^
word. A short time previous to this, he had admired the
operation of figures, but laboured under every disadvan-
tage for want of education. His first effort therefore wa»
> Waipole'a Anecdotes.
f TaDn«r..««-Bale.«- Ath« Oz. toI. I.— i^ikm^s Biog. Memoirs of Medicincv
4i6 0 I B S O K.
to learn to read English ; and having accoraplished that to
a certain degree, be purchased a treatise on arithmetic.
This be carefullj perused, and although he could not
write, soon went through common arithmetic, vulgar and
decimal fractions, the extraction of the square and cube
toots, &c. by his memory only, and became so expert, that
he could tell, without setting down a figure, the product
^f any two numbers multiplied together, although the niuU
tiplier and the multiplicand, each of them, consisted of
nine plac^ of figures ; and he could answer, in the same
manner, questions in division, in decimal fractions, or in
tbe extraction of the square or cube roots, where such a
multiplicity of figures is often required in the operation.
Finding himself, however, still labouring under difficul-
ties, from iiot being able to write, he applied to that art
with such success as to be abl6 to form a legible band,
which he of course found an acquisition of great import-
ance. Still his l^nowledge went no farther than this. He
did not at this time know the meaning of the word mathe^
ffUiitcs, nor had the least notion of any thing beyond the
very little be had learned. Something was now proposed
to him about Euclid; but he took no notice of this, until
told that it meant a book, containing tbe elements of geo-
metry^ when he immediately purchased it, and studying it
with bis usual diligence, found that he. could extend hh
knowledge beyond what he had before conceived possible.
He therefore continued bis geometrical studies, and as
the demonstration olT the different propositions in Euclid
depends entirely upon a recollection of some of those pre-
0edingf his memory was of the utmost service to him, and
as it required principally the management of straight lines.
It became a study exactly suited to his circumstances.
While attending the business of his farm, and apparently
^nly whistling a tune, be used to be deeply engaged in
aome geometrical proposition, and with a piece of chalk
upon the lap of his breeches*knee, or any other conve-
pient spot, he would dear up very difficult parts of the
tcience in a most masterly manner.
His mind being now a little accessible to impressions
from the great works of nature, he paid particular atten^
tion to the theory of the earthy the moon, and the rest of
the planets belonging to this system, of which the sun is
tbe centre ; and, considering the distance and magnitude
gf tbe different bodies belonging to it, and the distance of
GIBSON. 487
the fixed stars, he soon conceived each to be the centre of
a different system. He well considered the lasvs of gravity^
and that of the centripetal and centrifugal forces, and t^p
cause of the ebbing aod flov^iqg qf the tides ; also the pro-
jection of the sphere, and trigonometry and astronomy.
He never seemed better pleased than vvhen he found hjis
calculations agree with observation ; and being, well ac-
quainted with the projection of the sphere, he was fond of
describing all astropomical questions geometrically, apd qf
projecting the eclipses of the sun and moon that way.
By this time he became possessed pf a small library, an^
next turning his thought to algebrq, he took up Emerson's
treatise on that subject, which, though the most difficult,
l^e went through with great success ; and the managemei>t
of surd quantities, and the clearing equations of high
powers, were z^musements to him while at work in the
fields, as he generally could perform them by his memory;
and if he met with any thing very intricate, he had re*-
course to a piece of chalk. The arithmetic of infinites^
and the difl^rential method, he made himself master of,
and discoyered tbaMjjg;ebra and geometry were the yerl^
soul of the mathematics. He therefore paid a partic^lar
attention to theni, and used to apply the former to almps^
every branch of the different sciences. The ^rt of navi-
gation, the principles of mechanics, the doctrine of ipor
tion of falling bodies, and the elemfents of optics became
all objects of his study ; and, as ^ preliminary to fluxions^
which had only be^n lately discovered by sir Isaac Newton,
he \Vent |:hrough copip sections, ^c. to rnake a trial of thrf
last and finishing branclk Tjiough he expressed so^\^
difficulty at his first entrance, yet he did not rest uqtil he
made himself master of both a fluxion and a flowing
quantity.
As he had paid a similar attention to alt the intermediate
parts, he was npW beqqme so conversant in every branch
of the mathernatics, j-hat pp 4"e$tiion was ever proposed
to him which he did pot answer. Ih particular he answered
all the questions in tljie Gentlernan's and Ladies' Diaries,
the Palladium, ^nd other annual' p^ublications, for several
years j bgt ^is answers were seldom inserted except by.
or ip, the name of some other pprsons, as he had neithef
vanity por ambition, and no wish but to satisfy himself tha^
nothing passediiini which he did not understand. He fre-
quently had questions sent from his pupils and other gen-
48S GIBSON.
tlemen in London, the universities, and different parts of
the country^ as well as from the university of Gottingen in
Germany, which he never failed to answer; and from the
minute inquiry he made into natural philosophy, there was
scarcely a phenomenon in nature, tqat ever came to hi^
knowledge or observation, for which he could not in some
degree reasonably account.
He went by the name of "Willy o' the HoUins*' many
years after he left that place and removed to Tarngreeu^
where be lived about fifteen years, and from thence into
the neighbourhood of Cartmell, where he was familiarly
known by the name of " Willy Gibson,'* and continued his
occupation as before. , For the last forty years of his life
he kept a school of about eight or teii gentlemen, who
boarded and lodged at his &rm-bouse ; and having a happy
art of explaining his ideas, he was very successful in teach-
ing. He also took up the business of land-surveying, and
having acquired some little knowledge of drawing, could
finish his plans in a very neat manner, He was often ap-
pointed, by acts of parliament, a commissioner for the
inclosing of commons, for which he was well qualified in
every respect. His practice was to study incessantly,
during the greatest part of the night ; ^nd in the day-time,
when in the fields, his pupils frequently went to him tQ
have their difficulties removed. He appears to have been
altogether a very extraordinary character, and in private
life amply deserving the great respect in which be was
held by^ all who knew him. His death, occasioned by a
fall^ took place Oct. 4, 1791. He left a numerous family
'by his wife, to whom he h^d been happily united for
nearly fifty years.*
GIFANIUS, or GIFFEN (Hubertus, or Obertus), a
learned critic upd civilian, was born at Buren in Guelder-
land in 1534. He studied at Louvain and at Paris, and
was the first who erected the library of the German nation
at Orleans. He took the degree of doctor of civil law
there, in 1567 } sind went thence to Italy in the retinue of
the French ambassador. Afterwards be removed to Ger-
many, where he taught (he civil law with high repute, first
at Strasburg, where he was likewise professor of pbilosor
phv; then in the university of Altdorf, And at last at In*'
goldstadt. He forsook the protestant religion to embrace
1 Gent. Mac. toL LXI.
* ~ .^
G I F A N I U S. 489
the Roman catholic. He was invited to the imperial coiirt,
and honoured with the office of counsellor to the emperor
Rodolph. He died at Prague in 1609^ if we believe some
authors ; but Thuanus^ who is more to be depended on,
places bis death id 1604. He wrote notes and comments
upon Aristotle's " Politics and Ethics," and on Homer and
Lucretius ; and published also several pieces relating to
civil law.
As to his literary character, it is not without some stains.
He has been accused of a notorious breach of trust, with
regard to the MSS. of Fruterius. Fruterius had collected
a quantity of critical observations; but died at Paris in
1566, a Tery young man, leaving them to Gifanius, to be
published, whp suppressed them as far as he was able ;
for which he is severely treated by Janus Douza in his
satires and elsewhere. The fact is also mentioned by
Thuanus. He was also chargetl with plagiarism by Lam-
bin. Gifanius had inserted in his edition of .Lucretius all
the best notes of Lambin, without acknowledging to whom
he was obliged ; and with some contempt of Lambin, which
Lambin, in a thii'd edition of that author, resented with
such abusive epithets as we are sorry to say are not unfre-
quent in the literary world. He calls him "audacem," ar-
rogantem, impudentem, ingratum, petulantem, insidiosum,
fallacem, infidum, nigrum." Gifanius had also another
quarrel with Scioppius, aboMt a MS. of Symmachus ; which
Scioppius, it is said, had taken away, and used without his
Jinowledge. *
GIFFORD - (Andrew), D. D. son of Emanuel, and
grandsoif of Andrew Gifford, both dissenting ministers of
the baptist persuasion, was born Aug. 17, 1700, and edu-
cated at Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire, under the Rev*
Mr; Jones, author of the ** History of the Canon of the
Scripture,*' whose seminary produced, among other emi-
nent men, archbishop Seeker, bishop Butler, and Dr.
Chandler. Mr. Gifford* finished his studies under the cele-
brated Dr. Ward, and being afterwards baptised, was
joined to his father's church at Bristol, but in 1723 re-
moved to thti baptist meeting in Devonshire-square, Lon-
don. In 1725 his first ministerial duties ^appear to have
^een performed at Nottingham, where he was very popu-
* Gen. Diet.— Moreri.-^-Fr^heri Thcatram.— Foppfn Bibl. 6elg,<--Sftxti Goo-
4dp G I F F O R D.
hr« Id Feb. r730 be was iuvited to London and otdmioed.
Tbe following year bf commeaced an intimacy with sir
Richard EUys, bart. (see Eijlys) and became his chaplain^
taking the lead in family worship. Lady CHys continued
him in tbe same office, with an annual present of fortj^
guineas, until her second marriage in 1745. One of Mc
GifiFord's sermons preached in commemoration of the great
wind in 1703, and published in 1734, was dedicated to sii*
Richard* In 1754 Mr. Gifford received the degree of X).D.
from Marischal college, Aberdeen. His favourite study
was that of autiquities, and although at no time a man o!^
ppiilence, be mside a very large collection of curioiis
booksi MS& coins, &c. for which he gave liberal prices.
It is said that his collection of coins, which was a very
Taliiable Qn^i was purchased by George IL as an addition
4p bis own c;ibinet. His reputation as an antiquary, re*
jcommended him to the situation of assistant librarian of the
British Museum in 1757, in which he was placed by tbe
interest of the lord chancellor Hardwicke, and some other
friends, but not, as his biographer says, by that of sir
Richard EUys, who had been dead sonae years before this
period. To a inan of literary curiosity and taste, no situa^
tioo can be more interesting than that of librarian in the
British Museum, and Mr. Gifford knew bow tQ improve the
opportunities which it affords. Having the talenf: to receive
and communicate information with unaffected politeness,
his acquaintance among the nobility and gentry soon bcr
came extensive. Some of them honoured him by a mu-
tual exchange of friendly visits, and others of the first
rank discovered their respect tor h\iDy either by an pccar
sional attendance on his ministry, or by an obliging cor-
respondence and intimacy. Apiopg&t these were the mar-
quis of Lothian^ tb^ ciarl of Halif^, lord Dartmouth, lady
Bpchain, lady Huntingdon, &c.
As a minister, bis sentiments were of the Calvinistip
Jund)^ as put forth by the elders of the baptist churches in
and about London in 1677 and 1689^ His preaching waff
^inc^e, lively, and pathetic); and his faculti^ reptiaiued so
,lor)^ unimpaired} . tbat it was generally ss^id, ^^ he vfQuld
^ie popular,^" which proved true, although this is seldon^
.,\i^e Ipt of the dissenting clergy, their 8ock$ top pften dp;-
$erting them when their strength begins to fail, and their
powers ef popular attraction to relax* For the last twenty-
five years of bis life, he preached a monthly lecture at tfao
G I F F O R D. 491
needng in Little St. Helenas, in cotmection with several
ministers of the Independent persuasion. The last time
he 4idministered the Lord's Supper was on June 6, 1784,
when he was very weak and low. On the following ^^n-
ing^ he preaclied a sermon to the '^ Friendly Society" which
. meet at Eagle-street, when ;he took an affectionate leave
of them, and of all farther public duties. He died June
Idth following, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, aiul
was buried in Bunhill Fields. He left 400/. to the above
meeting in Eagle-street, and his books, pictures, and ma*
Quscripts to the baptist academy at Bristol, where they are
buried in comparative obscurity. Dr. Gifford published
nothing of his own, except the sermon above mentioned,
. but was frequently a contributor to literary undertakings.
In 1763 he superintended through the press, and enlarged
the edition of Folkes^s " Tables of English silver and gold
Coins," printed at the expence of the Society of Antiqua-
> Ties, 2 vols. 4to. To this he added the Supplement, the
Postscript, and six plates. '
GIGGEIUS, or GIGGEO (Anthony), a learned Italian,
who flourished in the early part of the seventeenth century,
was admitted to the degree of doctor by the Ambrosian
, college at Milan. He was author of a Latin translation of
the " Commentary of the three Rabbins on the Proverbs
. of Solomon,** Milan, 1620, 4to; but his better known ivork
is his ^^ Thesaurus Linguas Arabicac, sen Lexicon Arabico-
Latinum,*' 1632, 4 vols. fol. As a recompence for the
. learning and industry which it exhibited, pope Urban YIII.
nominated the author to an honourable post in a ecj^lege at
. Rome ;. but he died in 1632, before he could enter upon
its functions.*
GILBERT (Sir Humphrey), a brave officer atid navi-
gator, was born in 1539, in Devonshire, of an ancient fa*
> niily, and though a second son, inherited a considerable
. fortune from his father. He was educated at Eton, and
afterwards at Oxford, but is not mentioned by Wood, and
probably did not remain long there. His destination was
the law, for which purpose he was to have been sent to
finish his studies in the Temple; but being introduced at
court by his aunt, Mrs. Catherine Ashley, then in the
queen's service, he was encouraged to embrace a military
1 R!ppon'8 Funerftl Sermoo.-^Nichols's Bowyer.— Gent. Mag. vol. LIV.
9 Abri(Jgm^at; of T>r»boscbi, by Land), vol. V^->pict. Qist.
4a2 G I L B E R T.
life.' Having distinguished himself in several expeditiotis^
particularly in* that to Newhaven, in 1563, he was sent
. ovet to Ireland to assist in suppressing a rebellion excited
by James Fitzmorris ; and ' for his signal services he was
Blade commander in chief and governor of Munster, and
• knighted by the lord-deputy, sir Henry Sidney, ob Jan. 1,
1570, and not by queen Elizabeth in 1577, as Prince as*
«erts. He returned soon after to England, where he m:^-
' ried a rich heiress. In 1572 he sailed with a squadron of
nine ships, to reinforce colonel Morgan, who at that time
meditated the recovery of Flushing ; and when he came
home be published in 1576, his ** Discourse to prove a
/passage by the North-^west to Cathaia, and the East Indies/'
JLond. This treatise, which is a masterly performance^
is preserved in Hakluyt^s Voyages. The style is superior
to most writers of that age, and shows the author to have
- been a man of considerable readingr. The celebrated
* Frobisber sailed the same year, probably in consequence
of this publication. In 1578, sir Humphrey obtained froi:i^
the queen a very ample patent, empowering him to dis-
V co^er and possess in North Anierica any lands then uii«
' settled. He accordingly sailed to Newfoundland, bat
soon returned to England without success^ yet, in ISS3,
be embarked a second time with five ships, the largest of
which put back on occasion of a contagious distemper on
> board. Gilbert landed at Newfoundland, Aug. 3, ^nd two
days after took possession of the harbour of St. John's. By
virtue of his patent he granted leases to several people* ;
. but though none of them remained there at that time, they
settled afterwards in consequence of these leases, so that
sir Humphrey deserves to be remembered as the real
founder of our American possessions. His' half-brother^
ur Walter Raleigh, was a joint adventurer on this expe*
dition, and upon sir Humphrey's death took out a patent
of the same nature, and sailed ta Virginia. On the 20th
August in the above year (1583^, sir Humphrey put to
sea again, on board of a small sloop, for the purpose of
exploring the coast Afier this he steered homeward in
the midst of a tempestuous sea, and on the 9th of Sep-
. teniber, when his small bark was in the utmost danger of
.foundering, he was seen by the crew of the other ship
sitting in the stern of the vessel, with a book in his hand^
and was heard to cry out, ** Courage, my lads ! we ar^ as
near heaven at &eft as at land.^' About midnight the bark w^
GILBERT. 4is
swallowed op by tlie ocean ; the gallant knight and all his
men perUUed with her. He was a man of quick parts^ a
brave soldier, a good mathematician^ and of a very enter*
prizing genius. He was also remarkable for bis eloquent
and patriotic speeches both in the English and Irish parlia-
ments. 'At the close of the work above-mentioned, he
speaks of another treatise ** On Navigation," which he
intended to publish, but which is probably lost.^
GILBERT (Silt Jeffray), knt. lord chief baron of th©
exchequer, and an eminent law writer, was born Oct. 16^
1674. Of .his family, education, or early life, it has beeii
found impossible to recover any information. Either in
1714, or 1715, for even this circumstance is not clearly
ascertained, he was appointed one of the judges of the
court of king's bench in Ireland, and within a year was
promoted to the dignity of chief baron of the exchequer in
that kingdom, which office be held till the beginning of
1722, when he was recalled. During bis residence there^
he was engaged in an arduous and delicate contest con*
cerning the ultimate judicial tribunal to which the ^inha-
bitants were to resort, which was disputed between the
English house of lords and the Irish house of lords;, and
he appears to have been taken into custody by the order of
the latter, for' having enforced an order of the English
house in the case of Annesley versus Sherlock, " contrary
to the final jiidgment and determination of that bouse.*'
It appears by the style of this last order of the Irish house
of lords, that he was a privy counsellor of that kingdom ;
and it is noticed in his epitaph, that a tender was made to
him of the great seal, which he declining, ^returned to
England. Here he was first called to the degree of an
English Serjeant at law^ preparatory, according to an-
cient usage^ to his taking his seat as one of the barons of
the exchequer, in which be succeeded sir James Montague
in June 1722. Having. remained in that station for three
years, he was in Jan. 1724 appointed one of the cominiis-
sidners of the great seal in the room of lord Macclesfield, his
colleagues being sir Joseph Jekyll and sir Robert Raymond.
,The great seal continued in commission till June 1, 172^5
when sir Peter King was constituted lord keeper, and on the
same day sir JefFray Gilbert became, an the appointment of
sir Robert Eyre to the chief-justiceship of the common-
pleas, lord chief baron, which office he filled uutil bis
' * Biog. Brit.— Princess Worthies «f Devon.— L!oytl*i State Worthies.
4M G I L B E H T.
deaths Oct 14, 1726; at an iige which may be called eariy,
if compared with the multitude and extent of his writings^
which were all left by htm in manuscript
In the only character extant of him, it is said that << he
filled up every station tif life with the greatest integ^tjr
)and most untainted honour; and discharged the duties of
his profession to the general satisfaction of all that had any
opportunity of observing his conduct . Nor did his spejedy
advancement from one post to another procure htm the
envy even of the gentlemen of the long robe, who con«-
stantly paid him the regard that is due to the greatest
merit when he was alive, and by whom the loss of him it
now as generally regretted. The i&ill and experience be
had in the laws of his country, and the uncommon pene^*
tration he discovered in the decision of such causes of
equity as came before him, were not more known in We%U
minster-hall, than his unwearied porauit of mathematicai
6tudies (when his affairs would permit), as well as his fine
taste of the more polite parts of learning, were to men of
the mo^t exalted genius in 4either.^' He was interred ia a
Vault built for the purpose in the abbey church at Batb^
in which city he died. A monument was afterwards erected
to his memory in the Temple church, London* Hia worin
are, 1 . ^^ Law of Devises^ last Wills, aad RevoceittooS)^
Lend. 1730, 8vo, reprinted 1756 and 1773. 2. " The
Law of Uses and Trusts,*' 1734, 8vo, reprinted 174 U
3. << The Law and Practice of Ejectments,'' 1734, 8vo,
reprinted 1741 and 1781, by Charles Runmngton, esq*
4. <' Reports of Cases in Equity and Escbequer," 1734>
reprinted 1742, fol. 5. *^ Law and Practice of Distresses
and Replevins," no date, reprinted 1780, and 1794, by
William Hunt, esq. ^. " History and Practice of CivU
Actions in the Common^pleas," 1737, 1761, and 177^.
7. " Treatise of the Court of Exchequer,*' partly primed
in 1738, 8vo, but completely in 1753. 8. " Treatise of
Tenures,*' third edition, 1757, 8vo. 9. ^^ Treatise of
Rents," 8vo. 10. " History and Practice of the high
court of Chancery," 1756, 8vo. An erroneous Irish edi-
tion had preceded this. 1 1. '^Cases in Law and Equity,^
1760, 8vo. 12. " The Law of Executions,'* &c 1763, 8vo.
13. " Theory or Law of Evidence," 1761, 8to, reprinted
a foui^th time in 1777, again in 1791, 1792, and 1796, 4
vols. 8vo, by Capel Lofft, esq. with some account of thfi -
life of the author, from which the present article is taken.
0 r L R E R T. 49S
«
Cr!l&en*8 *^ Abridgmetit of Lookers Essay on the Human
Urtdemanding,*'^ and his afgoment in a case of homidde.
The first volume was again reprinted in. 1801, by J. Sedg-
wick, esq. Besides these there are in Mr. Hargrave's col-»
l&'Ction tm> manuscripts of lord chief baron Gilbert, the
one a " History of the Feud,'* the other " A Treatise of
JRfemainders.** '
GILBERT (William), a nonconformist divine of very
eonsiderabie abilities, was the son of William Gilbert of
Priss, in Shropshire, and was born in 1613. tn 1629 he
was admitted a student of Edmand-hall, Oxford, where he
took his bachelor^s degree, and after a short reside«ice in
Ireland; returned and took that of master in 1638. By
the favour of Philip loH Wharton, he became minister x>t
Upper Wfncbington, in Buckingbamshire ; and ia 1647^
ba^mg taken the corvenant, and become a favourite with the
Usurping powers, he wtis appointed vicar of St. Lawrence's^
Reading, and nesctyeartvas created B. D. at the parlia-
mentary visitation of the university of Oxibnl. About the
4td^^ tifne hfe obtained the rich rectory of Edgemond, in
h\^ native Conntj', whene he was commonly called the bi-
shop t)f Shropshire. Ih 1654 he was appointed an assistant
to the commissioners of Shropshire, Middlesex, and the
city of Westminster, for the ejection of su<^h as were styled
^ scandalous, ignorant, and insufficient ministers and
schoolmasters ;** and according to Wood, was not sparing
of the power which this sweeping commission gave him :
After the restoration', he waa ejected for nonconformity,
and, retiring to Oxford, lived there very obscurely; with
his wife, in St. Ebbe's parish, sometimes preaching in con-
venticles, and in the family of lord Wharton. Nor waa
he without respect from some gentlemen of the University
dn account of his talents. Calamy informs \\s that, in a
conversation with the celebrated Dr. South on the subject
^f predestination, he so satisfied him, that South became
evet" after an 'assertor of that doctrine. When a toleration
6t temfpoffary indulgence was granted to the nonconformists
in' 1*671, althotr^h a professed independent, h^ joined with
£brfee ^esbyteHans m establishing a conventicle in Thames
sare^t^ in 'the suburbs df Oxford ; bnt this indulgence wa$
^on ei^lled in. In his last days he was 'reduced ^o great
distress, and was supported by the contributions of private
. ' LoffCj Priface» 9S aj»OTC« — ^Bcidjnfran'«iegal Bibliography.
4W GILBERT.
persons, and of several beads of colleges. He died Jtity
15, 1694, and was buried in the cburcb of St. Aldate. He
was esteemed a good pbilosopher, disputant, and philolo-
gist, and a good Latin poet. He published, 1. ^ VindiciaB
supremi 'Dei dominii,'^ against Dr. Owen, Lond. 1655,
Svo. 2. " An Assize Sermon," ibid. 1657, 4to. 3. *^ Eng-
land's Passing- Bell, a poem written soon after the year of
the plague, the fire of London, and the Dutch war," 1675,
4to. 4. *^ Super auspicatissimo regis Gulielmi in Hiberniam
descensu, et salva ex Hibernia reditu, carmen gratulato-
rium," 1690, 4to, written in his eightieth year. 5. " Epi-
taphia diversa,"' chiefly on persons not of the church of
England. 6. <* Julius Secundus," a dialogue, Ox. 1669,
12mo, and 1680, 8vo. To this is prefixed a preface, also
in the form of a dialogue, proving that piece to have' been
written by Erasmus. Dr. Jortin seems of the same opinion,
and has reprinted it in his Life of Erasmus, pointing out
some curious omissions by Gilbert. With the second edi-
tion, Gilbert republished ^^ Jani Alex. Ferrarii Euclides
catholicns," an ironical work against the Romish churcb,
written by an English convert who chose to conceal his
triie name. Gilbert translated into Latin a considerable
part of Francis Potter^s book entitled " An interpretation
of the number ^66," printed at Amsterdam, 1677. He is
likewise supposed to have been concerned in the pamphlets*
called ^^Anni mirabiles," printed in 1661, 1662, and the
following years.'"
GILBERT, or GILBERD (William), a learned phy^
sician, who first discovered several of the properties of the
load -stone, was born at Colchester, where his father vtras
recorder, in 1540; and after an education at a grammar-
school, was sent to Cambridge. Having studied physio
for some time, he went abroad for his farther improvement;,
and in one of the foreign universities, bad the degree con*
ferred upon him of M. D. He returned to England with a
considerable reputation for his learning in general, and
bad ^especially the character of being deeply skilled in
philosophy and chemistfy ; and resolving to make his know-
ledge useful to bis country by practising in this faculty,
be presented himself a candidate to the college of physi*
cians in London, and was elected a fellow of that socie^
* Ath. Ox. vol. n.—Calanoy.— -Coatee's Hitt ©f Reading.— Peek's Deiide^
ratn, rol. If.
GILBERT. 4S>7
tbout 1 573. Thus, every way qualified for it, be practised
in this metropolis with great success and applause ; which
being observed by queen Elizabeth, whose talent it was to
distinguish persgns of superior merit, she sent for him to
court, and appointed him her physician in ordinary ; and
gave him, besides, an' annual pension, to encourage him
ifl his studies. In these, as much as his extensive busi-
ness in his profession would permit, he applied bimself
chiefly to consider and examine the various properties of
the load-stone ; and proceeding in the experimental way,
a method not much used at that time, he discovered and
established several qualities of it not observed before.
This occasioned much discourse ; and spreading his fame
into foreign countries, great expectations were raised from
bis treatise on that subject, which were certainly not dis>^
appointed when he printed it, in 16.00, under the following
title, '* De Magnete, magneticisque Corporibus & de
magno magnete Tellure, Physiologia nova,'' i. e. ^^ Of the
Magnet (or Loadstone) and magnetical Bodies, and of that
great magnet the Earths" It contains the history of all
that bad been written on that subject before bis time^, ai>d
is the first regular system on this curious subject, and may
not unjustly be styled the parent of all the improvements
that have been made therein since. In this piece our author
diewi the use of the declination of the magnet, which had
been discovered by Norman in finding out the latitude,
for which purpose also he contrived two instruments for
the sea. This invention was published by Thomas Blonde*
ville, in a book entitled ^^ Theoriques of the Planets, to*
gether with the .making of two Instruments for Seamen^
for finding oat the Latitude without Sun, Moon, or Stars,
invented by Dr. Gilbert," 1624. But the hopes from this
property, however promising at first, have by a longer
experience been found to be deceitful.
After the death of Elizabeth, the doctor was continued
as chief physician to James L but he enjoyed that honour
only a short time, dying Nov. 30, 1603. His corpse wat
interred in Trinity Church, at Colchester, where Jie was
* Among such writeris are Harriot, ry*s remark, it is certain from htg owo
Hties, Wright, KemJal, Barlow, and account, that Oitbert first improved
Ifonnaiiy «ht<^ shews Wood's obser- this knowledge to that degree of per-
^v&tion to be uncandid at lt%st, when fection as to be fit for public view and
he tells U6 that Barlow had knowledge nse, since Barlow did not publish his
hjr the Magnet twenty 'years before magnetical advertiliement till. 161.6.
Gilbert's book came out; and what- Ath. Ox. vol. U.
ever was the intention of the antiqua-
■ Vol. XV. K K
498 GILBERT.
bonii aud where there is a handsome monument raised tp
hrs memory ; a print of which is to be seen in Morant'^
" flfistory and Antiquities of Colchester." By a picture oif
him in the school-gallery of Oxford, he appears to have
been tall of stature, and of a chearful countenance. His
character stood very high with the philosophers of his ag^
and country. Carpenter tells us, that he had trodden ou^
a new path to philosophy. Sir Kenelm Digby comparer
him with Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation. Bar*
row ranks him with Galileo, Gassendus, Mercennus, and
Des Cartes ; whom he represents as men resembling the
ancients in sagacity and acuteness of genius *• Nor wa9
his fame less celebrated among foreigners^ the famous
Peiresc often lamented, that when he was in England he
was not acquainted with our philosopher.
Besides his principal work printed in his life-time, hQ
left another treatise in MS. which coming into the bands
of sir William Boswell, was from that copy printed at Am-
sterdam in 1651, 4to, under this title, '^ De mupdi nostiro.
sublunari Philosophia' n6va." As he was never married*
he gave by his laist will all his library, consisting of book^i,
globes, instruments, &c. and a cabinet of mineral^, to tb^
college of physici^s ; aud this part was punctually per-
formed by his brothers, who inherited . his estate, wKicb
must hfive been somewhat considerable. Wood observes,
he was the chief person in bis parish at Colchester. ' ,,
GILBERTUS (Anglicus), the first practical writer on
medicine whom this country produced, is placed by B<ile
(who calls him Gitbertus Legleus, and says he was phy:^r»
cian to Hubert, airchbishop of Canterbury,) in the re^n jcif
king John, about 12f 10; but Leland, without stating ; thjei.
grounds of his opinion, makes him more modern, and. px*
Freind thinks that he must have lived in the beglniung pf
the reign of Edward I.; "for, he quotes Averrhoes," pr»
Freind remarks, " who reached the close of the twelfth
century; and whose works could not have been translated
80 early, and inileed were not translated till the middleyl
at least, of the thirteenth, as Bacon, a good voucher, in-~
• Lord Bacon freqnenUy montioas forco and ext^t of oaeMiiDg, and wftidi
Oilbert'i Book with app1au,«e ; and in are handfomely iliuptrated by tbo cbOKi
oiie pltice particularly styles it a paia* pliment of Mr. Wright prefixed to ^ *
ful and experimental work, (Advance- book; by which it appears that oii'r
meat of Learning, L. i. c. 13.) words, author spent no less that eighteoayeara '
in his lordship's mouth, of singular in bringing it to perfection.
1 Uiog, Brft-^-Ath. 0«, vol. L~«>Moraflt>s Htst. of BsMz«.^Brti€kef^-^'"-
J
G I L B E R T U S. 499
forms us : and the mention he makes of a book, ' de Sp^*-
culls/ which, without doubt, is that written by Bacon^ and
t?hat he transcribes from Theodorick, concerning a le-
prosy, evidently shews that he lived low in this century,
itc.^ According to Leland, he maintained a high charac-
ter for his knowledge in philosophy and physic, which he.
liad acquired by great study and much travelling ; and he
was very successful in his practice. His writings jgtre pdn^
cipally compiled from those of the Arabian physician^,
like the works of his contemporaries in other nations;
sometimes, indeed, he transcribes whple chapters Word
for wprd, especially from Rhazes. He is represented as
the first English physician who ventured to expose the
absurd practices of the superstitious monks, who ^t that
time engrossed much of the treatment of diseases, an^ is
said to have contrasted with them the 'methods recom-w
mended by the ancients. ^ The principal work of Gilbert,
entitled ** Compendium Mediciuse tam morborum univef-
salium quam particularium," was corrected by Michael Qa-
pella, and printed at Lyons in 1510; and afterwards at
Geneva, in 1608, under the title of *^ Laurea Anglicana>
9eu Compendium totius Medicihae.*^ His* othier , treatises
were, " De viribus Aquarum ;•' "De'R^ Herbaria;" **The-
iaurus Pauperum ^^ an5 *' De tuenda valetudihe." '
GILCHRIST (EBENEZEli), a Scotch physiqian of emi-
nence, was born at Dumfries in ]t07. He began the study
df medicine at Edinburgh, which he afterwards prose^cuted
at L6ndon and Paris. He obtain^ Ms degree of M. I^..
from the uhivet^ity ofRheims; and in li32 he returne4 to
the place of his nativity, where he afterwards constantly
resided, and continued the practice of medicine till his
death in 1774. Few physicians of the last century have
been itiore successful in the exercise of their profession, or
have contributed more to tbe improvement of the healing
art Having engkged in business at an early peaod of
life, his attention was wholly devoted to observation. .En-
dowed by nature with a judgment acute and solid, with a
genius active and inventive, h^jsoon distinguished himself
by depf^rting^ in various important p;articu|ar8, from esta^
biisbedi but unsttccessfol ^ modes of practice. Several of
tfaie improvements which b<^ introduc6d have procured him
desWved reputation hoth at home sod abroad. In different
> Lela]id.<i-Freind'i Hitt. of Pbfsiie.-— T«inier in Leg1ciis.^-^R«eft't Cyclppudui*
%.K 2
500 GIL C H R I S T.
medical collections are to be found several of his perforoi''
ances, which prove that he had something new and usefuj
to offer upon evecy subject to which he applied his atten-
tion. But. those writings which do him most credit are two
long dissertations on *' Nervous Fevers,'* in the " Medical
Essays and ObservationsV' published by a society at Edin-
burgh ; and a *^ Treatise on the use of Sea-voyages in
medicine/' which first made its appearance in 1756, and
was reprinted in 1 77 1 . In the former, his recommendation
of wine in nervqus fevers, and in the latter, of sea-voyages
in case^ of consumption, has been generally attended to
in modern practice, and with great advantage. ^
GIUDAS, the oldest British historian, surnamed The
Wise, was, according to Leland, born in Wales, in the
year 511, l^ut according to others, in 493. Where be ^as
educated is uncertain ; but from his writings he appeslrs
to have been a monk. Some writers say that he went over
to Iceland ; others, that he visited France and Italy ; but
they agree that after his return to England, he became a
celebrated ^nd assiduous preacher q{ Christianity. Le«*
land says that he retired to one of the srasill islands in the
Bristol Channel called the Hulms ; but that, being dis-^
turbed by pirates, he removed thence to the monastery of
Glastonbury, where he died. But all this is supposed. to
belong to another of the name, called Giidas Albtoius. Pu
Pin says he founded a monastery at Venetia in Britaio.
The place and time of bis death are as uncertain as other
particulars of his history which may be found in our au-
thorities. Me is the only British author of the siicth cen-
tury whose works are printed; and they are therefore y4-
luable on account of their antiquity, and as containitig iliQ
only information of the times in which he wrote. The
only book, however, attributed to him with certainty, is
his ^^ Epistolsj. de excidip Britannise, et castigatio ordinis
ecclesiastic],'^ Lond. 1525, 8vo, Basil, 1541, 8vo, Lond.
1567, 12mo, Paris, 1576, Basil, 1568, 12qQo, and by 0|Lle».
in his " R^um Anglic. Scriptores veteres," fol. 1684—7.
There is alsQ an English translation^ Lond. }652, 12mo.
In this be lainents over the miseries and almost total ruin
of hi^ countrymen, and severely reproves the corruption
and profligacy of the age. The Wt part coi^tains a vague
accqupt of emU from the Homau iavasion to Jai^ own
1 Etcy«lop. 3rit 3d edit.
.>.'
G I L DA S. sot
times. There were two other Gildas's of the sixth century »
whom some make distinct persons, and others consider atf
one and the same. ^
GILDON (Charles), a dramatic and miscellaneous
writer, was born at Gillingbam, near Shaftesbury, in Dor-
setshire, in 1665. His parents and family were Roman
catholics, and consequently endeavoured to instill the same
principles into our author^ but without success. His fa-
ther was a member of the society of Gray*s4nn, and had
.suffered considerably in the royal cause. Mr. Gildon re-
ceived the first rudiments of his education at GilHngham ;
but when twelve years of age, his parents sent him bver to
Doway, and entered him iii the English college of secular
priests there,' with a view of bringing him up likewise to
the priesthood ; but, during a progress of five years' sturdy
he only found his inclinations more strongly confirmed for
a quite different course of life.
At' nineteen years of age he returned to England, and
when he was of age, and by the entrance into his paternal
fortune, which was not inconsiderable, rendered iti every
s^espect capable, of enjoying^ the gaieties aind pleasures of
^is polite town, he came up to London. Here he soon
spent the be^t part of what he had, and cro|wned his im-
prudences by marrying a young lady without stny fortiline,
at about the age of twenty- threcr adding to Ms other
incumbrances that of a growing family, ^]th66t atYy way of
improving his reduced finances* During the feign 6f James
II. be studied the religions controtersies of thslt period,
which ended in his becoming an infideL In 1693 ^e
ushered into the world ^^ The Oracles of 'Reasortj,*' written
by Charles Blount, esq. after that authbrV ' Utih&ppy end,
with > pompous eulogium and a defence of setf^m'urder.
&e was afterwards, howevery as Dr. Leland ittforms us,
"convinced ofiiis error; of which he gave a i'em^rk^bte
proof, in a good book which be published in 1705, ot^titled
'The Deist's Manual; or^ a rational etfquiry into the
Christian Religion;' the greatest part of which is taken
up iii vindicating the doctrines of the existeiice and attri-
butes of God, his providence and government of the wotld,
the immortality of the soul, and a future state.'* .
. Having greatly it)jured his fortune by thoughtlessness
> Tanner.— Leland.— -Ware's Ireland.— NicoUon'k fingtish Hist. Library.—
Cave, Yolf I.*— JDupin.— ^ent. Ma;. toI. LXXXllL part L p. 218.
609 GILD O N.
and disytpationy he was now obliged to ctmsider on sacne
method for retrieving it ; or, indeed, rather for the meaov
of subsistence ; and he himself candidly owns, in his essaya^
that necessity was his first 'motive for venturing to be au
author ; por was jft till he had arrived at his two*and*tbir«« *
tieth year, thai he made any attempt in the dramatic way;
He died JaOj. 12, 1723*4. His literary character is given
in Boyer'S) Politieal State, vc^. XXVII. p. 102, as ^^aper^:!
son of gr^t literature, but a mean genius; who, having
attemipted several kinds of writing, never gained much,
reputation in any. AaM>ng other treatises he wrote the
' English Art of Poetry,* which be bad practised himself
very uosaccessfully in bis dramatic performances. He also
wrote an Epglish gmm^n^r ; bub what he seens^d to43uiid
his chief hopes of fame upon was kis Critical^ Commentary ^
on the duke of Qackio^am's ^ £ssayon Poetry,' whioh
last piece was perused and highly approved by his, grace.''. ^
Much of t^is is/certainly. true. His plays, enumerated
in the *^ Biog^ Pi[aniatic% procured him little reputation.
He ba4 s^o^e talent* liQwevtr, for criticiBm,':and Pope was
weak enough 1^ {believe that Addisoi^ employed Gildon to I
write agaioft bif^!. Papis introduced bijn in^ the I>uneiad[
for ai^ptber .rjSsiiSQn, hia ^' New : Rehearsal, or^ Bays the
Youngejr J. Qontfunipg ^p e^amep of Mr. Upwe's plays, and
^ a word p^ two ou Mr^ Pppe's * Rape of the. Loch,' "• 1 7 14*
pildpn wrpte the ^^ Life of Be(iierton,". pi^bli^d in 17 la.^
GIL£Sy o;r GILLES (of YiTBRao), a . learned general
of th^ Au^istines^andoC^rd'inal, was so called from the"
place Qjf hif»;bix^h., .{iewas well skilled, iuj languages, aod
mucb^ppff^uU^i by the^ Jearped of bis age on iJ^at, acooaot t
H^ippe^^d the Li^t^mtl.DPWeil under JttlinsJI. U12, and -
conducted ; seveipil • a9ws. of importance Sqx LeoX» He
died November 12« 1^32, at Rome. . Thh cardimd left-:
<< Commentaries" on spm^ of the ^^ Psahns;'^ .^^Remarka
on th^ First Three. iQhaptejri pf Genesis;'* ^^ Dialogues^
Epistles, and Od^'.ip.iPiaise of Poptanus, &c, wl»ish
may be found ia Mi^tenne's '^ Amplissima Collectio," and
cpnjtaiped piany useful nqti/ces respecting the state of learn*
ing apd events of bis lime*^^*
GILES, JOHN. See-EGIDIUS.
G4LL (A^JSXANDES,), bead master of St Paul's school, .
was b<Mrn in Lincolnshire, Feb. 27, 1564, and admitted
1 Biog. Dram.— Gibber's liTei, y^f. IIL-^Lsland's Deistical Writen.—
Bowles's edition of Pope; lee lodes. f Moreri.
GILL. 508
sekokur of Corpus college, Oxford, in Sept 1583. He
tack his master's degree in 1590, when be left college,
and is supposed to have taught school at Norwich, as he
WBs in that city in 1597, and there wrote his <^ Treatise
concerning the Trinity,'* 8vo, to which Wood gives the
date of 1601. In 1608 he became chief master of St.
Baal's school, in which his method of education is said to
hare been eminently successful. He was not more esteemed
ara man of learning, and an excellent Latin scholar, than
as a divine and critic. He died at his house in St. Paul's
cborch^yard, Nov. 17, 1635, and was buried in the anti-
chapel belonging to Mercers' hall. His other works are,
1. '^ Logonomia Anglica," 1721, 4to; and 2. ** Sacred
Philosophy of Holy Scripture ; or a Commentary on the
Cfeed," fol. 1635.*
GILL (Alexander), son and successor to his father,
the. subject of the preceding article, was born in London,
in. 1597, and entered of Trinity college, Oxford, in 1612,
on an exhibition from the Mercers' company. When hef
had taken his- master's degree, he became usher under his
father in St. Paul's school, and under Thofmas Farnaby, in
his private school, but succeeded his father in 1635, and
nest year took the degree of D. D. He held the school
only five years,* being dismissed, as Knight thinks, for
eseessive severity. An aliowance, however, was made to
bihi of 251. yearly, with which be set up a private ischool
iiiAAkieesgate-street, where he died in 1642, and was bu-
ried in the church of St. Botolph, Aldersg^te. Wood
sfieaks of his ^^ unsettled and inconstant temper^" and of
hisiff many changes, rambles, and some impriscinments,**
btitnipon what accoant he does iK>t inform us. Some light,-
however, is dirown upon the circumstance of imprison-
mants at least, in a late publication of Aubrey^s Lives. In
hauiaocount of Chillingworth he says, ^' Dr. GUI, filius
doeloris Gill, schoolmaster of Pautes school, and Chilling-
worth,'held weekeiy intelligence one with another for some
jiMJtif wherein they used to nibble at state-matters. Dr.
Gitl^ in one of bcs letters, calls king James and hii^ sonne,'
the old foole and the young one^ which letter Chilling-
worth communicated to W. Laud, A» B. Cant. The poore
yotUfgcDr. Gill was seised, and a terrible storme pointed
to^rards him, which by the eloquent intercession add ad-
t Ath, Ox. ▼©!. L— Knight's Life of Colct.
504 GILL.
vocation of Edward earte of Dor^et^ together with tbeteaies
of the poore old doctor, his father, and supplication on kii
knees to his majestie, was blowne over/' Mo9t of his Latui
poetry, in which he excelled, is published in a volofaie
entitled '^ Poetici Conatus," 1632, 12aio, but he has otber
pieces extant both in Latin andEngU^i^ spmQof which jace
enumerated by Wood, who had seen others in mannsoripfe
When usher of St. Paul's school, he had the honour ^^
having Milton under him, who was his favourite schoian
Three of Milton's familiar Latin letters-to him are extaol^
replete with the strongest testimonies of esteem aiod friend*^
ship. Milton also pays him high compliments on the ex*
cellence of his Latin poetry. He gave to the library of
Trinity college the old folio edition of Spenoer's '' Faeme
Queene,'' Drayton's " Polyolbion," by .Selden; a&d
Bourdelotius's ^^ Lucian,'' all having poetical mottosirom
the classics in his own hand*writing, which shew his: taste
and track of reading.; and in the *< Lu<cian" are the arma
of the Gills elegantly tricked with a pen, and coloured by
him. He had two brothers, George and Nathaniel^ who
ivere both of the same college. V
GILL (John)> D. D. an eminent diss^enling diviae, and
the most able and learned baptist writer of tb^ lasteentury,
was bom at Kettering in Northamptonshire^ Nov* 33, I6d7y
of parents in humble life. His father. wa3 ^ deacon of the
baptist meeting at Kettering.; and haying, fnxn varma
causes, some of which appear rather imaginary, a. stxong
impression on his mind that this son would, beconurfa
preacher, and an eminent character, exerted bis utmoat.ta
give him a suitable education. His j^rst^attemptai weeeu
crowned, with such success as to confirm his, father's liopBai-
Being sent to the grammar school, he sppn exeeeded. bia.
equals in ag^> and even his seniors. At. his eieyen^ J^^t
he bad not only gone through the common school .baokt^
hut had read the principal Latin classics, and made contt^ '
derable proficiency in tbeJGreo^ language^ Such, war at.
the same time his avidity ot Jd^wledge, thal^hecoBrstaatly
frequented a bookseller's sliop (which was open only on
market*days), where bis acquirenients became noticed by
some of the neighbouring clergy; and lie repaifcd u>zre*i
gutarly to this repository of books, that it became a sort^of
• : .'-i.
I Ath. Ox. Tol. II.^Knight'8 Colet— Wftrton't Milton, p. 430.-»l4tttn by
Emineat Penons, lau^ 5vol#.|8vp«
G I L L. SOS
«ste9eDitioi), '^ siicb a thiog is 9s sure as John Gill is in
the bookseller's shop/' Unfortunately, however, his pro-
gress at sohool was interrupted by an edict of the master,
requiring ttiat all his scholars, without exception,, should
attend prayers at the church on week-days. This, of
ooune, amounted to an expulsion of the children of dis-
aepters, and of young Gill among the rest. His parents
Mt being able to send him to a distant school, some efforts
were made to get him upon one of the dissenting funds of
London, that he might be sent to one of their seminaries*
In order to procure this favour, bis progress in literatmre
Was probably stated as very extraordinary^ and the appli-
cation produced an answer fully as extraordinary i namely,^
^Vthat he v^as too young; and, should he continue, as it
might be supposed he would, to make such rapid advances
in 'J)is studies, he would go through the common circle of
iMwoiog b^ore he could be capable of taking care of him-
self, or of being employed in any public service." Not-
withstanding this illiberal and absurd repulse, young Gill
went on improving himself in Greek and Latin, by eagerly
studying such books in both languages as he could pro-
Gwre,. and added to his stock a knowledge of logic, rheto-
lie, numd and natural philosophy. Without a master
also^ he made such prdgress in the Hebrew ^s soon to be
able fco read the Bible with facility ; and ever after this
laaguage 4vas his favourite study. He read much in the
I^ttn tongue, and studied various systematic works , on
divfldiy ; but all this appears to have been done at such
boars as he could spare from assisting his father in his
fanfiifless. In November 1716, he made a public profes-
siesfciof his religious sentiments before the baptist meeting,
aad was baptised according to the usual forms ; soon after
vi^hkab he commenced preacher", and officiated first at
Higfaam F^rars, where in 1718 he married; he also
preached occasiofnally at Kettering until the beginning of
171% when be was invited to become pastor of the baptist
cpnpregation at Hordydown, Southwark, and soon became
very popular in the metropolis.
IvL 11 M he appeared as an author by the publication of
two sera)(ms; but in 1726 he first distinguished himself as
aigcbaiDpi^ti for the peculiaf tenet which divides the bap-
tists from other denominations, by. engaging in a oontro-*
v^rsy with Mr. Maurice, an independent minister. Zeal-
ously, however, as Dr. Gill was attached to the baptist
SOS C 1 L t.
tenets, and frequently as he wrote in £ayoor of them; it
was for the most part in his own defence. '' intimaie
with him as f was/* says Mr. Topiady, *^ 1 nevei*' so mddi
as once heard him drop a single hint, in all oar tsonversa^
tions, directly or indirectly, concerning the article oFbsfp*
tism.V In 1728 he published his ^^ Exposition of tbeSong
of Solomon/^ folio. The year before it appeared, WhibtOn::
had published a pamphlet in which he mideavoured to proire
that the Song of Solomon was a spurious book, -and noffit
to stand in« the canon of scripture. To all thisGiii^n^
-Bwered with great ability. It does not appear whether
Whiston had seen this answer, but he himself informs us
that in 1748 he had heard a great character of Dr; Gill for
his skill in the Oriental languages, and bad a mind to bear
him preach, but being informed that he had written a >folia
book on the Canticles, he declined to^go and heasr him ; a '
proof that Whistoh's dislike to bigotry was to*tbe*b%otry.
of others only. In 1751 a new edition of the ^ E&position^^
was published in 4to,. with corrections and ad^httons, >'aiid
a thitxl, likewise with, additions, in 1767.
In the same year (1728) he published ^^ The Pro|yhi3ci6a
of the Old Testanlent respecting theMes^ah^ considereM^
and proved to be'literally fulfilled in Jesos,'' in aoswer/i^ >
CoUins's ** Scheme of literal Prophecy considered /''-, Be*
coming now a preacher of high reputation among dii^setiters
of all denominations, many of whom wished, td he^Lr^Dr.
Gill frequently, but could not be expected to join his*coa-«
gregation, a weekly lecture was* established by subscrip**
tidi in 1729, which he cootinued to.. preach .nnlal'')'f)6,
when age, and a multiplicity of engagemctits, ; obliged rfamr
to resign it. Here a>numeroj»s congpe^tion hemrd tbHie
sermons, many of which he moulded afterwards idtd tcevtislni
for publication, particularly his ^^ Treatise on the doctxiQe
of the Trinity," which appeared in 1731. Qne'ol^ect of
this treatise was to check, the progress $abeUiamsi& had:
at this time made among, the baptiits. IrKllM^.anAf'&A^
lowing years, he published his ^^ Caitteo£God aodTntth;!**
4 vols. 8vo, a defence of the Calvinistk. against the Afw
mioiah sentiments, on the subjeic^ts. of .deGuon, original
sip, &c. Dr. Gill's supralapsarian opinions in this.ffor mok' >
he held with great zeal) being animadreried.on in an ^aoo*^^
nympus pamphlet, he published an answer.called ^^ Troth
defended^ &e.*' In> 1737 he again .engaged i.ii coEtroversy
*.,j
GILL. 507
on tlte>mibject of baptism) with Mr. Smitiel Browne, a dis«
senting minbter.
^Wben be first came to settle in LondoD, in 1719, he
beeame intimately acquainted with Mr. John Skepp, author
of <* The Divine Enei^y," and in 1751 new-moddled that
w^rk for a second edition. Skepp was an able Hebraist,
and <had formed a good collection of Hebrew and Rab-
binical books, which Gill bonght on his death in 1721, and
bestowed many years in a careful study of them, reading
the Targums, the Mishna, the Talmuds, the book of Zohar ;
and having collected a vast mass of useful observations, he
employed them as illustrations for his Exposition of the
Bible. Of this voluminous work, the New Testament ap«
peaited first in 3 vols. fol. 1746, 1747, and 1748. In this
last year be received the degree of D. D. firom the Ma<-
riccbal college, Aberdeen, professedly ^^ on account of his
learned defence of the true ^ sense of the holy scriptures
against deists and infidels.'' This diploma was decreed to
him in the handsomest manner, without his knowledge, and
the fees were remitted. His £xpositioa of the Old Tes-
tament was published afterwards in various years, forming,
along with the New, 9 vols. fol. which, becoming of late
years- in much demand, and the price being greatly raised^
a new and irery neat edition was published in 1 810 — 12, in
10 vols. 4to, by Mr. Bagster, of the Strand. In 1767 Dr.
Gill puUisbed a ** Dissertation ou the Antiquities of the
Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-points, and Accents,"
and in- the same year collated the various passages of the
Old Testament quoted in the Mishna, in the Talmuos, both
Jetttshlem and Babylonian, and in the Rabbath ; and ex««
traetfid ;the variations in them, from the modern printed
i&sti which he sent to Dr. Kennicott, who politely acknow-
ledges the obligation in his <^ State of his Collation," pub-
lished in 1767. In 1769 Dr. Gill published a <' Body of
doctrinal Divinity," 2 vols. 4to, and in 1770 a << Body of
practical Divinity.'* This was the last of his numerous
publications, in the preparation of which he had spent
many years of his long life. He died at his house at Cam-
berwell, Oct. 14, 1771 ; his wife had been dead some years
before, and his only surviving son died in 1604, aged
seventy-seven. Dr. Gill's private character was so excel-
lent, that the admirers of his writings have said that << his
learaing and labours were exceeded only by the iavariable
sanctity of his life and conversation.^' His extensive learn-
50S GILL.
ing and readsnjg cannot be called lit t^Mstiony hvLt
writer he is in general too copious and diffuse. '
GILLES^ (Peter), a disttnguisbed scholar and inuiellery
was born 1490^ at Albi. After travelKng over France, and
intp Italy, be spent some time, atbisretum^ wkbCreotipe
d'Armagnac, b«»bop of Rhodes, afterwards caodinai, wto
was his (jfiatron; and, at this prelate's request, wrote Jtts
16 books on. the nature of animals, ^* De Vi et naturlb Aan-
malium," Lyons^ 153^,. 4to, extracted ftiatn i&iiau, PoT*
phyfy^ Helio4ofos, aodOpptan; to* wbieh be has added
bis own observations, and a book of the fish fonad at Mar-
seilles. He dedicated tUs work to Francis I. aind entreated
bioi, iu the dedication, to semi some tearnedrimen imo
foreign conn tries, at his own ex pence. Francis a^pit»Ked
this plao, and tbe.author wassentto the Levant some ttnte
after ; but, receiving nothing from the king during his
stay there, lie was obliged, at the king's death, 1547>,^.«to
enlist himself in the service of SoUman II. for a m^Wten-
ance* In 1 550, hosrever, he returned to France with M.
d'Aramont, ambassador from that krngdom Un ^e Porte ;
be went aftervrards to^cardihal d'Armagnac at Romne, being
entrusted with the affiiirs between France and the :"' holy
see, -and died in that city in 1555. Besides hia wprkalKtti^
mentioned, he left << £fephanti de«;riptio,'? :8vo^i)^;l)e
Bosphoro Thracio,'' 24to; '^ De Topogr£^huir Constan-
tinopoleos,'' 24to; and in Banduri's Imperium^OiMntide,
editions of Demetrius of Constaatinopla in '^ Rei Accjpi*
IrariflB Auctorcs,'' 1612, 4to; of Tbeodoiet's ^Cksamdn--
tary on the Twelve minor Prophets ;" «tid of ^the-^^ Uibt.
of Ferdinand, king of Arragon,'' by .Lauren tins ¥idhii^^
. GILPIN (BsntfARD), an eminent English diNriite^.^and
for hisexcellent character and usefulness, icaUed t))e >^Afpes-
tie of the North,'' was descended ^fcmn a:g(j[od iBuMify^in
Wedtmoreland, and born in 15 17,. at-Ketitinire :iik?(tkat
eeuhty. He was tbe son of Edwin Gilpiny^ by Margaret
daughter of William Laton of Detain in Cumberland. v£rf>m
bis eaiHiest youth be was inclined t^ a contegsplatsririife,
tbcmgbifci^, reserved, and serious, which giving hi^pac^ls
an eariy presage of his future piety, they d^tei^i^nid^to
^uGat6 him (or the church. Bis first years were^ spfmk at
«.....' ' , . . , -■ ■' :...-> *
1 J^xfe prefixed to a collection of liis Sermons luad Tracts, 2 vojs. 4to.<^S(en»
6et's Furieral Sertoon. ' . ^. .,j
^ Gm, ■Oic«lu.Ni«6roiiy tdih XXlfl.^OldiMiit WMi Caikuse.<-taril!fikio«
tnast. art, Giilifls, . . .. : , k ,
GILPIN. 509
m jinbttc ichooly^ whence be was removed to Oxford, and
at the age of sixteen was entered upon the foundation at
Queen's college* Besides his academical studies, to which
be applied with great industry, he appears to have read
frtnle here some of the works of Erasmus, which at their
first appearance were not very popular, and discovered in
them a treasure of real learning, which he had in vain
soQght after in the writings then in .most esteem. But as
he had now determined to apply himself to divinity, be
made the Scriptures his chief study ; and was particularly
anxious ' to gain an accurate knowledge of the Greek and
Hebrew languages, in the study of which he was much
assisted by Mr. Neal, a fellow of New college, and after-
wards Hebrew professor at Oxford He had not been long
in the university before he was considered as a young man
of good parts and considerable learning, and admired
and loved for a remarkable sweetness of disposition, and
unaffected sincerity in his manners. At the usual term^he
took the degree of )M. A. and about the same time was
elected fellow of his college.
If at this time, from perusing the writings of Erasmus,
or by any other means, he entertained scruples respecting
the religion of the Romish church, in which he bad been
bred up, be had the discretion to suppress his sentiments,
and before be said any thing which might shake the faith
of others, be determined to establish his own^ He had
Qot been long settled in bid fellowship before a very pub-
lic testimony was given to the reputation be had 'acquired,
by his being one of the first in Oxjbrd who were recom-
mended to cardinal Wolsey for Christ Church college,
which he had just founded, ^and accordingly Mr. 'Gilpin
femoved thither from Queen's, and continued his former
stiSidies. From the jisiiture of theses and the ingenuity and
honesty of his disposition, it is not improbable that he might
in time have been led by bis own reasonings to that disco-
very i^ truth he aimed at; but Providence rewarded a
juous endeavour, by throwing in his way the means of an
earlier attainment of it. Under the patronage of Edward
Vl. who had now saoceedcd - Henry VIII. Peter Martyr
went to Oxfevd, where be read divinity lectures in a strain
to which the university had been hitherto little accustomed,
and particularly refuted the doctrine of the corporal pre-
sence. This occasioned' a controversy of much warmth,
and such vfa^ Mn Gilpin^s credit at the university that the
510 GILPIN.
popish party were very solicitous to engage him' orf lli(^
8i(£s. But, although he was as yet but impeTfectly ac^
quainted with the arguments of the reformers, he had, It
seems, .lately discovered, thrpugh a dispute he hadbeeii
^ng^g^d in with Dr. Hooper, afterwards bishop ofWot^
cester, that several of the Romish doctrines were Tiot^d
well supported by Scripture as was commonly imaginiefdi
and, with a mind in this unsettled condition, he thou^t
himself but ill qualified to espouse either side publicly. lit
eotisequence, however, of repeated importubities, he ven-
tured to appear in a public disputation against Peter MaN
tyr, the consequence of which was, his ingenuously bwh*^^
ing that he could not maintain his opinions, and k ^deter-
mination to enter into no more controversies tirittl be bad
gained the full information he was in* pursuit of. Peter
Martyr acknowledged this candid 'behaviour, 'so different
. from that of Gilpin^s fellow disputants, Chedsey, Moi^toV
Tresbam, &c. and often told his friends that it wa^tb^
subject of his daily prayers that God would be pleasi^d^'at
length to touch the heart of this pious papist -wkh the'
knowledge of true religion. Nor, says htb^biographer, did
he prav in vain; for Mr. Gilpin from this time-becal^
every clay more reconciled to the reforme/s, ^ ^-'-^^ '''i ^-^
He now began with great diligence to 'reacf 'bv€ff*lSie
Scriptures, and the writings of the farthers, lAe Hs^ttli'iyf
which was a more favourable opinion df the ddc^nri^ 6f
the reformers. He also communicated some of his'iltkibt^f^
to Cuthbert Tonstal, bishop of Diyrham, ^bowas'hi^^c^'
ther's uncle, and had always expressed ^ greaft re^aitf ibt^^
him, and to other learned men of the'tmjvei^^y,- ifHi6s^'
answers ap^r to have had a tendency to Incr^ii^^TO^
scruples, and finally to make him declare him^^6>a'^^plrd^
testant : and it is certain, that while at Ghris€ Cnitfb6frJ^1ie^
became fully convinced of the errors of pl>pefy. SuV^^how*
ever, was his diffidence in his own acqilKir^ltaents^ aiid^sudh;
his fear lest protestantism might suffer bv^the ftte3epiiy$i!iHi;<<l
of its teachers, that he resisted many solicitaci6nS'^)d^^^
the university, and undertake the euro bf. souls. Tiiese^
scruples detained him at Oxford until the tbirty^fifdi year
of his age; about which tinie he yi^ed so 'fair to <tti6:'
earnest solicitations of his friends as te accept the vics^,|i6^
of Norton, in the diocese^of Durham, in Nov. iSB^. IBe^
fore he went to reside he was appointed*^ prea^ b^fe''
the king, who was at Greenwich, 'vi^ich appears HMn
GILPIN. 511
Ifi have b^Q a cuitom before being presented to any bene*
npe. On this occasion, with the true spirit of a reformer,
lie iiiveigbed against the luxurious and cormpt manners of
the times among all ranks, and akbougb the king was not
then preset,: delivered what he intended a^ an address to
bis jnajesty, not doubting, as be said, but that it would be
carried to bim. This courage recommended him to the
iiQtice of many persons of the. first. rank ; ^ particularly to sic
Francis Russel, and sir Robert Dudley^ afterwards earis of
Bedford and Leicester, who from that time professed .^
great regard for him ; and, when in power, were alwaye
ready to patronize him. Gilpin received their pffered
friendship with humility and gratitude;, but never solicited
it on l|is own aoco^nt«. He sometimes indeed applied to
lord Bedfiard. in .behalf of his friends, but does not appear
to.hay^ ouce asked , any favour of the earl of Leicester^
w^ose real character could not be unknown, or agreeable
to. him,. He is Ukewise said to have been noticed by se^
cretary Cecil, afterwards lord Burleigh, wjtio obtained for.
bim a general licence for, preaching,'' a matter of ^reat fa^
¥oi;(r in those days. This licence be sometimes used in
other par^ of the country^ but cpuiined hisserviqes ch^fly
to his parish of Norton* ... : ,> j»
• r., Hene.he niade it his principal ei^avi^ur to inculcate
Unocal viftue^ and to diss^iade from > those vices^ whieh he
observed i^ost, prevalent. . He seM^m h^nctl^d controvef*
sial poiius, for be was still sc^r.cely settklfd in some <Qf hb
r^jgious opinions. . Hence by degrees 1 diffidence of bim«
s^f ^Qs^ ^bich gave him great weasipess.. He thought
be.bad eng^ed.too soon in his offi<:el ^h^t b^, could ^t
apffidieotly disicbarge it, J;bat li^ should not rest in giving
bis,^are|r&.,0nly iporal ;nstructioi^s, and Jthat,. ov^^spread
af( thecoi)|(itry was. with popish doctrii}es,.he<lid ill to pt^-
tend to be a teacher, of reUgion, if he were unable toioppoae
sjpicb errors. T^^se thoughts . made^every day a ^eater
impressipnon hi|n» At length,^ qi4te unhappy* be wrote,
hia relation bishop .T<>nstal an. account «of his situation;
The. bishop very liberally ^to Id bin),, th^^t as he wasso ua-^
easy^^ he sbpuld thi(^ of nothing till be had fixed bis reli«
gjljn, ,and tha|^ in, his opinion, he eouid do no better th^n
pjjit his parish into the bands^of some person, in whom he
cQii^id confide, and spend a year or twQ jn Germany,
' Fr^nc^ and Holland ; , by which means be might have an
opportunity of conversing with spiipe pf the niost eminent
§12 GILPIN.
pipfesflon on both tides of the questioR. He aoqui^ited
him likewise, that bisgomg abroad at thi» time w^ifl4<dii
, Um aiso a coBsiderabie aenrice ; for, ducing bis c^rAPm^"
ment, be had written two or three, books, particnlarfy one
upoh tbe Lord's Supper, which be bad a desire to publisb;-'
and as this could not be so conveniently done at home, 'iva'
would be glad to bare it done under his> inspection a« JPteisr.>
This ieuer gave Mr. Gilpin much satisiaotion, a -c&A^-
ference with some of the learned men abroad being wh4t
his heart had been long set On*- One objection^ bowever,
was the expence, but the bishop told him his living would
dosoraetibing towards hiseaaintenande, and defici^cie? he
would supply ; but this did not remove a greater diffieuky. '
Mr. Gilpin's notions of the pastoral care were ^ strict^
that he thought no esccuse could justify non-residenoe: for
so considerable a time as be intended to be abroad. ^H^
could not, therefore, ihiak of supporting Jitmselfi^th' any
part of the income of bis living, and having discovered a
person, with whose abilities and iocliaations to dtscfaarge
t^e duties of it, he Was well acquainted, he resigned it to
him, and set. out for London, to receive bis last orders frolil
thebisliop, and to-embaric. The bbbop received hrni at
first wlti^ somediq[>leasure, but such an instance of skieeri^
could fiot £ul to raise him higher in his^esteemySdibodgfa he
would afterwards iipeqoently chide him for these qnaimw^it
conscience, and would be often remindiag him, that if he
did not look better to his interest, be would certainly di^ '
a beggar. * ,»..:».
Gilpin now embarked for Hollai^ whence be^ioM^
diately went to M^blto to visit bisf brotherOeorge, Chen a
zealous papist, but afterwards a warm advocated' Isr tb^
reformation,' and the translator from Dutch into Eb^sb Of ^
that, keen satire against popery, entitled <<The Be^ive of
the , Jlonia^n eburcb.^* He went afterwards to Lc^yvaiA>
where he. resolved to- settle for some time, makings occa-
sional excursions to other places. Lcwvatn was -dten* one
of the chief places for students in divinity. Somie -of the
most eminent divines- on both sides of the 4question resided
there, and the most important topics of reiigioti were dit^
Classed with great freedom. Of snch opportunities he f(00n '
began to avail himself, and the consequence was hii Inti^ '
bibing juster notions of the dbctrinesi of the reforihartionr:
he saw things in a clearer and stronger lighty and^ Mt b
satisfaction in^ the change he bad made^ to which fa^had *
hitherto been a stranger. - •
GILPIN. 5l»
Vl/bSe ^s pursuing bis studies, be heard tbe important
UMTS fcom England of queen Mary's accession to tbe crown^
i^kese bigotry was well known, and in whon^ tbe signs of
» /persecuting qpirit already appeared; and at the same
time learned that bis relation bishop Tonstai was released
fealm the Tower, and reinstated in his bishopric. The first
cooteqiteiice of this last event was the offer of a living,
witt^b Mr. Gilpin declined in a long letter, the unaffected
piety of which, disarmed all resentment on the part of tbe
bishep, and l^d him rather to admire a behaviour, in which
tbe motives of conscience shewed themselves so superior
to tboae <^ interest. After remaining two years ifl Flttnders,
to which his countrymen were daily flocking to escape the
sangimiary laws of queen Mary^ he took a journey to Pa*
rm, im fxtdet to priiit the bishop of Durham's bo6k on tbe
Slaerameiit, with which that prelate had intrusted him.
This, work of Tonstal's was written so much in a spirit of
moderation respecting the extravagant popish doctrine of
the Sacrament, that Gilpin was generally supposed to have
corrupted it, which he refuted by shewing tbe bishop's
leitler of thanks for his ** care and fidelity'* as- an editor.
While Mr. Gilpin staid at Paris, he lodged with Vascosan,
the enuoeDt printer, to wboni be had been recommended
by^bis. friends in tiie^ Netherlands, and who shewed him
gfeat regard, introducing him to the most considerable
Biee in ^at city. Here popery became quite his aversion;
heMw more of its superstition and craft: than be had yet
seen; the former among the people, the latter aihong the
piie9tS| wiio scrupled not to avow how little truth w^ their
cQueem^f: Here. also he found his old acquaintance Mr.
Neal, of; New college, who was now become an inflexible
b^t to popery, and resisted all Gilpin's endeavours to
reolsttm him'. This was tbe same Neal, who was after-
wards chaplain to bishop Bonner, and distinguished him*-
self by being sole voucher of the very improbable and silly
story of tbe Nag's bead consecration.
Mr. Gilpifl having spent three years abroad, was now
fuUy satisfied in all' his more considerable scruples. He
wanted no further conviction of the bad tendency o^
popery : be saw the necessity of some reformation, and
b^^an to think every day more favourably of the present
one.. The doctrine of the corporal presence indeed he had
oQl yet fully considered; but he looked upon it as a tnys*
tery, which it ralher became him to acquiesce in than
Vol. XV. L L
«J^ .Q I £ t I
thus answered, he wm diesirous of retiiniiiig;iilMBar^ haktSm
ihe Mfurmi iMmecttluiiiie teas: «titt\ ng^ iiiffiivieiidaiiiig-
f^evled ibHtitr^wM lttt}^dbi94tmn'flkadBew«Qr thwk i0fcgoi%
IQ a ^pl«MS4^<ffpiii^ whence all ef.lm $enl»iieiit»«Mnre'end««i-
^euiic^ to iiivitbdf'av theoomdMs. * Bu^it.iahoi8Bt:|HrqbAlf,
: jtbfyb Im pttrpefieto reurn atibii tkn^ irhain pMiUHeeoof
, ^ b^bop ol X>ttffheBi*s Mbrhie |\ iMk^ rfiading t)ie/iafinM^
•lioB ^f age.WPiM^# upon iuin/ and 'believing hb Jiifhitr
^ tolaUy uiiqusdi£ed to adtanoe hiniielf in ^ itfe, mighilobe
Jd^reus of proTidiflfg for him befiwe hta^deaiA $ «nd/faoped
t tjbat bin poweTi tn;that lemote part of ftbe^kiogdofDy ^wonld
. (be a^fofEeient' protectioii for Mmagaiaat his teioniea. 'it
!i8t^ bonferar, oertaio i;bat bdncame inla^ BnglaaU damg tke
rhMi of the pecieetttioa^ and Jweiit^ avmediat^lyr to- Am
jbi$bop9 whowaa tbflii.'injbia*'dioce8e« . Hena tbii^^Kiiioaoe
r prelate kq^t himfAt ivitbdtawu during most of tka« Tidbat
'Veigiv tQ avoid having any head ia meaaarer wbi^ Jie
:abhprmL: ^ > . » - — -.
. Tbd bisbop received him jvith g«at frienddapf aid
.wjtMn a^ vary littie tioM^ gave hiair die archdeacoaKjrdof
yJQmimiftw tot arhiob ihe.rectovy of Ebaiagton ^i6arkan9mt4.
■>. .Vpali iMSnotiiig lo this ^parish, hetfooiyl st in fceatdaaordary
^ #nd yet Jbniself in eatiieat to .reprove vice paMicty.aad
-privately ; and to explaM^fthe oatnre^ true i»Ugbn,ivilb
-^ |ire«iom by ao.iMai90 ioited to those ^^xisFBCoin.tiaaas.
In* his oftce of archdeaeon be eadeavbared to^rafocaai Aa
^hstgy$ tQ discoKUiteiianQe |dumlitiai, and to trepcesa jriiak
private vices;; aiid'liiia.he.*pei!Biaied in, notwilbataadiD|rAie
.biab<^ ;hintedr to hiai that more catition M>iddbe.iiaeaaaary
. 4fi Sttah itimati ,: Iti% iiowaveryf ailttde ;aiiipriaiagc«bat.iiie
. I^sfaep'had not &nmen 4nlnr niacb h»>iBa8l»*BeGietaaiBy
e;&pose his nephew to the popish party, ,by ^ikekig bfeoin
c^t^h a?slati0n^ fielmewriieioattld .dotiieiapofiae ; ^add be
- i|iM»t5kno.w> that.wtiie»t^i:emporizia^y* he wMld sooii^
jaiosi ahooxioiiartojtboseiin poireri; ivMol wiioae persecet^g
:. pf laoiples' he af^is .wdl^ac^pmiited. ' The eonsei|iieBoe'«ras
Latja:iigbtbav» bocafejojieobed ^a:clallloaT was raisad agaStest
L' Mfi ^ilpift^s ra , hbW^iiis,.^ asid he was aocatad ih>fonii fie^
L Mx^ the; bishop ofiDmhaoi^ wbo^ hawever^ very artfaUj
jicj^eeaed him at:ihis .utnei but sodn after, lttir..€Bti^itt
i j&adiog tthe diilM.jef liia -andid^eoRry: attd«- rectory: too
nuiehifor his strength,. and tha^ they c^iild not. be divided^
, resign^ iwrivasid ana for soma tioii&'aitboiit aii(paff oaLia
ft I L F I 9^
70»xlimnkii9 mmiptiiM •f ^fa% mib liie tHskop as om
H^m faHigthe .cM^BiMi>iiBiiM0fie«d, dooi not ^KppmL
Ji^cmM dm^ iMMsmry^^ be /iMy lonf, becMse the rectocif
#f Hoiq^ilMK-le^iplttig fen >¥aoftiit, before Easiiq^ti and
the affobdMcoiuiy ware di^osed of ; and the bbbc^^ me
ij/onkutwmi^ made liim< aa offer of all the tfareoy wfaiokit
mmti'^mtiSk^y he w^aU Ustra tm. He thanked thd bitkopy
^teMfpreiy «ad aooeptctd Houghton. Thti rectoiy -waa ^
^Opta^derableiodae^^ about 40elL per aDnum, butthedirigr
^^it HwpiofMfftionablf laborious^ it being so esEleftttMlui
^to coaaaia iieieat t&anf^rtMn viHagei^ overmti with die
^id(arktieiaof popisb *i|;ap0iaif ce and topentltiOR. ' Gilpiiiy
^hbaremv dU^init^dmtpBhr^' He^ implored the as&iitance of
*tifQdy aod Ua sincere ^endearaara tmei^adtk -ii. Thl^peoplo'
^oioWded abanit: him, mtid heordr^him with attentioilri pair-
^4{M«anghim s teacher. of : a diffetent fctnd fvom those'^ to
'>erbom'4heJ.had^hilher(e .beaa ivceitoto This very
cause^ however, increased the malice of his enoasies, and
t te w^:ttgaiii.forfiaaUy accused befeYe the bishop of Dur*
'^4ii|aft^ iiowvrAe bisirop heaved at this timiv^*® afeflot
i:^partiisnlaift3fr infraai^f but no man knew better faoir te a^
^apenien «iapai^en(gr>;)»nd it is~^6ertaia that' Mr GHpIn was
-aeq^ottedi \ The malice ^f ^his: ettomies saeaeed#4 ^w«
- ^iwisii i«: part^.for the UshepVfmmit to him frdnictbii time
'Mriftbly^ dedined^M though: k k ^piesoonablc^, wfc^er he
« teailjr felt theiadiSerence he eepressed ; or peiiiieps he
^«aiighit dtink it adfis«Ue Ausikr to temporiiee ; hopiiig^ to
t:MtatM the sUfloi ai bis owoi ^resrrthe iU*wiH of others. ^ Be
^i'lhttesatimajr^Mn.GilpiaaaknowlJeldged bin great obliga*
:4iolie:ib,jiie bishops wa& sony to see* Urn disgifsted^^ and
^ »if aeid hawe . igiiea iup any thing to have bin satisfied, ele-
cepc his conscfience.
^ : His <0Hieiiesi^ in the mean time, were not tbos silenced.
^ Though ^they had beeii defeated aseeond time, they were
-only :&e num spirited np by that additional rancour ^whith
genetaUy -attends the ^ baffled designs of -the «iatiorous.
Cmvinnd how impossible & ^ikaa to work up the l^shop of
*I>i»'bam's seal to the height: they widbed,: they tberefore'
' laid tfairty^two aiticKea againtt the]r*^intended :dcttm before
' bishop Bonner* Bonnec e:ctDHal thei^ laudable laeal for
c Tetokm^ and proimsed that the lievttie shooldl^ are stake
kiaifortttigi^ Of lliii ttoeribinatioii Mtu Gilpin^^^
:ie- iXMdvlott' appriaed Wm by artpeeiat meflieaf;ef^ but be
L L 2
516 6 I L P I lil.
hftd ii^ng been pt eparing to suffer for tbt tfudir 'sad tfJMr
determined not to decline it He eren.faftd a^i^aMHiftifi
nubdo in. which % he might go decently to the tlidDey mad
nied to put it on eveiy dny^miti^ Boimei^f menengew ali^
prebended him. In bis way to London^ it is loid to bfOR
histleg^ which put a stop for some time tofaisjoiinitfjry and
before he was able to trarel^ queen^Marj died, aiMHieiWii
set at libeitjr^ Thia account of hia aeoide^it ;baenbwfi
doubted^, but it is certain that the newa of tbeqaeea^k
death met him npon the road, and put a stop to any iaiv
ther prosecution* He then returned to Hovghton tfarougli
crowds of people^ triumphmdy expressing the aUmost jo]%
and blessing God for Us.delii^eraneei / / <-
When the popish bishops weie deprived, afeul many-sees
by that means vacant, Mr. Clilpia's friends at emsrt,' pai^
ticttkiriy the earl of. Bedfbsd, thought it a good oppbrtii-
nity to use their Hitefest in bis favour, aatd he' was aeeord^.
ingly nominated to the see of Carlisle, but notwitbstandibg
the pressing soUcitatiens of his noble .friends, and^'tif
Sandys^ bishop of Worcester, he penristed in deoliiaii%
this high honour, as being uwrortby of it.:.> Itss somea4iat
strange that Niodson in hsa *^ Historieal Library^*' ' and
HeyUo in his *' Cfaesch History,'' should asccibe hia: oen^
•duct to lucrative motives^ a calumny which has b«en: amply
refuted by his biof rapber. Both these !writersiinda«l
to have been very little aoquainted widi.Mn,<3iipin^a*<
racter, in which.disinterestednessboreaaprincipala part
The year after hb reAisal of the bisbopsie of :Caiflide,^tie
..was offered. the provostship of'Qneen's'eollege^ (Bafoid*,
which he also <telttsed ; and thus having had ia faiaioptiatl
almost every kind of preferment which an liscdesiaatkids
capable of hotdutg, .he sat down with one ilwigv vMfdk
gratified the utmost ef his desires.
Soon after queen JElizdlisth's accession, a geeeratvisita*
lion was held. An asnmbly of divines, among whom were
Paricer, Gdndal, and Sandys, haaring. finisiied a ^ body of
ii^tinctions and articles, commissions were issued out,
impowering' proper peraons to enibree:them:; the oath of
supremacy was to be tendered to the eiergy, and a aufa-
scription imposed. When the visiters ^oame :to Durham,
Mr. Gilpin was requested to pneach befbre the dei^gy,
against tbe pope's supremacy. . To this« he had no objee-
tiohi but did not like the thoughts of subscribing, having
%oi]ie doubts with regard to one or moreo^ the artietta.
G I L P r N. 417
.Uif ontatt limbing not tbeae scruplMi he h^p^d that his
MibMf^tiofi might satofy the ttsitors ; but next day, wht^n
^Ihe ofevgy. were assembled jto subscribe^ as au instance of
Mspect Mr^ Gilpin* was first called upon. The emergency
dilowed him no time for reflection. He just considered
jKith bimseify^ thai; upon the. whole these alteratioTis in reli-
4(i0n wwfe certainly right ; that he doubted only in a few
immatinial pointt.; and that, if he should refuse, it might
Jbe^A means to keep others 'back. He then took up the
peiifw and, with- some hesitation, at length subscribed.
Afterwards retiring, he sent a letter to the visitors, ac-
.quaintiog them .in what sense he subscribed the articles ;
which they accepted very favourably.
'^ . Wjifiit in ofdcSr to enlighten the nation in true learning
aod reKgion^. public schools i>egan to be recommended,
Mr. Gilpin endeavoured to promote the good work with the
Utmost of his ability. As his manner of living- was most
afflnent and generous^ and his hospitality and charities
inade. daily a larger demand upon him, it was thought ex*
tfftocdioary, that, amidst sudi great - expences, he should
eiibertain ifae design of, building and endowing a gratnmtar
adhool ; ]ret^ his exaet ceconemy soon enabled him .to ac-
QOmpliahcthts, andjtbe effects 'of: hi&;eiidowment were very
quickly seen .:.'his school was ^(r^aooxrer opened than it
hflganhte flourisfa, and to afford the agreeable prospect of a
succeeding generation rising above the ignorance and
ereors of their forefathers. He not only placed able mas*
Mrs in his school, whom he procaired from Oxford, but
hioBSelif constantly inspected it, andtoek an active part in
tbe; education q£ the scholars. Such was his benevolence
that uriieaever he met \^ith. a poor boy upon the road, he
would make trial of his capacity by a few questions ; and
if he found it such as pleased him, he would provide for
bis edueatiofi. ^ Fromthe school also he sent several tof the
universities, jwhet^ he maintained them wholly at his own
expeoce. Nor was this munificent and uncommon care
unrewarded. Many of his scholars , became greats orna*
ments to the church, and exemplary instances of piety,
among whom have been particularly mentioned, Henry
iV^Tay, afterwards provost of Queen's college; George
Qari^on, bishop of Chichester ; and Hugh Brougbton. It
was.abo at^ Mr. Gilpin's suggestion that his friend bishop
Pilkisigton founded a school at the place of his nativity in
Laocesbire, the statutes of which be revised and corrected
at the bishop's request.
Mn Gilpio^s general reputttion tan leahiii^ an^ piety^
made it the desire of persons of all i^Ugtoas persaaatoaik
to baye tbeir cause ciMited by his aothority ; and amoti^
others^ the first dissenteii, or puritans, who baid cootractei
prejudices against certain clrarch ceremoniesi habits, &d.
made early applications to Mr. Gilpin, bat without effeci
The reformation, he said, was just ; essentials were there
concerned ; but at present he saw no ground for disaffini*
^on. The church of England, he thought, gave no rea^
sonable oQence. Some things there might be in it, wbieti
bad been perhaps as well avoided (probably meaning this
use of the vestments), but to disturb the peace of a nation
for such trifles, be thought, was quite unchristian. And
what iiideed appeared to him cbiefly blameable in the dis*
fenters, was, that heat' of temper with which they ptopa-
^ated their opinions, and treated those who differed frodi
them. Such was not his practice, for he confined all his
dislike to their sentiments, urged with intemperate warmkb,
but bore fiot the least ill-will to their persons. One of tfa^
.mgst intimate friends he ever had was Mr. Lever, a minis*
Iter of their persuasion, and a suffek'er in their cause. ^ It is
, almost needless to ada,' that he found it equally or mo^e
easy to r^iist tbe solicitatiphs of the papists, who lamented,
as they well might, that so good a mih badibrsaken their
cpmmunion, and' consequently ' they left no methods un^
tried to bring him back. ' ;:\ .
Hi^ hospitable manner of living ^^ the admiration of the
whole coiintry, and strangers and travellers met with "a
. cheerful reception^ Even Chelr bea$ts * had so inudi cafe
taken of theip, tbat.it ivas humorously said, ^' if aborse^
, was^ iurned loose in T^n*/ part of the country, . it would USi^
f' ipdiately,make its way to the rector of ftoughton*s.'^ Eve^
lipday, froin Michaelmas to Easter, was a sort of [mbhc
day ^\^h hioi..^ During this season, h^ expected to see all
Jiispa^risbibaers arid their families whom he seated, ac-
cpriding to their i^nks, at three table^; and vtrhen absent
'^.from home, the sanie establishment Vs^y^epttip. Whi^
jKcd , Burleigh, then lord treasurer, wigis sSnY'on ppb^lo
^atn^ir^^into Scptlafid, be unexpectedly paid a visit to Mh
.'^.jGfilpiUy but the oeconomy of bis house was not easily d^*
concerted, and he entertained the statesman and his refi*
.nue.in aju^b^.^ nianner as made him acktrowledge ^^'ne
ibould hardly liitye expected more at Lambed).'^ ' On look*
, Ing back froni 'an eminence, atier he had left floug^h^
i
9p4pifh CQ»W aQ^^e^ <pj5clai«iwft/« There is ibe eoj^y-
^ent of life inde^^! .who. cao blame that roan Jfbr not ac-*
^ci^pting of a bjisbopric ! what dothjie want to make him
greater^ 9r, t^^ppiefi pr.mofe useful to mankind !'' Mr.
I^jil pin's Is^bours extended beyond his own parish ; he every
^ ear yisited divers neglected parishes in Northumberland,
'orKsbire, Cheshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland;
ajfid that jk\i own flocKmight not suffer, he waft a£ the ex-
^epcepf'a copstaqt^ssistant. In all his journeys he di4
Pjpt^fall to visit the g|^k and places of confinement | and
3>y nis labQ\irs and affectionate manner of behaviour,^ he is
$aid to have refprmed many abandpned persons ip those
[^abodes^ q{ bu^na.n Qiisery, He had set places and times
Tor preaching in the different parts of the country, which
w§i^^, as regularly attended as the assize towns of a circuit
Jf ^ecjtime to a place in which there was a church, hetuade
^MSe of it ; if not, of barns, or any other large building,
"wji^regre^t crowds of persons were sure to attend him^
^som^ for his instructions, more, perhaps, to partake of
Tbisl^ounty ; but in bi^ discourses, he had a sort of enthtf-
,4tastic waijmtht^ whiph roused many to a sense dfjeligion
jm9 h^d^never thought of ^ Juiy thing serious before. The
P^P^e^is .aiid,Tatiga^^ aUend^ this employ rnient were; itt
^hi^t,e§|ifliatiQh;' ^ndantjy compensated by the advari-
tagesr whicn he h^bed would accrue from them to fcis uif-
mstructed fellow-creatures. He did not ' spare the rich;
-r^^ff^'i^ discourse flp^fore Barnes,^ bishop of I)urharn,%ho
^d ^^Ir^ady^qpncj^i.vfjd a^prejudice /against him, he spoke
wjln fiq^mughTfrQedpni. that bis be#t l^riends dreacPed the
jr^sult ; Jthey f ebuH^ Jhim for giving the'prelate a handle
^a^ain$t nip^/to which bcf replied, "If the discourse shonld
^^p jfcte. good ,he^ i]:)C^.nde4 by it, he was regardless of the
^(pp^sequences to hiaisglf.'^ He then waited on the prelate,
'.who said, *' Sir, J propose to wait upon you home myself.'*
Wh^Q they arrive^;!, at tfte rectory, >ud entered the house,
t^e bishop turned suddenly round, and grasped him et-
jgerly by the hand, saving, ** Father Gilpin, I know you
ar^ fitter to be bishop of Durham, tlian I ^m t0^be person
pf this church ^9f yours. I ask forgiveness for pait injufiiis,
.Forgive me, father, I know you have enemies, 1>ut whUe
^IJive. bishop of Durhami, node of them shall cause yott
3ny Ijuj-tber trouble.*^ \
^,! fldr'maQy interesting and honourable anecdote^ of the
j?G^uct pf this eytrf^qrdipary man we must refer td bis'liCe
Mr eapiii's genertl repuu*' > f*P^"' 7}"^^ Po-
made it the dwire of p^r^- .^^gth, but will oot be
to have their catua r^- ' . ^^^w^^der to o«e o£ Ac
others, the first dis^ -^^^^Vr T **°f "^^-^^^^
prejudices again^ ,.>>^ * ^*J« ^^^^^f ^. ^^ .^^^/T
made early >pr' ^^'T'^' ""i^^ ecc Wic, Jie
The reformati ii&o^'^^^ ^ ^^^' ^^^^ * fall, and
concerned : .^^.£^. ^ 1^^ f ^"*if. ''^"^ '^^ ^ ~'
tion. Th ^^%hi^^ friends of his apprehenatfus^
sonablc '^^^Jd^ ^^^ 8^®*^ composure. He was
had ^ J^^J^iP^^ chamber ; but retained his senses to
use J^^^!^teif ^*y* before his death, he desired his
fQ- y^ d/'/itsocey and dependents, &c. might becalled
fl^^ffiber; a"d being raised in his bed, addressed
/|^i» i/iein on matters of eternal concern.* Re jiifso
^0^^ 0^tdX persons, who had hitherto made no.go^d
^f^is iidvice> and upon whom he imagined his d^iiig
^f flight have a betier effect, but his speech began Jto
*^^^gf before he had finished his exhortations. TJie »e^
j^JJ^iijg^. hours of his life he spent in prayer, and broken
^^v^^^^^^^^ ^i^b some select friends, mentioning often
tbe consolations of the gospel, declaring they were .tbe
^0jy.true ones, and that nothing else could bring a man
P^ace at the last. He died March 4, 15S3, in thejiixty-
sjxth year of his age.
Thus died Bernard Gilpin, who, for bis exemplary piBty,
laborious virtue, and unbounded benevolence, deserves
to have his name transmuted to posterity vviih respect and
reverence, and who obtained, and most deservedly^ among
his Gontemporariesy tbe title of the Northern Apostle. By
his umvearied application he had amassed a. great stock.of
knowledge, and was indeed ignorant oi' no part of leitt^ifig
at that time in esteem. He had given more than i^ommon
attention to the study of the dead languages, to history
and divinity; he is said to have excelled in poetry, but
be expended little time in the pursuit of any thing that
was foreign to bis profession. . His temper was natucally
warm, but, by degrees, he succeeded in obtaining, an en-
tire command of himself. His disposition was serious, yet, -
aiii^ng- his particular friends, he was cheerful and even
facetiuus.' His severity had no other object but himself :
to others he was mild, candid, and indulgent. His '^Ser-
mon preached at the court at Greenwich, before K. Ed-
ward VI.*' in 1552, »s the only revised composition of Mr.
O IhPilK. Sftl
QiipiA*s 4liat hts survived lufli. It is |NriiKled in hts
hy bishop CiMrletoDy' 1696, iSmo, fourth edition ; aoditi thtl
mora ^ab^raie. andv elegant Ikfe- by hi»:de8eecidaiity ^ first
priafeed 111 175^, ,8tVQ.^ • > .
; GILPIN . (RtcaAED), a Bonoonfomiiift divine and ^iiy^
-i^cian, piobaUy of the same family wkh the pvededing,
wa» a native* of Cumberland, and educated! i hi Queen's
-ooUege, Oxford, whence he took the degree 'o£:M/D. but
afterwards entered into holy offders^ and became minister
of Oreystock, in his own county; but preached wifli
great applause in London, at Lambeth, the Savoy, &c* and
in many other parts of the kingdom ; till he was «ileneed
for refusing to comply with, the act of uniformity,, 1662.
He aiWrwards practised physic in. the north of England,
particularly at Newcastle, where he wss greatly esteemed
by, ail. that knew him, betl^ aff a physician aivd a;divin&
. He died in '16>57.. He was ithe, author of several treatises;
but his discourse oii M Satan's Temptatioos,!*v 1677,. 4to, is
most esteemed. '
GILPIN (Sawrey), a late artist, and a descendant of
the Apostle of the: North, was horn at Carlisle in 17Sd,
from whence, after having accpiired some relish for the art
fcom hi* father, who was a captain in. the. army, he came
to London, and was articled to a ship'^painter. His first
interesting works were, composed of some market groups
which struck ' bis eye from his window. Soon after he
went to Newmarket, being encouraged by the late WiU
liam, dukeof Cumberland, where he executed many com-
positions which might have vied with Hogarth in point of
character. In the duke*s stud he acquired that knowledge
of the horse, .which he afterwards displayed with such su*
perior spirit and beauty ; and when we see with what feli*
city he applied it to the higher departments of the art, to
historic compositions in the triumph of. Camillas, the elec-
tion of Darius, the story of Phaeton, we must lament that
such talents should baye been -drawn aside to the meaner
employment of horse- portrait painting, which occupied
too much of his vatuable life.
Hin drawings of animals, in pencil and water->colours,
display a degree of taste and skill seldom attained. Many
of his most capital pictures are in the possession of noble-
men and collectors ; his chef'-d*€euvre, a group of tigers, is
1 LSvei as Abo7C.-«»Bio|p. Britanoica. ' Calamy.
Mt 6ILPIIL
Cg gggr Mi liWM — Titinr ^mflktr, ikewm. Wft^
GIN (PBm Lo9» CMJunml^ « iiiIhmiiim andl weM
WnocB wntcf of tfao iMk «ntwfy^ wm bom ot PlHiiy Not.
ff 9 If M^ oad bctog o^ocatoa m the profattioo of tli«
loir^ WoHBO loccniiiioiji ooibiollor of tke potKaoioiit of
Ffjg^ aad lowJifrof thiggraodcogoriL He died in tint
oiijr i» 18(n# Hit ooomfynett oivo to Ufli vorioos taD^a-
lifcMioiie bdd io li^li fopoiOy poitaoiiloily <Mie of
Tf tmn piiiMod itt 17S49 afiv ^ wliiek thne wett
tmo ipiotidid editioot priatod bjr INdoc; aad
limiiotioM of /Hoiiody TbeooriiM, DooMiitlieiiefy and
Coldiaiilb'fVfcorofWflkefiekt His originl tmrks weie,
J* ^ TkaM do Pdogooaeo do tNRMM^^ 1767, l2no. «.
HDo U Roligioo^ ^oa faoimiie dn ttoode," 177^ and
IbHoiniy 7eais,'5 ^^. %m: ^Tbi§ow&^ dmigh kioded
4irilh oc^MporabotidMco- df yoHHiwH| niiieli fonder it too
prolfXt 'mnB moil foooHred* In t'Mi bepoblisbed a jndi»
oiono iAind|[oient of it, nodorrthe ttllo of '^Noufoaax Me^
lonfOf de Pbiloiopbio et'do U Lktvnttore,** ejdlibiting in
m fOgnhM^ ploo^tbo foodamental-^iirinciploo of religion in
g&mmdf oodtbo moral gofli«niniodt.of tbio Dotty4 S. << Le* ^
vfob jnrinofpof do Oarornooiont^Frao^die/* Geneva, ty&^
VmABf t^Of and 2- voli. Moio. 4. ^^ Analyne laiaoiin^o da
dfoit FianoMyl' Parb, l782^/4to.'
GIOOOMDO; ; See JOCUNDU8.
hGIOIA \fi,kwio)f to whon die tovention of tbe aompa^i
been iMOnbod^ woo a Neapolitan, and bom abont the
year :1M0/' At that ^hnm the forereigns of Napl^ were
yoongor. bvancbet of tbe royal< family of France; and, to
mark tbe circnmttawe of this invention of the cmnpata
originataog with a rabjoct of ^ Naples, Gioia distingqisbed
tbe north with a floor do lis^ a parti^nUri^ whidi baa
beonfodGModby aU nationi, to whom tbd tsae of this instru-
inoniia Maownv 'jfiomo hare pretended ^bat tbe aifiiienta
I Pilklntton, hj FaMU<-»Oent. Mtf. fal. IXXVIl.
• meu Mitt.
.1, . • . ■ I • 1 - • .
PMltiicft^if nmftit of iHk ^wi»r of ihtt nmgiMt ; bofrit »
MPM^in tbftt Pliiiy^ vhe.ofteii^ ftpeAksr of ibe. kad-stoiM^
M^^sioiliiDgp oi its appropriate MliftteiliQa to the polow
fipoM!* Jmlbors aJb^ have conferred ihe hoDour of ibis im*
f^rumt'imwf&rpon the Cbutflse, and it bas by Or, Wdlis
^em^ aaeyjbed to the Engliabi Hovrewr tbii may. be» tbe
il)iyitQi(y of Prjm^ifiatorvvbiok » |»rt ofitfae kiBgdom
Naples, and in which place Gioia, was bom, beari a oen^
pttpa jbr its ama. If it be only an iinpcoyeBieiit of mn in*
v^tl^om though but partially luiown j which oiajr bei^ ina^ ,
puted to Gioii, be is without djapnte entitled to ]» din^tiil^
guished place in- tbe mak d! idaose who have contribiMd
lo-the benefit of society. * , . :.
j&IQBJiAiil <ViTAb)^ a skllfal <siatheni«tidiM^ iNraa
liofor Deoeoiber 1'9, 163S^ atBitonto. Heapeiitbis yontk
i|a;Fi4ieoiess and debaucjbefy, aad marritd a^ymif^'woiiiaii
l¥ikboiu any fortune; and having ktUed^ne odF^bitJMmlien^
}iDt?4a\v5 who fopeoacbed him. with bia: tndotencft andlatti^
pm»r he entered faa a ioldier ina ileet fittod ?oM by lift
|K>pe«gaiivit the Ttttkflb> The admina), finding lllat be did
^e| vK^nt gentasj gave him rimriter'sji^ce wbi<^ happened
ta.b^^vaoatit ; s^GioiedMif being obliged ittcconiieqiienoe
t^ JeavB em^hoieiiic, isagerly atudied • t^ .i>f Cbmui, ;and
ai^uiciedb a^^istir fostnatbetnalics. ^Reinrding to^qme^ in
l^^r^he^^ns made^ keieper of tbe^ castle oCiSk« Angelop and
devoted the jeisnreJjbatjojBSoe. afforded < him io matbiBmaiioBl
^studies, in isbirii be made^o<rapid a piogressicrthat: i^neen
jGMifttiiia obosesUm forihermadieinaitiQiftn daring ,ber^alay
J|t ]ftQ«i^^;4od'jbofii^r£iy.(appoinl^)l»^
jIaMcs in^tbi^^a^Meliiy of painting and^s^ulpivrfr which b^
had founded in that cify<$ t€^ /(nMsftdi i(iei^m^e»eib'
gineer to the castle df;St^bgeloTbyt]lope<^ibDientX.» ap*>
l^otfUed aDitbsmetical piisafissnor tit, ih^ HCoUege AeiH ISa-r
jpien^a 168^ andtadnmted i»lMtie academy of Jhe^rbadi^
jMbty 5p> l^H. Hetdted^NovembenS, .1.7 1 1. : HiscprinGipal
.^orks «r|&y ^^/EjticUde nesdttite^V iMi&^ f< Be oompooeodia
^fiftvittiKi momentis^^' folio ;^f^Ftadomentiiimdoctrki8&^m^^
tea gravimn/^4Tf0lf, iolto;; f ^ i4d: l^4oiDtfani& ChaatoEibor
fum Epi8tolav'jl30«S,f^lu>.*'r^ ' : ijis ' u : /
< CIORDANQ: ^ueA)$ 7^aT emtnent .'artist^ nraui hom> jat
l^lesp in:i$29^ sii«d:«at fifst'fni* dn disciple 0^ Spegnor
' Moreri.-— Cyclopedia, *«|;gitl^]|f«fii&;r.> , -. < 'i^**-* -y: »^ - *i f •
* Morerh— Niceron, ToMn.— •Diet. AifU r» - :- ^ ■
«84 GIORDANO.
letto, and afiemards of Ptetrp da Cortooa. Wlieai«bt
quitted the school of the latter, he went to Lombardyy^ J^
study Corregio ; and then traye^ed to Veuice, to impiwe
himself by tide colouring and codnpositions of the bestVe-t
netian ai^ists. He bad a fruitful imagination, and a sui^
?>rising readiness and freedom of hand ; his tone of c^t
ouring is agreeable ; aiid his design, when he ehosi^ ^evf'
rect. He studied the manners and particularities of ida0
greatest masters with such care and judgment, and pos*
. sessed so happy a meraorv, that he not only retained in
iiis mind a distinct idea of the style of every celebrated
master, but had the skill and power to imitate them with
such a critical exactness, as to deceive even the ablest
connoisseurs. In his early time this might have been the
effect of study, and an attempt .to arrive at exceUeoce^
but we may observe the same disposition of mind in .those
pictures which he painted in the best periods of his l^
thany of them being in the peculiar manner of Titian, Tii^r'.
toretto, Guido, and Bassan. Some of those paintinga are
so like, that it is said there are in th^-most capital .Qollec«v
tions in England, sbme called Titian's which are iiyson*
tiestably the sportings of Giordano's pei;iciL One of* his
most considerable productions is |he altar-piece ofthm
church of the Ascension at Naples, representing the .#adi
of Lucifer. And at Genoa, is a fine picture of Senecj^^
dying in the Bath; of which, also, there is a duplicate in
the gallery at Dresden. In Spain he executed many com-^
positions at Madrid, Toledo, and at the Escurial ; and.
employed only two year3 to paint ten arched ceilings Qi[
the church and staircase of that palace. He waa e^^oeed?
ihgly industrious, generally painting six or seven hours,
every day; aqd being highly favoured by the king, b^-^*
came exceedingly rich. In 1 692 he first arrived at Ma*
drid, and did not return to Italy till 1702, when he ac-
companied Philip V. to Naples, and in 1704 died there»
The appellation of V Luca fa Presto'' was accidentally ap«^
plied to Giordano ; not on account of the fame he had acr
quired by bis expeditious, manner of paintings but from
the mercenary eagerness of bis father, who sold at a high
price the designs of. Luca, which he made after, the com*;-
positions of the great masters, while he pursued his studies.
The father of Luca scarce allowed htm time to refresh him-
self, but still said to him while he was at bis meals as well
as at bis work, V Luca, fa presto,*' or, << Luca, make haste;"
G t O R 6 L B2B
ftom ^riiich expression perpetually uttered, his codpanions
gave kin! the nick-name of ^* Fa Presto/' ^
"GIORGI (AUO0STINE Anthony), an* lulian ecclesias*
tic of considerable learning, was born in 1^11 at St. Maur
ill tiie diocete of Rimini. In 1727 he entered the Angus-*
tin orders and studied in their various schools at Verona^
Belogna, Padua, &c. where he became an accomplished
ieholar, particuUrty in the orienti^l language^. He softer*
wttfdff was professor at tarious Italian seminaries until 1745^
whbn pope Benedict XIV. invited him to Rome to the the*
ological chair of La Sapienza, which be filled \nth great
reputation for some time. The same pontiff also m^ade
him Kbntrian del Angelica,' and ordered him to efface fron^
the Index Expurgatorius of the Spanish inquisition, th^^
wdrks of cardinal de Novis, which that tribunal had con«
J^mned. During the height of his reputation the emperor
Dtincis I. endeavoured to persuade him to Settle at Vienna^
and made him most liberal offers, which he repeatedly de*
<!lined. When the missionaries were sent' by the, col-
lege de Propaganda to Thibet, they found themselves
much embarrassed to understand ' the language of .that
deuntry, notwithstanding the assistance afforded by lEIyde,
£acroix, Vespiere, arid other authors, but were much re*
lieved by a valuable publication of Giorgi^s, which appeared
in 1761, entitled << Alphabetum Thibetauum,*' 4to, en-
riched ^th valudUe dissertations on the geography, my*
tbology, history and antiquities of Thibet ; and in this he
eitplains with great ability the famous manuscripts found in
IT^i ne^ the Caspian sea by some Russian tVoops,, alid
sent by Peterl. to M. Bignon. His next publication was
not less important to the learned world, ** Fragmentum
Ei^hgelii & Johanhis Grsfeco-Copto Thebaicum sa^culi
<ltutrti ;v additamentum ex vetustissimis iiiembranis lectib^
num evangelicarum divinse MisssB Cod. Diaconici reliquis,
et liturgica alia fragmenta, &c/' Rome, 1789, .4to. His
other works, enumerated by Fabroni, consist of letters, and
dissertations on subjects of oriental criticism aiid antiqui>-
ties, and some polemical treatises. Attiong his unpubllsiied
writings, was one on the GreeK marbles of the temple o£
•Malatesi at Rimini. Giorgi died May 4, 1797.''
• ~ ', ..... ■ ,♦ .■
^ Filkiogton wad Strutt.— 'Aigeaville, vol. II.«-B^yaol4s'« Work^s.
* Fabroni Vit« Itatorum.
f M G t; 6 R O t O N 2.
Gioggio BARBARtftu, )i¥t wM . geniermlly knoiHril U^^^
^ftolUla^ir ^f^ GioilpiOM^ frdm Igfttneto of »%ufe^^atril
Mit^ ortha grMdftot 4faat ttaoipi fai« ityle) w«ft boni'^it
GaflielAmoa, JMffMdid^ 1477^. tad bMime tbe tihcHmtft
GiwMUif fieUkM. £vM tlMii ?he disiUmed ttfe^klMt^
(kMi^ iluic ^daittfiiLiupttioiily «r bairiaUiil; vUeii^ tf'tt
iMftc«tio9^ Adqpb ««tliiies» boM fore»dMltoiiiBg> *^fi^
liitf^ iml lifitoky o€ >nptct and iMitiide^ breftdlh tsf Jhtt^^
-ytiiyi lidhnett'Of aecoBtpanimeiit^i raorraatitmlsltfd loftar
fiutfaget from tint lo tint) ^and isircibk^ effect ' of ^ebi#*
"McHuro^ maftad tkia a^ af GiDigkme Tl^MPlab^ :4jie|nk
want of tba Veoatiad ddbCNilkilNid^' »»d^y^^i«
discoveffed to Ufftrhaifr^^ iabnardf da^lnferi ^
iim^ or ratbartii^c^ertam fictmei i«b^d«avihg^of JBHi^ iM
mdcnawn to ns^ Vfusiri pratondt tlmt*Oiot<g^e^ow^4fi8
.^Uarosdiino; bM neither tbe lina wnd'^fevma' ^iifiik^^4»
4Eiaai| W bMHiytiam of li^raiid«lHide/ fiaoBt to^cbiiM8«-
JttMil^thili aiaeiiian» Gra^foy aod aaieAify of-aspedPdi^
MotadaE#tiM Unai tad lani^ #f l.ia<lird^;-^teei%^T6MBa«
MMi iliosa^of^Giffi^^ei Fondidf ft i^ek ^idfe^diffi^IMi
of shades, and gradually diattnisbiil^ thefi^ Maai^ ^«<F«0*
can drives light tp a. siQcta pQ}^\ pf ^P^^^^J^^B}^^^"'^*
Not so the l/enetjah ; more opea/less ^k,^ nettlier bcowa
oor farragineous in hia demi-tiots, but transparent and
trae; to tell the whoIe». he is nearer to Corregio. He
may, howevefly have ioapocted and piofited by the example
of Ltonardoy il^e inventor of chiaroscuro ; bat s6 as Cor-
aegio did by the fore^ahortenitig of MantegmL Uis^reatest
anrka were ia fresco, of which little, but the rains remain.
Hia numiecoiis oiUpictiigflay.iby Tngaaons inipasto, and ful>
Besa of peifcil, still preserve their beauty. Of these, his
portraits have every excellence which mind, air, dignity^
truth, freshness, and contrast, can confer ; be sometimes
indulged in ruddy, sanguine tints, but, on the whole, sfti-
plicity is their standard. His compositions are few ; the
most considerable was, perhaps, that of the ^^ Tempest
allayed,*' in the school of St« Mara> at Venice. Some ccml-
sider as his master-piece '^ Moses taken from the Nile,
and presented to the daughter of Pharaoh,'* in the archi-
episcopal palace at Milan, in which a certain austerity of
G I O R G I ON E. 539
iooe gives zest to sweetnesi* One large picture of a boly
family is id possessipo of the marquisi of Stiaft>r<l^ whioh la
highly laboured as to effect Bat^ perhaps the niost pea*
jAsetwork of his in diis country^ is a stnaU picture in the
icoUectiop of the earl of Cariisle^ a portrait of Gaston de
Foix, with a . servant putting on his armour* We are not
jjLcqi^aiiited with any picture that has mwce truth or beau^
V (Colour^ and style of character. It is told 4f Giorgteufc
^that haying a dispute concerning the.saperioc^ <tf .#au^
tine or painting ; and it I^eing argued^ that sculptwce km
the advantage^ because the figuiPea it prodiices may be^^ete
all around ; he took the adverse side^ maintaini^^v thl|t
.theiiec^essity of moving, inf order to see the .differentjlidfif >
.deprived ,4^;;of its superiority } whereas the Vrhole fij^ie
jny^ be viewe4 at one^^gtanc^ in « miante* To prove
t^fais position, be painted a figure, and surrounded it wHb
^nsinrorsi in which all ihe various parts wene^exhibited, and
^pbtained great ^^plause for ^•bifh inge^vity. This-arUft ja
fjiaid to have' fallen in love with a yjoting beauty at Vcniee^
yiiiSs was no less charmed, with bim^, aod-submitted to he
J^ig ifisttress. ' She fell ilk ¥^ .the plague; Imt; nQtsua-
.pe^iog^it, to be so, adsaitted GiprgiOne to her bed^ whees,
•the infeptioB seia^ing'^hiin^^tbey^jrbothcdied ie I511>rht
being no qiore than* 33.^ t:.1
' ' < AmatiiieV toI.!.— pilkiiifftoii, %f /uUb^— Rees't Cyclopaedia.
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INDEX
TO THB
FIFTEENTH VOLUME.
Those marked thus * are new*
Those marked f are re-written^ with additions.
Jt* OU6BKOUX de Bonderoy^
A.D 1
^FooiUou^ James 2
*Foulis^ Robert and Andrew . ib.
*Foulon, John Erard. • 4
wm 4
Fountaine, Sir Andrew 5
Fouqui^res^ James 6
*Fourcroy, Ant. F 6
»___ Charles Rene de . . 9
Fourmont, Stephen 12
Foumier, P. S 14
fFowler, Christopher ib.
Edward 16
■ John 19
* Thomas ib.
Fox, Edward : . . . «1
* Francis 22
t George 23
— — John 26
t Richard 36
*— Henry 43
* ■ Charles James 46
*Fox MorziUo, Seb 56
Fracastorio, Jerome 57
Frachetta, Jerome 59
Fraguier, Claude Francis . . ib.
fFranceaca, P. della 61
fFranceschini, M. A 62
fFrancia, Francesco 63
♦Francia Bigio, M. A. ; 64
Francis^ of Assisi ib.
of Pkulo 66
t de Sales ib.
* king of France. ... 68
t Philip 71
Vol. XV.
Pkge
^randus, Peter 73
^Fhmck de Franckenau, G. . 75
tFranck or Old Francks 76
t—— — Young Francks. . 77
*Francke, Aug. Herman 78
f Francklin, Thomas 83
fFranco, Nicholas 85
fFrancois, Laurence 86
^Francucci, Innocent 87
*Frankland, Thomas ib.
Franklin, Benjamin 88
fFrantzius, Wolfgang 99
"i^Frassen, Claudius 100
*Fraunce, Abraham . • ib.
»Freart, Roland. 101
Fredegarius 102
Frederic II ib.
fFregoso, Baptist .; 106
Freher, Marquard 107
» Paul 108
Freigius, John Thomas ... ib.
Freind, John 109
* Robert 115
fFreinshemius, John 116
Freire de Andrada^ Hyac. . 1 18
♦Preitag, John ib.
Freminet, Martin , . 120
♦French, John ib.
♦Frenicle de Bessy, Bernard . ib.
Freret, Nich 121
Freron, Elie Cath 122
Fresnaye, J. Vauquelin de la 1 23
Fresne, Cba. du Cange du 124
f Fresnoy, Charles Alph. du 126
Fresny, Charles Riviere du 128
*Frcytag, Fred. Gotthilf . . . 129
M M
530
IN DE X.
Page
*Frezier, Amadeus Francis. ISO
Frischlin^ Nicodemus ..,••• ib.
^Friflchniuth, John ....;.. 132
*Fri8i,Riul ib.
tFikh, John 135
♦Friion, Peter 137
Frobenius, John ib.
Frobisher^ Sir Martin 138
*Froelich^ Erasmus 142
fFroissart, John 143
*Fronteau, John 148
Frontinii9, Sexttis JcAius . . Y5I
♦Fronton, du Due 152
Frowde, Philip ib.
fF^ugoni, Chas. Innocent . . 153
fFrumentius, St ^ . .• « « ib.
*Frye, 'tiuMaoas 154
fFuchs, Leoaoord ^ . . . 155
♦Fuessli^ John Gaspard, . ^ . 158
Fugger, Huldric 159
'♦Fulbeck, WUliam 160
'*Fulbert ih.
Fufeentius, St H2
*— : — : Planciades .... 163
iFulke,WiU 164
fFuUer, Isaac 166
— Nicholas 167
r ThouMur 168
* — i-^;: M.D 116
*Fullo, Peter 177
*Fulman, Will. 178
"^Fumani, Adam 179
F%mcciufi^ JohaNioolaa. »• iU
*Funch, John 180
Furetiere^ Anth. • • ib.
♦Furietti^ Jos, Aiesu 181
Furius, Bibaculus. 182
* ^— Frederick 182
*F\irneaux, Philip 183
*Furisteinberg» Ferd. de . . . . 184
*Furstenau> John Heiaiuia • 186
Fust, John ib.
f Fuzelier^ Lewis ..»••..». 186
G.
*Gabbiani, Ant. Don* 187
''Kjiabia, John JBapt^ ib.
tGabrieU James. 188
^Gabriel Sionita ib.
^Gafarioi, Thorn. Mar ib.
GacQO^ Francis 189
♦Gajdbury, John ,^, 190
fGaiddesden, John of ib*
*Gertner» Joseph 192
Gafiarell^ James 195
^fiafituius, Franchinus .... 198
«Gage, Thomas 200
•Gager,WiU. 201
Gflimer^ John 202
Gaguin, Robert 204
^^Gagahan, Usher ib.
^*Ga^y, John 205
Gaillaid de Lo^jumeau, J. . ib.
♦GaiUard, Gabriel Henry . . 206
^Gainsborough^ Thomas . . 207
fGalateo, Antony 213
Gale, John 214
Theoj>hilus 217
Thomaa 221
Roger 225
Samuel 227
Thomaa 228
Galeano, Joseph ib.
Galen, Claudius ib.
Galeoti, Martio 236
*Galesini, Pet«r .237
*Galiani, Ferd «58
Galilei» GaKleo 249
Galland>ADtk. 2^
■ Augustiur , ib.
*Galle, Scrvatiua 245^
«Gallini, Sir Joha ib.
GaUoJs,John 260
tGallonius, Anth. 251
tGallt}Cci> Angelo ... *2SS
f— : John Ptail ib.'
Tarquiniii» « ib;
Gallus, Comelips
Gaily, Henry ib.
*Galvani, Uwis 254
Gaioa* Yasco 25^
GsM^ciacbes, S. SioMm 257^
Gambara, Lovenaa 258
♦.-«- Veronica ib.
Gambold» Johft 259
«Gandy, James 261
-tOai^nelU, J. V. A 268
Garamond, CkiMk 263
Garasse*. Francis ib.*
GaxtsiJaa^o ^ 969
^Garden, Frauds ........ ^O
^Gardiner, Janiea 27«
* Ridbanl 275
■ ■ Stephen ....... 27«
*Garencieres> Theophi 292
I N DEX*
»t
Pag«
tGftrengeot^ B. J. C.de. . . . 9SI2
*Guissoles> Antk .293
Qurland, John 2M
Gamete Henry iW
*-- Thooaa* 3£»
«G«rnham, Rev. R. £. .... ^97
Gamier, John 399
*-^ Jolm J«iBe» .... ib.
Robert 300
tG«rraid> Mark ib,
Garrick> David 801
^Garsault^ F. A. de 308
Garth, Sir Sam 309
^Garthshore, Maxwell 314
Garzi, Louis S16
"^^Garzoni, Thomas ib.
tGaacoigne> Geo^e 317
Sir William ... 392
fGasparino, Barzizza 334
Gassendi, Peter 326
tGastaiid, Francis 330
Gastrell, Francis 331
GaTaker, Thomas 334
* Charles 340
Gaubil> Anth 343
^Gaubius, Jerome David ... ib.
♦Gaucher, Chas. Steph 343
Gfluden, John ib.
*Gaudendu8, St 350
Gauknin, Gilbert ib.
tGaultier, John Bapt 351
"^Gaupp, John 353
Gay, John ib.
Gayot de Pitaval, F 3€0
♦GaytOD, Edmund ib.
Gaza, Theodore 361
♦Gebelin, A. Court de 364
Geijer, John 366
Ged, William 367
♦Geddes, Alex 369
James 378
* Michael ib.
Gedoyn, Nich 379
*Geer, Clias. de 380
♦Geier, Martin ib.
*Geiler, John 381
fGeinoz, Fi-ancis ib.
Gelasius the Elder 383
of Cyzicus ib.
— — - bishop of Rome . . ib.
Geldenhaur, Ger. Eobanus 383
Gelenius, Sigismund 385
.Page
tGell€rt,C.F. ....386
Gelli, Jobn Baptii^ 389
Gellibrand, Henry ...... 390
Gellius, Aulus 393
Geminiani, Fhmcis 393
fGeroistus, George 395
fGemma, Reinier ......... 396
Gendie,G.C.Le..,..!..S97
Louis Ic ib.
^^Gendron, Claude Deshais. . 398
Genebrard, Gilbert ib.
Genesius, Josephus . . 399
fGenest, Charles Claudivs. . ib.
Gennadius of Con8tanlftm)p.400
of Marseilles . . ib.
*Gennari, Cesar and Bened. ib.
*Genovesi, Anth 401
*Gent, Thomas 403
Gentileschi, Horatio 403
^Gentilis, Albericus 404
♦ Robert 405
■ Scipk> 406
* I I I « Valentine . . ^. . . . ib.
♦GentiUet, Innocent 408
^Gentleman, Francis ib.
Geoffroi, Stephen Francis . 409
♦George, Amira 410
* theCappadocian.. ib.
*Gerard,Alex 411
Gerard Thom, or Tenque 413
.*Gerarde, John 414
*Gerbais, John 415
Gerbelius, Nich 416
Gferberon, Gabriel ib.
tGerbier, Sir Balth 417
Gerbillon, John Francis . . 418
*Gerdil, Hyacinth Sigbmond ib.
*Geree, John 430
^Gerhard, John 431
* John Ernest ... 433
*Gerlach, Stephen ib.
Germanicus, Caesar 433
^Germon, Anastasius 434
* Barth... ib.
Gerson, John 435
*Gervaise, Nich 436
* Armand Francis . . ib.
*Gervase of Tilbury 437
♦ of Canterbury 438
fGesner, Conrad ib.
* John 433
John Matthew . . . 433
m
INDEX.
*Gesner, Solomon 434
f Solomon (poet) . . 435
Gethin^Lady Grace .438
Gething, Richard 439
Gevartius, John Gaspar ... ib.
*Gewoldi Chrutopher 440
Ghilini, Jerome ib.
' fGhirlandaio, Dom 441
tGiannone, Peter 442
*Giardini, Felix ib.
*Gib, Adam 445
fGibbon, Edward ib.
♦ John 470
^Gibbons, Orlando 471
* Grinling 472
* Ricliard 474
* Thomas ib.
fGibbs^ James 475
*Gibcrt, Balth 477
* John Peter ib.
♦Gibertus, John Matt 478
Gibson, Edmund ib.
Richard 483
Thomas , .... 485
* WiUiam ib.
Page
Gi&niufl, HiAertos 488
*Giflford, Andrew 489
*Giggeiua, Anth 491
fGilbert, Sir Hmnph ib.
t Sir Jeffray 493
* William 495
— or Gilbcrd, Will. . . 496
«^Gilbertu8 Anglicus 498
♦Gilchrist, Ebenezcr 499
tGildas 500
tGUdon, Charles 501
*Giles of Viterbo 508
tGUl, Alexander. ib.
Alexander, son 503
John 504
♦Gilles, Peter 508
fGilpin, Bernard ib.
Richard 521
*— — Sawrey ib.
*Gin, Peter Louis Claude . . 522
Gioia, Flavio ib.
♦Giordani, Vital 523
♦Giordano, Luca 524
♦Gioi^, Augustine Anth. . . 525
fGioxgione \ 526
END OF THE FIFTEENTH VOLUME.
smem
Printed by Nicholi, Son, and Bentley,
Red Lion-passage, Fleel-fttreet, London.
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